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907 results for “tadpoles.”
FIGURE 5 in The tadpoles of five Megophrys Horned frogs (Amphibia: Megophryidae) from the Hoang Lien Range, Vietnam
FIGURE 5. Megophrys fansipanensis tadpoles. (A) Dorsal, lateral, ventrolateral views, and detail of the oral disc in a live tadpole VNMN010901. (B) Lateral, dorsal and ventral views of the live tadpole HLNP 20171230 00011. 10 mm scale.
FIGURE 1 in The tadpoles of five Megophrys Horned frogs (Amphibia: Megophryidae) from the Hoang Lien Range, Vietnam
FIGURE 1. Survey sites in the Hoang Lien Range. Blue star, Megophrys gigantica and Megophrys jingdongensis tadpole collection site; blue square, Megophrys hoanglienensis tadpole collection site; blue circle, Megophrys fansipanensis tadpole collection site; blue triangle Megophrys maosonensis tadpole collection site. Pale grey areas indicative of higher elevation, dark green indicative of lowest elevation.
Data from: Redescription of the tadpole of Kaloula taprobanica (Anura: Microhylidae) from Sri Lanka
According to Frost (2013), the genus Kaloula currently contains 15 species. It has a wide distribution ranging from Korea, northern China to lesser Sundas and Philippines; Bangladesh, India, and Sri Lanka; controversially in Nepal (Frost, 2013). So far, only one species is recorded from Sri Lanka, namely Kaloula taprobanica as originally described by Parker (1934). During a recent field trip, we found a large amount of tadpoles of this species in the environments of the city of Galle, Southern province, of Sri Lanka. Tadpoles were collected from 26/November/2010 up to 01/January/2011, from a rainwater dripped pond in a human settlement (06°03'29.7" N, 80°12'19.5" E, 17 m above sea level) and 18 calling males were observed in this pond. In the same pond also Polypedates cruciger (Blyth, 1852) was present. After the mating of K. taprobanica, large numbers of eggs were observed (n=1300). This water body was situated in an open area and the maximum depth of the pond was about 2.5 m. At the time of collection, the tadpoles were in different Gosner (1960) stages. Live specimens reared through metamorphosis (n=9) were used for the identification, and identification was based on various morphological characters (specimens largely agreed with the description provided by Dutta & Manamendra-Arachchi, 1996 and Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2006). Specimens were released at the site of capture after conclusive identification. A previous collection of four tadpoles of K. taprobanica was made by Kirtisinghe (1958) in the Western Province. Although the tadpole is thus not unknown to science, the previous description lacks important information and a re-desription is therefore warranted. The following larval redescription of K. taprobanica is based on a single tadpole in Gosner stage 39.
Data from: Where have all the tadpoles gone? Individual genetic tracking of amphibian larvae until adulthood.
Reliably marking larvae and reidentifying them after metamorphosis is a challenge that has hampered studies on recruitment, dispersal, migration and survivorship of amphibians for a long time, as conventional tags are not reliably retained through metamorphosis. Molecular methods allow unique genetic fingerprints to be established for individuals. Although microsatellite markers have successfully been applied in mark–recapture studies on several animal species, they have never been previously used in amphibians to follow individuals across different life cycle stages. Here, we evaluate microsatellites for genetic across-stages mark–recapture studies in amphibians and test the suitability of available software packages for genotype matching. We sampled tadpoles of the dendrobatid frog Allobates femoralis, which we introduced on a river island in the Nature Reserve 'Les Nouragues' in French Guiana. In two subsequent recapture sessions, we searched for surviving juveniles and adults, respectively. All individuals were genotyped at 14 highly variable microsatellite loci, which yielded unique genetic fingerprints for all individuals. We found large differences in the identification success of the programs tested. The pairwise-relatedness-based approach, conducted with the programs kingroup or ML-Relate, performed best with our data set. Matching ventral patterns of juveniles and adult individuals acted as a control for the reliability of the genetic identification. Our results demonstrate that microsatellite markers are a highly powerful tool for studying amphibian populations on an individual basis. The ability to individually track amphibian tadpoles throughout metamorphosis until adulthood will be of substantial value for future studies on amphibian population ecology and evolution.
