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Figure 1 in Phylogeny and biogeography of African Biomphalaria (Gastropoda: Planorbidae), with emphasis on endemic species of the great East African lakes

Figure 1. Summary cladogram from DeJong et al. (2001) showing the relationships of the African Biomphalaria. Note the position of Biomphalaria stanleyi within Biomphalaria pfeifferi.

Figure 8. Mandibular character states. A in Middle Miocene Chalicotheriinae (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) from France, with a discussion on chalicotheriine phylogeny

Figure 8. Mandibular character states. A, dorsal view of the symphysis of Chalicotherium?goldfussi (MHNT VAL-4); B, dorsal view of the mandible from Titov Veles (modified from Garevski & Zapfe, 1983); C, ventral view of the symphysis of C.?goldfussi (MHNT VAL-4); D, ventral view of the symphysis of the specimen from Titov Veles (modified from Garevski & Zapfe, 1983); E, lingual view of the right hemimandible of Anisodon macedonicus (MNHN SLQ 1054c – cast of the holotype UT DKO 234) (note that UT DKO 234 has a supernumerary lower molar on both sides, but that this does not change the coding of character 30); F, lingual view of the right hemimandible of C.?goldfussi (MHNT VAL-3); G, labial view of the left hemimandible of Moropus elatus (modified from Holland & Peterson, 1914). Not to scale.

Figure 7. Cranial character states. A in Middle Miocene Chalicotheriinae (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) from France, with a discussion on chalicotheriine phylogeny

Figure 7. Cranial character states. A, ventral view of the skull of Anisodon macedonicus (MNHN SLQ 1054a – cast of the holotype UT DKO 234); B, ventral view of the skull of Chalicotherium brevirostris (cast of AMNH 26518); C, ventral view of the skull of Moropus elatus (modified from Holland & Peterson, 1914); D, right lateral view of the skull of A. macedonicus (MNHN SLQ 1054a – cast of the holotype UT DKO 234); E, right lateral view of CCECM Lgr 1065; F, left lateral view of the skull of C. brevirostris (cast of AMNH 26518) (the drawing is reversed for comparative purposes); G, left lateral view of the skull of M. elatus (modified from Holland & Peterson, 1914) (drawing reversed); H, dorsal view of the skull of A. macedonicus (MNHN SLQ 1054a – cast of the holotype UT DKO 234); I, dorsal view of the skull of M. elatus (modified from Holland & Peterson, 1914); J, occipital view of the skull of A. macedonicus (MNHN SLQ 1054a – cast of the holotype UT DKO 234); K, occipital view of CCECM Lgr 1065. Not to scale.

Figure 5 in Middle Miocene Chalicotheriinae (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) from France, with a discussion on chalicotheriine phylogeny

Figure 5. Chalicotherium goldfussi. Specimen from Saint- Gaudens (Valentine Quarry). Symphysis MHNT VAL-4: A, right lateral view; B, frontal view, note the three alveoli per side for the incisors (right alveoli are indicated); C, dorsal view. Right hemimandible MHNT VAL-3 with M1–M3 (same individual as MHNT VAL-4): D, labial view; E, occlusal view of the tooth row; F, distolabial view of M3 and M2 illustrating the presence of the medial incisures (see text). Scale bars: 1 cm.

Figure 4. Anisodon grande. A in Middle Miocene Chalicotheriinae (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) from France, with a discussion on chalicotheriine phylogeny

Figure 4. Anisodon grande. A, complete skeleton MNHN Sa 15671 found by Filhol (1890) at Sansan (currently on display in the Exhibition Hall of Palaeontology at the MNHN, Paris) (copyright MNHN); B, cast of the skull of MNHN Sa 15671 (the white arrow indicates the isolated canine). Anatomical abbreviations: anm, angulus mandibulae; lc, lambdoid crest; lt, lacrimal tubercle; or, orbit; por, postorbital process of the jugal; ptm, post-tympanic process; zy, zygomatic arch. Scale bars (black or white bar): A, 30 cm; B, 1 cm.

Figure 10 in Middle Miocene Chalicotheriinae (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) from France, with a discussion on chalicotheriine phylogeny

Figure 10. Phylogeny of the Chalicotheriinae based on 51 cranio-mandibular and dental characters: strict consensus of the 14 most parsimonious trees (MPTs: 62 steps; CI = 0.871; RI = 0.877) (strict consensus: 65 steps; CI = 0.831; RI = 0.831). Nodes are labelled with letters. Numbers above branches are Bremer branch support values. Numbers under branches are the number of nonambiguous synapomorphies. 'Vathylakkos' and 'Lgr 1065' are only supported by ambiguous characters with DELTRAN optimization (see Appendix 3): they are represented as zero-length branches.

