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851 results for “turnover”
Functional beta diversity of New Zealand fishes: characterising morphological turnover along depth and latitude gradients, with derivation of functional bioregions
<p>Changes in the functional structures of communities are rarely examined along multiple large-scale environmental gradients. Here, we describe patterns in functional beta diversity for New Zealand marine fishes <i>vs</i> depth and latitude, including broad-scale delineation of functional bioregions. We derived eight functional traits related to food acquisition and locomotion and calculated complementary indices of functional beta diversity for 144 species of marine ray-finned fishes occurring along large-scale depth (50 - 1200 m) and latitudinal gradients (29° - 51° S) in the New Zealand Exclusive Economic Zone. We focused on a suite of morphological traits calculated directly from <i>in situ</i> Baited Remote Underwater Stereo-Video (stereo-BRUV) footage and museum specimens. We found that functional changes were primarily structured by depth followed by latitude, and that latitudinal functional turnover decreased with increasing depth. Functional turnover among cells increased with increasing depth distance, but this relationship plateaued for greater depth distances (> 750 m). In contrast, functional turnover did not change significantly with increasing latitudinal distance at 700 - 1200 m depths. Shallow functional bioregions (50 - 100 m) were distinct at different latitudes, whereas deeper bioregions extended across broad latitudinal ranges. Fishes in shallow depths had a body shape conducive to efficient propulsion, while fishes in deeper depths were more elongated, enabling slow, energy-efficient locomotion, and had large eyes to enhance vision. Environmental filtering may be a primary driver of broad-scale patterns of functional beta diversity in the deep sea. Greater environmental homogeneity may lead to greater functional homogeneity across latitudinal gradients at deeper depths (700 - 1200 m). We suggest that communities living at depth may follow a 'functional village hypothesis', whereby similar key functional niches in fish communities may be maintained over large spatial scales.</p>
Figure 5 in Plio-Pleistocene Carnivora of eastern Africa: species richness and turnover patterns
Figure 5. Per-capita rates of origination and extinction for Plio-Pleistocene Carnivora of eastern Africa. A, 300-kyr bins from 4.2 to 0.9 Mya. It should be remembered that the intervals 4.2–3.6 Mya and 1.5–0.9 Mya are less well sampled than the intermediate interval (cf. Fig. 3A). Note especially the zero origination rate in the interval 3.0–2.4 Mya. See text for complete discussion. B, the same for 400-kyr bins from 4.1 to 0.9 Mya. C, the same for 500-kyr bins from 4.0 to 1.0 Mya.
Figure 8 in Plio-Pleistocene Carnivora of eastern Africa: species richness and turnover patterns
Figure 8. Results of the regression analysis of number of localities vs. mean standing richness for 400-kyr bins. A, regression analysis. The correlation is significant (adjusted multiple R2 = 0.706**). There are no statistical outliers in this regression. B, regression residuals plotted against time slice. There are no outliers, but the effect of Laetoli is still seen in the relatively high residual for time slice C (3.7– 3.3 Mya).
Figure 1 in Plio-Pleistocene Carnivora of eastern Africa: species richness and turnover patterns
Figure 1. Map showing geographical location of localities studied. 1, Hadar; 2, Middle Awash; 3, Omo, Shungura and Usno Formations; 4, Konso-Gardula; 5, West Turkana, Nachukui Formation; 6, Koobi Fora; 7, Allia Bay; 8, Lothagam; 9, Kanapoi; 10, Nkondo/Nyaburu; 11, West Turkana, Eshoa Kakurongori, South Turkwel, Nakoret; 12, Kanam East; 13, Olorgesailie; 14, Olduvai; 15, Lainyamok; 16, Laetoli. Inset: map of Africa showing (shaded) countries with localities with carnivoran specimens used in this work.
