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Supplementary material 1 from: Sommer RS, Thiele V, Sushko G, Sielezniew M, Kolligs D, Dapkus D (2022) The distribution pattern of mire specialist butterflies in raised bogs of the northern lowlands of Central Europe. Nota Lepidopterologica 45: 41-52. https://doi.org/10.3897/nl.45.75182
Tables S1, S2
Swallowtail butterfly wing and tail measurements
<p>The European swallowtail butterfly (<i><span>Papilio machaon</span></i>) is so named, because of the long and narrow prominences extending from the trailing edge of their hindwings and, although not a true tail, they are referred to as such. Despite being a defining feature, an unequivocal function for the tails is yet to be determined, with predator avoidance (diverting an attack from the rest of the body), and enhancement of aerodynamic performance suggested. The swallowtail, however, is sexually size dimorphic with females larger than males, but whether the tail is also sexually dimorphic is unknown. Here, museum specimens were used to determine whether sexual selection has played a role in the evolution of the swallowtail butterfly tails in a similar way to that seen in the tail streamers of the barn swallow (<i>Hirundo rustica</i>), where the males have longer streamers than those of the females. Previously identified sexual dimorphism in swallowtail butterfly size was replicated, but no evidence for dimorphism in tail length was found. If evolved to mimic antennae and a head to divert a predatory attack, and if an absolute tail size was the most effective for this, then the tail would probably be invariant with butterfly hindwing size. The slope of the relationship between tail length and size, however, although close to zero, was nonetheless statistically significantly above (tail length µ hindwing area <sup>0.107 </sup><sup>± 0.011</sup>). The slope also did not equate to that expected for geometric similarity (tail length µ hindwing area <sup>1/2</sup>) suggesting that tail morphology is not solely driven by aerodynamics. It seems likely then, that tail morphology is primarily determined by, and perhaps a compromise of several, factors associated with predator avoidance (e.g. false head mimicry and a startling function). Of course, experimental data are required to confirm this.</p>
Figure 2 from: Satria D, Sofyanti E, Wulandari P, Fajarini, Pakpahan SD, Limbong SA (2022) Antibacterial activity of Medan Butterfly pea (Clitoria ternatea L.) corolla extract against Streptococcus mutans ATCC®25175™ and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC®6538™. Pharmacia 69(1): 195-202. https://doi.org/10.3897/pharmacia.69.e77076
Figure 2 Minimum inhibitory zones and biofilm activity of BPCE against S. mutans and S. aureus at different concentrations. Each colour represents the millimetre and percentage from different concentrations of BPCE (mg/mL) in each bacteria.
Figure 4 from: Satria D, Sofyanti E, Wulandari P, Fajarini, Pakpahan SD, Limbong SA (2022) Antibacterial activity of Medan Butterfly pea (Clitoria ternatea L.) corolla extract against Streptococcus mutans ATCC®25175™ and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC®6538™. Pharmacia 69(1): 195-202. https://doi.org/10.3897/pharmacia.69.e77076
Figure 4 The effect of BPCE on calcium and potassium ions leakage from S. mutans and S. aureus at different concentrations. Each colour represents the absorbance from different concentrations of BPCE (mg/mL) in each bacteria.
Figure 3 from: Satria D, Sofyanti E, Wulandari P, Fajarini, Pakpahan SD, Limbong SA (2022) Antibacterial activity of Medan Butterfly pea (Clitoria ternatea L.) corolla extract against Streptococcus mutans ATCC®25175™ and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC®6538™. Pharmacia 69(1): 195-202. https://doi.org/10.3897/pharmacia.69.e77076
Figure 3 The effect of BPCE on membrane intracellular (DNA and protein) leakage from S. mutans and S. aureus at different concentrations. Each colour represents the absorbance from different concentrations of BPCE (mg/mL) in each bacteria.