Data from: Description of the tadpoles of two Cameroonian frogs, Leptodactylodon axillaris and L. perreti (Anura: Arthroleptidae)
We describe the tadpoles of two closely related frog species of the genus Leptodactylodon (family Arthroleptidae), L. axillaris and L. perreti, that are restricted to the mountains of Cameroon. Tadpoles were collected from near the type locality of each species and identified using DNA sequence data. The tadpoles of both species are stream-dwelling and cryptic, often found in clumps of debris collected in the course of the stream, and orient roughly vertically in the water column with their mouths at or near the surface. As in L. ventrimarmoratus, the only other species in the genus described in detail, the tadpoles of these two species have a prominent umbelliform and up-turned oral disc, robust keratinous jaw sheaths, large lateral sacs along the elongate and dorsoventrally depressed body, and a robust elongate tail with short fins. Tadpoles of the two species are broadly similar morphologically. However, differences in the jaw sheaths may enable discrimination, including more pronounced laterally placed caniniform projections and more small needle-like serrations in the central region of the lower jaw sheath in L. perreti.
The neural basis of tadpole transport in poison frogs
<p>The occasional reversal of sex-typical behavior suggests that many of the neural circuits underlying behavior are conserved between males and females and can be activated in response to the appropriate social condition or stimulus. Most poison frog species (Family Dendrobatidae) exhibit male uniparental care, but flexible compensation has been observed in some species, where females will take over parental care duties when males disappear. We investigated hormonal and neural correlates of sex-typical and sex-reversed parental care in a typically male uniparental species, the Dyeing Poison Frog (<i>Dendrobates tinctorius</i>). We first characterized hormone levels and whole brain gene expression across parental care stages during sex-typical care. Surprisingly, hormonal changes and brain gene expression differences associated with active parental behavior in males were mirrored in their non-caregiving female partners. To further explore the disconnect between neuroendocrine patterns and behavior, we characterized hormone levels and neural activity patterns in females performing sex-reversed parental care. In contrast to hormone and gene expression patterns, we found that patterns of neural activity were linked to the active performance of parental behavior, with sex-reversed tadpole transporting females exhibiting neural activity patterns more similar to those of transporting males than non-caregiving females. We suggest that parallels in hormones and brain gene expression in active and observing parents are related to females' ability to flexibly take over parental care in the absence of their male partners.The occasional reversal of sex-typical behavior suggests that many of the neural circuits underlying behavior are conserved between males and females and can be activated in response to the appropriate social condition or stimulus. Most poison frog species (Family Dendrobatidae) exhibit male uniparental care, but flexible compensation has been observed in some species, where females will take over parental care duties when males disappear. We investigated hormonal and neural correlates of sex-typical and sex-reversed parental care in a typically male uniparental species, the Dyeing Poison Frog (<i>Dendrobates tinctorius</i>). We first characterized hormone levels and whole brain gene expression across parental care stages during sex-typical care. Surprisingly, hormonal changes and brain gene expression differences associated with active parental behavior in males were mirrored in their non-caregiving female partners. To further explore the disconnect between neuroendocrine patterns and behavior, we characterized hormone levels and neural activity patterns in females performing sex-reversed parental care. In contrast to hormone and gene expression patterns, we found that patterns of neural activity were linked to the active performance of parental behavior, with sex-reversed tadpole transporting females exhibiting neural activity patterns more similar to those of transporting males than non-caregiving females. We suggest that parallels in hormones and brain gene expression in active and observing parents are related to females' ability to flexibly take over parental care in the absence of their male partners.</p>
Data from: Tadpole begging reveals high quality
Parents can benefit from allocating limited resources non-randomly among offspring, and offspring solicitation (i.e., begging) is often hypothesized to evolve because it contains information valuable to choosy parents. We tested the diagnostic predictions of three 'honest begging' hypotheses –Signal of Need, Signal of Quality, and Signal of Hunger – in the tadpoles of a terrestrial frog (Oophaga pumilio). In this frog, mothers provision tadpoles with trophic eggs, and when mothers visit, tadpoles perform a putative begging signal by stiffening their bodies and vibrating rapidly. We assessed the information content of intense tadpole begging with an experimental manipulation of tadpole condition (need/quality) and food-deprivation (hunger). This experiment revealed patterns consistent with the Signal of Quality hypothesis and directly counter to predictions of Signal of Need and Signal of Hunger. Begging effort and performance were higher in more developed and higher condition tadpoles and declined with food-deprivation. Free-living mothers were unlikely to feed tadpoles of a non-begging species experimentally cross-fostered with their own, and allocated larger meals to more developed tadpoles and those that vibrated at higher speed. Mother O. pumilio favour their high quality young, and because their concurrent offspring are reared in separate nurseries, must do so by making active allocation decisions. Our results suggest that these maternal choices are based at least in part on offspring signals, indicating that offspring solicitation can evolve to signal high quality.
