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883 results for “termites”
The impact of social complexity on the efficacy of natural selection in termites
<p>This repository contains the dataset and markdown files necessary to reproduce the analysis conducted for the article entitled <em>Social evolution in termites reduces natural selection efficacy</em> (NEW TITLE: <em>The impact of social complexity on the efficacy of natural selection in termites</em>). It includes both raw and processed data, as well as all scripts used in the analysis, organized by the order of execution. Instructions for setting up the environment and running the scripts are provided to facilitate replication of the results.</p> <p>Here, we look at the distribution of dN/dS within Blattodea and Isoptera in order to test for a positive relationship with eusociality.</p> <p>The file <strong>analysis.html</strong> is a R-markdown file describing step by step the analysis of the submitted manuscript. To reproduce the analysis, all files have to be downloaded within the same directory.</p> <p>For any further information or questions, please contact camille.roux@univ-lille.fr or jonathan.romiguier@umontpellier.fr.</p> <p>Please cite this repository if you use these materials in your research.</p>
No evidence for single-copy immune-gene specific signals of selection in termites
<p>Selection pressures from pathogens appear to play an important role in shaping social evolution. Social behavior, in particular brood care, is associated with pathogen pressure in wood-dwelling "lower" termites. Yet, generally pathogen pressure is predicted to be low in wood-dwelling termite species that never leave the nest except for the mating flight. In comparison, pathogen pressure is predicted to be higher in species that leave the nest to forage, and thus constantly encounter a diversity of microbes from their environment. We hypothesized that such differences in predicted pathogen pressure are also reflected by differences in the intensity of natural selection on immune genes. We tested this hypothesis in a phylogenetic framework, analyzing rates of non-synonymous and synonymous substitutions on single-copy immune genes. Therefore, we leveraged recent genomic and transcriptomic data from eight termite species, representing wood-dwelling and foraging species as well as 14 additional species spanning the winged insects (Pterygota). Our results provide no evidence for a role of pathogen pressure in selection intensity on single-copy immune genes. Instead, we found evidence for a genome-wide pattern of relaxed selection in termites.</p>
Fig. 4 in Termites (Isoptera): Their Phylogeny, Classification, and Rise to Ecological Dominance
Fig. 4. Continuation of figs. 1–2 focusing on Kalotermitidae. Branch ''C'' (Neoisoptera) in fig. 5.
Fig. 5 in Termites (Isoptera): Their Phylogeny, Classification, and Rise to Ecological Dominance
Fig. 5. Continuation of figs. 1, 2, and 4 focusing on Neoisoptera.
Ant predation towards termite and treehopper baits in the Ecuadorian Amazon
<p>Animals may develop mutualistic associations with other species, whereby prey offer resources or services in exchange for protection from predators. Alternatively, prey may offer resources or services directly to their would-be predators in exchange for their lives. The latter may be the case of hemipterans that engage in mutualistic interactions with ants by offering a honeydew reward. We test the extent to which a honeydew offering vs. partner recognition may play a role as proximate mechanisms deterring ants from predating upon their hemipteran partners. We show that, when presented with a choice between a hemipteran partner and an alternative prey type, mutualist ants were less likely to attack and more likely to remain probing their hemipteran partners. This occurred even in the absence of an immediate sugary reward, suggesting either an evolved or learned partner recognition response. To a similar extent, however, ants were also less likely to attack the alternative prey type when laced with honey, even after the honey had been depleted, suggesting an ability of ants to recognize new potential sources of honey. Either possibility suggests a degree of innate or learned partner recognition.</p>
Resistance of termite mounds to variation in long-term fire regimes across semi-arid African savannas
<p>1. Fire regimes are expected to change with climate change, resulting in a crucial need to understand the specific ways in which variable fire regimes impact important contributors to ecosystem functioning, such as mound-building termites. Termite mounds and fire are both important agents of savanna ecosystem heterogeneity and functioning, but there is little understanding of how they interact across savanna types. 2. We used very high-resolution LiDAR remote sensing to measure the size, density, and distribution of termite mounds across approximately 1,300 ha of experimental burn plots in four South African savanna landscapes representing a wide range of fire treatments differing in seasonality and frequency of burning. 3. In nutrient-poor granitic savannas, fire had no impact on termite mound size, densities, and spatial distributions. In nutrient-rich basaltic savannas with high mammalian herbivore abundance and intermediate rainfall, very frequent fires caused a decrease in termite mound size, whereas in arid nutrient-rich basaltic savannas, fires that occurred at intermediate frequencies and in transitional seasons (i.e., late dry season and late wet season) decreased the degree of spatial overdispersal exhibited by mounds. 4. Overall, our results suggest that termite mounds are resistant to variation in fire seasonality and frequency, likely indicating that ecosystem services provided by mound-building termites will be unaffected by changing fire regimes. However, consideration of changes to termite mound size and distribution could be necessary for land managers in specific savanna types, such as nutrient-rich soils with high mammalian herbivore abundance.</p>