Figure 2. Plate 8 in Middle Miocene Chalicotheriinae (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) from France, with a discussion on chalicotheriine phylogeny

Figure 2. Plate 8 (genus Anoplotherium) of de Blainville (1849) showing: the cranium MNHN Sa 15670; A, the right hemimandible MNHN Sa 9376 with the problematic symphysis; B, the tooth row of the maxilla MNHN Sa 9339 (the new lectotype). MNHN Sa 9339 was confused with MNHN Sa 9340 by Schaefer & Zapfe (1971). Orientations are reversed from the actual specimens (see text).

Figure 1 in Middle Miocene Chalicotheriinae (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) from France, with a discussion on chalicotheriine phylogeny

Figure 1. Lectotype of Anisodon grande (de Blainville, 1849); right maxilla MNHN Sa 9339 (formerly A.C. 4232) with M1–M3. Scale bar: 1 cm.

Figure 3 in Middle Miocene Chalicotheriinae (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) from France, with a discussion on chalicotheriine phylogeny

Figure 3. Anisodon grande. Cranium MNHN Sa 15670: A, left lateral view; B, ventral view with an enlarged and labelled view of the basicranium; C, dorsal view. Anatomical abbreviations: bo, basioccipital; bs, basisphenoid; eam, external auditory meatus; fc, foramen caroticum; fo, foramen ovale; gu, guttural fossa; ma, matrix; pog, postglenoid process; shf, stylohyoid fossa; tb, tympanic bulla; vc, vaginal crest. Scale bars: 1 cm.

Figure 9. Dental character states. A, M2–M3 in Middle Miocene Chalicotheriinae (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) from France, with a discussion on chalicotheriine phylogeny

Figure 9. Dental character states. A, M2–M3 of Anisodon grande (lectotype MNHN Sa 9339) (drawing reversed); B, P2–M3 of Moropus elatus (modified from Holland & Peterson, 1914); C, P3–M3 of Anisodon macedonicus (MNHN SLQ 1054a – cast of the holotype UT DKO 234); D, P3–M3 of Chalicotherium?goldfussi (left maxilla, MHNT VAL-1); E, M –M of Chalico1 3 therium?goldfussi (right hemimandible, MHNT VAL-3) (drawing reversed); F, M2–M3 of A. grande (left hemimandible, MNHN Sa 9341). Not to scale.

Figure 6. Skull CCECM Lgr 1065 in Middle Miocene Chalicotheriinae (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) from France, with a discussion on chalicotheriine phylogeny

Figure 6. Skull CCECM Lgr 1065 (Chalicotherium?goldfussi) from La Grive Saint-Alban: A, right lateral view; B, ventral view; C, dorsal view. Scale bars: 1 cm.

Figure 13 in Phylogeny of Veneroidea (Mollusca: Bivalvia) based on morphology and molecules

Figure 13. Representatives of the available family-level ingroup taxa investigated by this study, showing external shell, internal shell, and hinge features. In Veneridae: A, Callistinae, Callista chione (AMNH 302968); B, Callocardiinae, Callocardia thorae (AMNH 302989); C, Chioninae, Chione cancellata (AMNH 248270); D, Clementiinae, Clementia papyracea (AMNH 51293, 302905); E, Cyclininae, Cyclina sinensis (AMNH 32487); F, Dosiniinae, Dosinia concentrica (AMNH 190551); G, Gafrariinae, Gafrarium dispar (AMNH 303604); H, Gemminae, Gemma gemma (AMNH 155236); I, Gouldiinae, Gouldia cerina (AMNH 32949); J, Lioconchinae, Lioconcha castrensis (AMNH 303127); K, Meretricinae, Meretrix meretrix (AMNH 31674); L, Meroinae, Sunetta (= Meroe) meroe (AMNH 32476); M, Pitarinae, Pitar tumens (AMNH 303152); N, Samarangiinae, Samarangia quadrangularis (AMNH 303507); O, Sunettinae, Sunetta scripta (AMNH 303612); P, Tapetinae, Tapes literatus (AMNH 303510); Q, Venerinae, Venus verrucosa (AMNH 304017). In Veneroidea: R, Petricolidae, Petricola lapicida (AMNH 33527, 294770); S, Glauconomidae, Glauconome rugosa (NCSM 28970); T, Turtoniidae, Turtonia minuta (AMNH 177261); U, Neoleptonidae, Neolepton sulcatulum (AMNH 35004).

Figure 6 in Phylogeny of Veneroidea (Mollusca: Bivalvia) based on morphology and molecules

Figure 6. Morphological phylogeny of Veneroidea: a 50% majority-rule consensus tree (46 trees, length 162 steps, consistency index = 0.23, retention index = 0.62) based on a maximum parsimony heuristic search of the all-morphology data set (45 taxa, 31 characters). See text for a discussion of clades B (Veneridae) and 1 (Veneroidea).