Data from: Adult frogs and tadpoles have different macroevolutionary patterns across the Australian continent
Developmental changes through an animal's life are generally understood to contribute to the resulting adult morphology. A possible exception are species with complex life cycles, where individuals pass through distinct ecological and morphological life stages during their ontogeny, ending with metamorphosis to the adult form. Antagonistic selection is expected to drive low genetic correlations between life stages, theoretically permitting stages to evolve independently. Using the Australian frog radiation, we examine the evolutionary consequences on morphological evolution when life stages are under different selective pressures. We use morphometrics to characterise body shape of tadpoles and adults across 166 species of frog and investigate similarities in the two resulting morphological spaces (morphospaces) to test for concerted evolution across metamorphosis in trait variation during speciation. A clear pattern emerges: Australian frogs and their tadpoles are evolving independently; their drastically different morphospaces and contrasting estimated evolutionary histories of body shape diversification indicate that different processes are driving morphological diversification at each stage. Tadpole morphospace is characterised by rampant homoplasy, convergent evolution and high lineage density; the adult morphospace by contrast shows greater phylogenetic signal, low lineage density and divergent evolution between the main clades. Our results provide insight into the macroevolutionary consequences of a biphasic life cycle.
Data from: Cold tadpoles from Arctic environments waste less nutrients – high gross growth efficiencies lead to low consumer-mediated nutrient recycling in the North
1. Endothermic organisms can adapt to short growing seasons, low temperatures and nutrient limitation by developing high growth rates and high gross growth efficiencies (GGEs). Animals with high GGEs are better at assimilating limiting nutrients and thus should recycle (or lose) fewer nutrients. Longer guts in relation to body mass may facilitate higher GGE under resource limitation. 2. Within the context of ecological stoichiometry theory, this study combines ecology with evolution by relating latitudinal life-history adaptations in GGE, mediated by gut length, to its ecosystem consequences, such as consumer-mediated nutrient recycling. 3. In common garden experiments, we raised Rana temporaria tadpoles from two regions (Arctic/Boreal) under two temperature regimes (18/23 °C) crossed with two food quality treatments (high/low-nitrogen content). We measured tadpole GGEs, total nutrient loss (excretion + egestion) rates and gut length during ontogeny. 4. In order to maintain their elemental balance, tadpoles fed low-nitrogen (N) food had lower N excretion rates and higher total phosphorous (P) loss rates than tadpoles fed high-quality food. In accordance with expectations, Arctic tadpoles had higher GGEs and lower N loss rates than their low-latitude conspecifics, especially when fed low-N food, but only in ambient temperature treatments. Arctic tadpoles also had relatively longer guts than Boreal tadpoles during early development. 5. That temperature and food quality interacted with tadpole region of origin in affecting tadpole GGEs, nutrient loss rates and relative gut length, suggests evolved adaptation to temperature and resource differences. With future climate change, mean annual temperatures will increase. Additionally, species and genotypes will migrate north. This will change the functioning of Boreal and Arctic ecosystems by affecting consumer-mediated nutrient recycling and thus affect nutrient dynamics in general. Our study shows that evolved latitudinal adaption can change key ecosystem functions.
Data from: Description of Duttaphrynus atukoralei (Anura: Bufonidae) tadpoles from Sri Lanka
Duttaphrynus atukoralei (Bogert & Senanayake, 1966) is a relatively abundant toad known from Southern and Southeastern Sri Lanka. It occurs from sea level up to ~200 m above sea level (IUCN 2014). For almost half a century since its original description there was no information on its life cycle; the only information available is related to its description and distribution (Dutta & Manamendra-Arachchi 1996; Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda 2006).
FIGURE 3 in The tadpole of Physalaemus fuscomaculatus (Anura: Leptodactylidae), with a description of internal oral morphology
FIGURE 3. Physalaemus fuscomaculatus tadpole (A) floor and (B) roof of buccopharyngeal cavity (scale = 1 mm).
FIGURE 1 in The tadpole of Physalaemus fuscomaculatus (Anura: Leptodactylidae), with a description of internal oral morphology
FIGURE 1. Physalaemus fuscumaculatus tadpole at stage 35 (Gosner, 1960), (A) Dorsal view, (B) Lateral view (scale = 10 mm).