Figure 7 in Plio-Pleistocene Carnivora of eastern Africa: species richness and turnover patterns
Figure 7. Results of the regression analysis of number of localities vs. mean standing richness for 300-kyr bins. A, regression analysis. The correlation is significant (adjusted multiple R2 = 0.603**). Note that time slice C (3.9–3.6 Mya) is an outlier. B, regression residuals plotted against time slice showing the high positive residual for the outlier, time slice C, indicating that this time slice has more taxa than expected given the number of localities present, which is probably an effect of the dominance of the species-rich Laetoli locality in this time slice. Laetoli also has an effect in time slice D (3.6–3.3 Mya), but this time slice includes many more localities and therefore the effect of Laetoli is not as evident.
Figure 4 in Plio-Pleistocene Carnivora of eastern Africa: species richness and turnover patterns
Figure 4. Richness data for Plio-Pleistocene Carnivora of eastern Africa. A, total richness and mean standing richness [MSR = (NbL + 2Nbt + NFt)/2] in 300-kyr bins from 4.2 to 0.9 Mya. It should be remembered that the intervals 4.2– 3.6 Mya and 1.5–0.9 Mya are less well sampled than the intermediate interval (cf. Fig. 3A). Peaks before 3 Mya (higher) and after 2 Mya (lower) are evident. See text for complete discussion. B, the same for 400-kyr bins from 4.1 to 0.9 Mya. Note the reduction in height of the post-2 Mya peak. C, the same for 500-kyr bins from 4.0 to 1.0 Mya.
Figure 6 in Plio-Pleistocene Carnivora of eastern Africa: species richness and turnover patterns
Figure 6. Per-taxon rates of origination and extinction for Plio-Pleistocene Carnivora of eastern Africa. A, 300-kyr bins. B, 400-kyr bins. C, 500-kyr bins. The diagrams match those for per-capita rates closely, demonstrating that the results are not dependent on the exact metric used.
Setting files from: Simulated patterns of mitochondrial diversity are consistent with partial population turnover in Bronze Age Central Europe
<p><strong>Simulated Data and Simulation Program</strong></p> <p>This dataset release permits to simulate the scenarios investigated in the article entitled "Simulated patterns of mitochondrial diversity are consistent with partial population turnover in Bronze Age Central Europe" by Broccard et al, using the program SPLATCHE3, which is included.</p> <p>There is a zipped folder "Broccard_et_al_SimulationData.zip" that contains i) a "ReadMe.txt" file with the instructions to launch the simulations; ii) the executable called "SPLATCHE3-Linux-64b"; iii) the input settings file for the various scenarios.</p> <p>See Broccard, N, Silva, NM and & Currat M., American Journal of Biological Anthropology (2021), for background and http://www.splatche.com/splatche3 for more information about the simulation program.</p>
The turnover of plant-frugivore interactions along plant range expansion: consequences for natural colonisation processes
<p><span>Plant-animal mutualisms such as seed dispersal are key interactions for sustaining plant range shifts. Whether the organisation of interactions with seed dispersers is reconfigured along the expansion landscape template, and its effects accelerating or slowing colonisation, remain elusive. Here we analyse plant-frugivore interactions in a scenario of rapid population expansion of a Mediterranean juniper. We combined complex network analyses with intensive field surveys, sampling interactions between individual plants and frugivores by DNA-Barcoding and phototrapping over two seasons. We assess the role of intrinsic and extrinsic intraspecific variability in shaping interactions and we estimate the contribution of individual plants to seed rain. The whole interaction network was highly structured, with a distinct set of modules including individual plants and frugivore species arranged concordantly along the expansion gradient. The modular configuration found was partially shaped by individual neighbourhood context (density and fecundity) and phenotypic traits (cone size). Interaction reconfiguration resulted in a higher and uneven contribution to seed dispersal rain by individuals of the expansion boundaries, providing signals of the colonisation local-history. Our study provides novel insights into the key role of mutualistic interactions in colonisation scenarios by promoting fast plant expansion processes.</span></p>
Supplemental Material 2023: Bone turnover in lactating and nonlactating women
<p><strong>Suppl. Fig 1 </strong>Serum total Ca (<strong>A</strong>) and Serum P (<strong>B</strong>) at the respective visit. Exclusively breastfeeding (exc-bf) and nonexclusively breastfeeding (nonexc-bf) mothers were compared with controls at each visit. Results of multivariate analyses. Grey lines indicate reference levels. Total Ca and P levels were significantly higher in exc-bf and nonexc-bf mothers compared with controls (all <em>p</em>s < .001).</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Suppl. Table 1 </strong>Case numbers of the lactation and control cohorts depending on the parameter measured.</p> <p><strong>Suppl. Table 2</strong> Means (SD) are presented for each parameter for the respective cohort and visit. </p>
Figure S50 in Supplementary Materials for Precipitation is the main axis of tropical plant phylogenetic turnover across space and time
Figure S50. Optimisation of tropical and temperate niches across the Mimosoid phylogeny. Ancestral niches were estimated using a complete metachronogram for Caesalpinioideae, including non-Mimosoid Caesalpinioideae taxa, but only the Mimosoid clade is shown here.