Figure 9 in Phylogeny of Veneroidea (Mollusca: Bivalvia) based on morphology and molecules

Figure 9. Molecular phylogeny of Veneroidea: a 50% majority-rule consensus tree based on a Bayesian analysis of the combined 16S rRNA and cytochrome oxidase I (COI) data sets and a sampling of 28 001 trees (3 000 000 generations; sample frequency = 100; burn-in = 2000; heat = 0.2). Symbols and conventions as in Figure 7; bootstrap proportions (≥ 70%) are based on a parsimony analysis (250 replicates, 10 random sequence additions; equal weighting). In two cases (Corbicula fluminea and Calyptogena magnifica), sequences represent the concatenation of independent 16S and COI GenBank submissions.

Figure 5 in Phylogeny of Veneroidea (Mollusca: Bivalvia) based on morphology and molecules

Figure 5. Morphological phylogeny of Veneroidea. A, an example strict consensus tree. B, the best-resolved 50% majorityrule consensus tree (length 135 steps, consistency index = 0.20, retention index = 0.63) based on maximum parsimony heuristic searches of the traditional morphological data set (23 characters) and a restricted set of 45 taxa. See text for a discussion of clades A and B. Subfamily names in parentheses are not monophyletic (see text). *100%.

Figure 1 in Phylogeny of Veneroidea (Mollusca: Bivalvia) based on morphology and molecules

Figure 1. Mercenaria mercenaria, showing features of venerid shell morphology coded by this analysis. A, right lateral view of exterior of right valve. B, right lateral view of interior of left valve. C, dorsal view of articulated valves, anterior to the right. aams, anterior adductor muscle scar; aprms, anterior pedal retractor muscle scar; com, commarginal sculpture; esc, escutcheon; hp, hinge plate (with cardinal teeth); lig, ligament; ligp, ligamental pit; lun, lunule; mar, shell margin; pams, posterior adductor muscle scar; pl, pallial line; ps, pallial sinus; u, umbo.

Figure 4 in Phylogeny of Veneroidea (Mollusca: Bivalvia) based on morphology and molecules

Figure 4. Morphological phylogeny of Veneroidea. A, an example strict consensus tree. B, an example 50% majority-rule tree (length 285 steps, consistency index = 0.14, retention index = 0.72) based on maximum parsimony heuristic searches of the all-morphology data set (31 characters) and 114 taxa. See text for a discussion of supported clades. Subfamily names in parentheses are not monophyletic (see text). *100%.

Figure 8 in Phylogeny of Veneroidea (Mollusca: Bivalvia) based on morphology and molecules

Figure 8. Molecular phylogeny of Veneroidea: a 50% majority-rule consensus tree based on a Bayesian analysis of the cytochrome oxidase I data set and a sampling of 29 501 trees (3 000 000 generations; sample frequency = 100; burn-in = 500; heat = 0.1). Symbols and conventions as in Figure 7; bootstrap proportions (≥ 70%) are based on a parsimony analysis (250 replicates, 10 random sequence additions; Tv 2.5: Ti 1). The two sequences for Hyphantosoma caperi were obtained from the same individual. The three GenBank sequences for Cyclina sinensis were obtained from the gonadal tissue of two male specimens and one female specimen.

Figure 11 in Phylogeny of Veneroidea (Mollusca: Bivalvia) based on morphology and molecules

Figure 11. Molecular phylogeny of Veneroidea: a 50% majority-rule consensus tree based on a Bayesian analysis of the 16S rRNA, cytochrome oxidase I (COI), and 28S rRNA (long and short) data sets and a sampling of 29 001 trees (3 000 000 generations; sample frequency = 100; burn-in = 1000; heat = 0.2). Symbols and conventions as in Figure 7; bootstrap proportions (≥ 70%) are based on a parsimony analysis (250 replicates, 10 random sequence additions; equal weighting). The three Cyclina sinensis sequences (represented by only a short piece of COI) and a second COI sequence for Hypantosoma caperi were removed from the data set prior to undertaking these combined analyses.

Figure 12 in Phylogeny of Veneroidea (Mollusca: Bivalvia) based on morphology and molecules

Figure 12. Molecular phylogeny of Veneroidea: a 50% majority-rule consensus tree based on a Bayesian analysis of the 16S rRNA, cytochrome oxidase I, 28S rRNA, and histone 3 data sets for a pruned selection of 56 taxa (59 sequences) with sequences> 1200 bp in length. Branch lengths and posterior probability values based on a sampling of 29 001 trees (3 000 000 generations; sample frequency = 100; burn-in = 1000; heat = 0.5). Symbols and conventions as in Figure 7; bootstrap proportions (≥ 70%) are based on a parsimony analysis (250 replicates, 10 random sequence additions; equal weighting). In Corbicula, Mercenaria, Neotapes, and Ruditapes philippinarum, GenBank sequences represent concatenated sequences of independent GenBank submissions for some or all genes. For some other taxa (Arctica and Calyptogena), sequences represent a mixture of GenBank and newly acquired sequences for the same species.