FIGURE 2 in The tadpole of Physalaemus fuscomaculatus (Anura: Leptodactylidae), with a description of internal oral morphology
FIGURE 2. Physalaemus fuscumaculatus tadpole (A) Oral disc (scale = 1 mm), (B) Lateral view of a tooth of the A2 row (scale = 100 m), (C) Ventral view of apical region of a tooth (scale = 20 m).
FIGURE 2 in Descriptions of the tadpoles of two species of Gephyromantis, with a discussion of the phylogenetic origin of direct development in mantellid frogs
FIGURE 2. Drawings of preserved tadpole specimen of Gephyromantis pseudoasper from Manongarivo Special Reserve (developmental stage 34). (a) dorsal view; (b) lateral view; (c) oral disc.
FIGURE 1 in Descriptions of the tadpoles of two species of Gephyromantis, with a discussion of the phylogenetic origin of direct development in mantellid frogs
FIGURE 1. Drawings of preserved tadpole specimen of Gephyromantis ambohitra from the Montagne d'Ambre National Park (developmental stage 37). (a) dorsal view; (b) lateral view; (c) oral disc.
FIGURE 1 in The tadpole of Rhinella proboscidea (Anura: Bufonidae) with notes on adult reproductive behavior
FIGURE 1. Rhinella proboscidea tadpole at stage 37 (Gosner, 1960), (A) Lateral view, (B) Dorsal view (scale = 5 mm), (C) Oral disc (scale = 1 mm).
FIGURE 6 in Redescription of the tadpoles of three species of frogs from Uruguay (Amphibia: Anura: Leiuperidae and Leptodactylidae), with notes on natural history
FIGURE 6. Geographic distribution of Physalaemus riograndensis in Uruguay. Circles correspond to previously known localities according to Núñez et al. (2004) and González et al. (1998), squares are new localities reported in the present work: CALNU 1, Boris Misena Establishment 2, Los Espinillos Establishment 3, Bañado de los Oliveras 4, Ciudad de Treinta y Tres 5, and Barra de Valizas 6. Shaded areas indicate altitudes between 100-200 m and above 200 m a.s.l. (light grey and grey respectively).
FIGURE 4 in Redescription of the tadpoles of three species of frogs from Uruguay (Amphibia: Anura: Leiuperidae and Leptodactylidae), with notes on natural history
FIGURE 4. The tadpole of Physalaemus riograndensis, stage 34, ZVCB 15196. A. Lateral view. B. Dorsal view. C. Oral disc. Scale bars = 5 mm (A, B), and = 1 mm (C).
FIGURE 5. A in Redescription of the tadpoles of three species of frogs from Uruguay (Amphibia: Anura: Leiuperidae and Leptodactylidae), with notes on natural history
FIGURE 5. A. Nest of Physalaemus riograndensis, Barra de Valizas, Rocha, Uruguay, 11 March 2007. B. Nest of Physalaemus henselii between the vegetation, on the humid ground next to a pond, Barra de Valizas, Rocha, Uruguay, 1 May 2007. C. Nest of P. henselii hidden under aerial vegetation cover (mainly Poaceae and Cyperaceae) in a shallow pond of flooded grassland, Pueblo Madera, Rivera, Uruguay, 18 June 2006. A large amount of dead vegetation (right side of the photograph) was moved apart to make the water surface and nest visible. D. Defensive display in Leptodactylus latinasus, Sierra de las Ánimas, Maldonado, Uruguay, 11 September 2005. ZVCB 15954. E. Defensive display in Leptodactylus ocellatus, San José, Uruguay, 5 November 2006. F. Physalaemus biligonigerus. Deimatic behavior, same specimen as in Figure 1 B. G. Defensive display in P. henselii, Barra de Valizas, Rocha, Uruguay, 3 June 2007. ZVCB 15213. H. Death feigning by the same specimen. All photos: F. Kolenc, except 5F: A. Sosa.
FIGURE 3 in Redescription of the tadpoles of three species of frogs from Uruguay (Amphibia: Anura: Leiuperidae and Leptodactylidae), with notes on natural history
FIGURE 3. The tadpole of Physalaemus biligonigerus, stage 34, ZVCB 15191. A. Lateral view. B. Dorsal view. C. Oral disc. Scale bars = 5 mm (A, B), and = 1 mm (C).
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