Figure S48 in Supplementary Materials for Precipitation is the main axis of tropical plant phylogenetic turnover across space and time
Figure S48. Speciation rates estimated across the Caesalpinioideae metachronogram under eight scenarios with different fixed extinction rates. Extinction rates are shown above each subfigure, while speciation rates are indicated by branch colours.
Figure S49 in Supplementary Materials for Precipitation is the main axis of tropical plant phylogenetic turnover across space and time
Figure S49. Top: Speciation rates in the Mimosoid clade through time, estimated under different extinction rate scenarios using BAMM. Middle: Paleotemperature inferred from delta O18 measurements, using data from Zachos et al. (179). Bottom: Phenogram of mean annual precipitation in the Mimosoid clade through time. Coloured lines with dots show the median, wettest, and driest reconstructed rainfall niche of all nodes in the phylogeny per time bin of one million years.
Figure S47 in Supplementary Materials for Precipitation is the main axis of tropical plant phylogenetic turnover across space and time
Figure S47. Ancestral range estimation of Caesalpinioideae, performed using BioGeoBEARS with the best-fitting model (i.e., DEC+J). Trans-oceanic dispersal events in the Mimosoid clade, based on a model with seven regions, are indicated with numbered green circles.
Figure S46 in Supplementary Materials for Precipitation is the main axis of tropical plant phylogenetic turnover across space and time
Figure S46. Optimisation of dry season length across the Mimosoid phylogeny. Inset shows the fraction of dry season length niche shifs per speciation event through time. See caption Figure 1 for explanation.
Figure S45 in Supplementary Materials for Precipitation is the main axis of tropical plant phylogenetic turnover across space and time
Figure S45. Variation partitioning results obtained using the genus-level Mimosoid phylogeny (rather than the metachronogram). See caption Figure 2 for explanation.
Figure S42 in Supplementary Materials for Precipitation is the main axis of tropical plant phylogenetic turnover across space and time
Figure S42. Phyloregionalization per continent using the metachronogram, showing global distribution of isohyets. Caption otherwise as for Figure 3.
Figure S30 in Supplementary Materials for Precipitation is the main axis of tropical plant phylogenetic turnover across space and time
Figure S30 (right). Conflict and concordance among the 821 single-copy gene trees for each bipartition mapped onto the single-copy genes ASTRAL species tree (Figure S14). Pie charts show the fraction of gene trees supporting that bipartition in blue, the fraction of gene trees supporting the most likely alternative configuration in green, the fraction of gene trees supporting additional conflicting configurations in red, and the fraction of uninformative gene trees in grey. Numbers above and below the pie charts indicate the total number of gene trees supporting and conflicting the bipartition, respectively. Branch lengths are set equal for easier visualisation.
Figure S22 in Supplementary Materials for Precipitation is the main axis of tropical plant phylogenetic turnover across space and time
Figure S22. Phylogeny of Caesalpinioideae. RAxML species tree based on the amino acid alignment of all genes with orthology assessment. Bootstrap support values are only shown for nodes with <100% bootstrap support.
Figure S27 in Supplementary Materials for Precipitation is the main axis of tropical plant phylogenetic turnover across space and time
Figure S27. Tanglegram comparing the PhyloBayes phylogeny (Figure S23) with the RAxML amino acid single-copy genes phylogeny (Figure S20).
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Allen Brain Atlas
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