FIGURE 1 in A checklist of the butterflies of Melanesia, Micronesia, Polynesia and some adjacent areas
FIGURE 1: The Pacific Ocean, showing major island groups included in this checklist
Autumn larval cold tolerance does not predict the northern range limit of a widespread butterfly species
Climate change is driving range shifts, and a lack of cold tolerance is hypothesized to constrain insect range expansion at poleward latitudes. However, few, if any, studies have tested this hypothesis during autumn when organisms are subjected to sporadic low temperature exposure but may not have become cold tolerant yet. In this study, we integrated organismal thermal tolerance measures into species distribution models for larvae of the Giant Swallowtail butterfly, Papilio cresphontes, living at the northern edge of its actively expanding range. Cold hardiness of field-collected larvae was determined using three common metrics of cold-induced physiological thresholds: the supercooling point (SCP), critical thermal minimum (CTmin), and survival following cold exposure. P. cresphontes larvae in autumn have a CTmin of 2.14°C, and were determined to be tolerant of chilling. These larvae have a SCP of -6.6°C and can survive prolonged exposure to -2°C. They generally die, however, at temperatures below their SCP (-8°C), suggesting they are chill tolerant or modestly freeze avoidant. Using this information, we examined the importance of low temperatures at a broad scale, by comparing species distribution models of P. cresphontes based only on environmental data derived from other sources to models that also included the cold tolerance parameters generated experimentally. Our modelling revealed that growing degree-days and precipitation best predicted the distribution of P. cresphontes, while the cold tolerance variables did not explain much variation in habitat suitability. As such, the modelling results were consistent with our experimental results: low temperatures in autumn are unlikely to limit the distribution of P. cresphontes. Further investigation into the ecological relevance of the physiological thresholds determined here will help determine how climate limits the distribution of P. cresphontes. Understanding the factors that limit species distributions is key to predicting how climate change will drive species range shifts.
Data from: Opsin clines in butterflies suggest novel roles for insect photopigments
No abstract entered
Data for: Warm night temperature alters paternal allocation strategy in a North temperate zone butterfly
<p class="CxSpFirst">Warming temperatures are greatly impacting wild organisms across the globe. Some of the negative impacts of climate change can be mitigated behaviorally, for example, by changes in habitat and oviposition site choice. Temperatures are reportedly warming faster at night than during the day, yet studies assessing the impacts of increasing night temperature are rare. We used the Finnish Glanville fritillary butterfly (<i>Melitaea cinxia</i>) as study species and exposed adult butterflies of both sexes to warmer night conditions. Under a semi-natural outdoor enclosure, we assessed whether females base their oviposition choices primarily on habitat site characteristics (open, suggestive of dry meadows <i>vs</i> covered by a coarse canopy, suggestive of pastures) or on plant condition (dry <i>vs</i> lush), and if their choice is altered by the thermal conditions experienced at night. As exposure to warmer environmental conditions is expected to increase resting metabolic rate and potentially reduce life expectancy, we further assessed the fitness implications of warm night temperatures. We found that females prefer open sites for oviposition and that females do not switch their oviposition strategy based on the thermal conditions they experienced at night prior to the reproductive event. Exposure to warm nights did not influence female lifespan, but the egg hatching success of their offspring was reduced. In addition, we found that males exposed to warm nights sired larger clutches with higher hatching rate. As warm night exposure reduced male lifespan, this may imply a switch in male resource allocation strategy towards increased offspring quality. The present work adds on to the complex implications of climate warming and highlights the importance of the often-neglected role of males in shaping offspring performance.</p>
Figure 36 from: Carvalho APS, Orr AG, Kawahara AY (2017) A review of the occurrence and diversity of the sphragis in butterflies (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea). ZooKeys 694: 41-70. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.694.13097
Figure 36 - The occurrence of the sphragis in butterfly subfamilies. Dark circles indicate that some species in the clade bear sphragides or a version of it. Numbers inside the dark circles indicate estimation of minimum number of sphragis evolution events. Numbers under butterfly images indicate sphragis category of that species. Tree adapted from the phylogeny of Heikkila et al. (2011).
Figures 14-23 from: Carvalho APS, Orr AG, Kawahara AY (2017) A review of the occurrence and diversity of the sphragis in butterflies (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea). ZooKeys 694: 41-70. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.694.13097
Figures 14-23 Sphragis of butterfly species, a ventral, b lateral, category of the sphragis in parenthesis. 14Acraea kraka (2) 15A. egina (4) 16A. omrora (4) 17A. nohara (4) 18A. oncaea (3) 19A. zetes (4) 20A. endoscota (4) 21A. quirina (3) 22A. igati (3) 23A. hamata (2). Scale bar = 1 mm.