Evidence of cospeciation between termites and their gut bacteria on a geological time scale
<p>Termites host diverse communities of gut microbes, including many bacterial lineages only found in this habitat. The bacteria endemic to termite guts are transmitted via two routes: a vertical route from parent colonies to daughter colonies and a horizontal route between colonies sometimes belonging to different termite species. The relative importance of both transmission routes in shaping the gut microbiota of termites remains unknown. Using bacterial marker genes derived from the gut metagenomes of 197 termites and one Cryptocercus cockroach, we show that bacteria endemic to termite guts are mostly acquired by vertical transfers. We identified eighteen lineages of gut bacteria showing cophylogenetic patterns with termites over tens of millions of years. Horizontal transfer rates estimated for these lineages compared to those of fifteen mitochondrial genes suggested that sixteen bacterial lineages present cophylogenetic patterns that could be explained by a model involving no horizontal transfers. Some of these associations probably date back more than 150 million years and are an order of magnitude older than the cophylogenetic patterns between mammalian hosts and their gut bacteria. Our results suggest that termites have cospeciated with their gut bacteria since first appearing in the geological record.</p>
Figs 3–6 in Symptomatology of termite Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren (Rhinotermitidae) after fungi infection of Aspergillus flavus
Figs 3–6. Body surface morphology of Coptotermes curvignathus infected with Aspergillus
Figs 1, 2. Aspergillus flavus. 1 in Symptomatology of termite Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren (Rhinotermitidae) after fungi infection of Aspergillus flavus
Figs 1, 2. Aspergillus flavus. 1 – colony on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA); 2 –
Context‐dependent expression of variation in defensive behaviour in the lower termite Zootermopsis nevadensis
<p>Eusocial animals exhibit a sophisticated division of labour. The self-organized colony requires coordination of local interactions at the individual level. Termites are a well-known group exhibiting social organization among castes within a colony, and helper castes have facilitated their ecological and evolutionary success. Termites have soldier castes specialized in defence, but other castes are also known to exhibit defensive behaviour depending on the context. However, it is unclear how the variation in the frequencies of defensive behaviour emerged. Here, we investigate the effects of presence of nestmates on individual defensive behaviour in the dampwood termite <em>Zootermopsis nevadensis</em>. We experimentally prepared three conditions and observed biting behaviour against the ant <em>Camponotus obscuripes</em>. First, the frequency of biting was significantly higher in soldiers than that in pseudergates (i.e., workers) under isolated conditions. Second, the results showed that the frequencies of biting exhibited by soldiers were much higher than those of pseudergates in the pseudergate–soldier pairs. Finally, we investigated the social conditions in the presence of the same castes, that is, pseudergate–pseudergate and soldier–soldier pairs. The frequencies of biting exhibited by first-biting individuals were significantly higher than those exhibited by second-biting individuals in both paired conditions. Our findings demonstrate that defensive behaviour can be frequently observed in first-biting individuals despite the presence of two individuals of the same caste, suggesting that the variation of defensive behaviour may be increased in the presence of nestmates.</p>
A perilous Malagasy triad: a spider (Vigdisia praesidens, gen. and sp. nov.) and an ant compete for termite food
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Disturbances in drylands: Interactions among herbivory, drought, and termite activity in savanna plant communities
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Termite diversity is resilient to land-use change
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Data from: Maintaining tandem movement cohesion through antennal movements in termites
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Context‐dependent expression of variation in defensive behaviour in the lower termite Zootermopsis nevadensis
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Termite trait data from: Continental-scale shifts in termite diversity and nesting and feeding strategies
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Eusociality and the transition from biparental to alloparental care in termites
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Termite dispersal is influenced by their diet
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Analyses on the fungus-farming termite, Macrotermes natalensis
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Post K-Pg rise in ant and termite prevalence underlies convergent dietary specialization in mammals
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