Figure 35 from: Carvalho APS, Orr AG, Kawahara AY (2017) A review of the occurrence and diversity of the sphragis in butterflies (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea). ZooKeys 694: 41-70. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.694.13097
Figure 35 - Schematic of the possible process of evolution of the sphragis in butterflies. This assumes a selective landscape where females benefit materially from polyandry and males are continually improving plug-removing ability.
Figure 37 from: Carvalho APS, Orr AG, Kawahara AY (2017) A review of the occurrence and diversity of the sphragis in butterflies (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea). ZooKeys 694: 41-70. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.694.13097
Figure 37 - Ventral and parasagittal views of the female genitalia and lateral abdomen with sphragis for Luehdorfia puziloi (a, b, c respectively), and Acraea horta (d, e, f respectively), showing convergence in externalization of female genitalia, reduction in the size of the bursa copulatrix, and how the genitalia is covered by the sphragis. BC, bursa copulatrix, DB, ductus bursae; DS, ductus seminalis; OB, ostium bursa.
Figures 9-11 from: Carvalho APS, Orr AG, Kawahara AY (2017) A review of the occurrence and diversity of the sphragis in butterflies (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea). ZooKeys 694: 41-70. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.694.13097
Figures 9-11 Sphragis of butterfly species, a ventral b lateral, category of the sphragis in parenthesis. 9L. puziloi (4) 10Cressida cressida (4) 11Euryades duponchelii (4). Scale bar = 1 mm.
Figures 24-33 from: Carvalho APS, Orr AG, Kawahara AY (2017) A review of the occurrence and diversity of the sphragis in butterflies (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea). ZooKeys 694: 41-70. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.694.13097
Figures 24-33 Sphragis of butterfly species, a ventral b lateral, category of the sphragis in parenthesis. 24Acraea umbra (4) 25A. quirinalis (3) 26A. pharsalus (2) 27A. serena (3) 28A. althoffi (3) 29A. orestia (3) 30A. pentapolis (3) 31A. issoria (3) 32A. rhodope (3) 33A. ozomene (3). Scale bar = 1 mm.
Figure 34 from: Carvalho APS, Orr AG, Kawahara AY (2017) A review of the occurrence and diversity of the sphragis in butterflies (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea). ZooKeys 694: 41-70. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.694.13097
Figure 34 - Example of male adaptations associated with sphragis production: a parasagittal section of Euryades corethrus male showing deep pockets where sphragis wings are molded and other features associated with sphragis production b The finished sphragis in situ on the female abdomen.
Figures 1-8 from: Carvalho APS, Orr AG, Kawahara AY (2017) A review of the occurrence and diversity of the sphragis in butterflies (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea). ZooKeys 694: 41-70. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.694.13097
Figures 1-8 Sphragis of butterfly species a ventral b lateral, category of the sphragis in parenthesis. 1Parnassius autocrator (4) 2P. charltonius (4) 3P. delphius (4) 4P. imperator (4) 5P. mnemosyne (4) 6P. phoebus (4) 7P. tenedius (4) 8Luehdorfia chinensis (3). Scale bar = 1 mm.
Figures 12- 13 from: Carvalho APS, Orr AG, Kawahara AY (2017) A review of the occurrence and diversity of the sphragis in butterflies (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea). ZooKeys 694: 41-70. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.694.13097
Figures 12- 13 - Sphragis of butterfly species, a ventral b lateral, category of the sphragis in parenthesis. 12 Amauris niavius (1) 13 H. penelope (4). Scale bar = 1 mm.
FIGURE 27 in Taxonomic and morphological revision of butterfly rays of the Gymnura micrura (Bloch & Schneider 1801) species complex, with the description of two new species (Myliobatiformes: Gymnuridae)
FIGURE 27. Dorsal view of head of Gymnura sereti, sp. nov. (paratype, MNHN 1989-1216, 500 mm DW).
FIGURE 21 in New taxa and new records of butterflies (Lepidoptera: Pieridae, Lycaenidae, Nymphalidae) from Afghanistan
FIGURE 21. Polyommatus farazi farmanali, ♂, Pass Nuksan, 3700 m, 20.7.1964, leg. Haws (MZMB).
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.