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Fig. 11 in Revision of the South American freshwater fish genus Laemolyta Cope, 1872 (Ostariophysi: Characiformes: Anostomidae)

Fig. 11. Scatter plot of body depth on standard length for populations of Laemolyta fernandezi.

Fig. 23 in Revision of the South American freshwater fish genus Laemolyta Cope, 1872 (Ostariophysi: Characiformes: Anostomidae)

Fig. 23. Laemolyta taeniata, lectotype, NMW 81379: 2, 159.4 mm SL; Brazil, rio Guaporé.

Fig. 5 in Revision of the South American freshwater fish genus Laemolyta Cope, 1872 (Ostariophysi: Characiformes: Anostomidae)

Fig. 5. Scatter plot of body depth on standard length for all species of Laemolyta.

Fig. 3 in Revision of the South American freshwater fish genus Laemolyta Cope, 1872 (Ostariophysi: Characiformes: Anostomidae)

Fig. 3. Premaxillary (pmx) of Laemolyta fernandezi, INPA 12234, 93.7 mm SL, left side, medial view.

Fig. 4. Laemolyta fernandezi, CAS 116126 in Revision of the South American freshwater fish genus Laemolyta Cope, 1872 (Ostariophysi: Characiformes: Anostomidae)

Fig. 4. Laemolyta fernandezi, CAS 116126, holotype, 73.1 mm SL; Venezuela, upper río Orinoco.

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2006View details →

Fig. 2 in Freshwater bryozoans in the backwaters of the Danube and Traun Rivers south-east of Linz, Upper Austria

Fig. 2: Location of sampling sites in nine water bodies in the floodplain area south-east of Linz.

opencc-zeroSep 2021View details →

Measuring the contribution of evolution to community trait structure in freshwater zooplankton

There are currently few predictions about when evolutionary processes are likely to play an important role in structuring community features.Determining predictors that indicate when evolution is expected to impact ecological processes in natural landscapes can help researchers identify eco-evolutionary 'hotspots', where eco-evolutionary interactions are more likely to occur. Using data collected from a survey in freshwater cladoceran communities, landscape population genetic data, and phenotypic trait data measured in a common garden, we applied a Bayesian linear model to assess whether the impact of local trait evolution in the keystone species Daphnia magna on cladoceran community trait values could be predicted by population genetic properties (within-population genetic diversity, genetic distance among populations), ecological properties (Simpson's diversity, phenotypic divergence), or environmental divergence. We found that the impact of local trait evolution varied among communities. Moreover, community diversity and phenotypic divergence were found to be better predictors of the contribution of evolution to community trait values than environmental features or genetic properties of the evolving species. Our results thus indicate the importance of ecological context for the impact of evolution on community features. Our study also demonstrates one way to detect signatures of eco-evolutionary interactions in communities inhabiting heterogeneous landscapes using survey data of contemporary ecological and evolutionary structure.

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2021View details →

Data for: Ecological impacts of extreme climatic events on terrestrial and freshwater biota in the Arctic: A synthesis of current scientific evidence and opportunities

File contains the results of a literature review on the ecological impacts of extreme climatic events on terrestrial and freshwater biota in the Arctic.

opencc-zeroOct 2021View details →

Ancient volcanos as species pumps: A case study of freshwater amphipods in Northeast Asia

Volcano-tectonic processes have been viewed as primary divers in the formation of present-day diversity. Volcanos associated with mountain uplifts drives allopatric speciation through vicariance and may impact the surrounding areas like species pump or species attractor. However, the application of these hypotheses to aquatic fauna has rarely been tested explicitly. We conducted this research in the Changbai Mountains (Mts), which are one of the most typical, active volcanic ranges in Northeast (NE) Asia with a long and turbulent geological history. The Gammarus nekkensis species complex of amphipod crustaceans, widely distributed throughout NE Asia with poor dispersal abilities and a long evolutionary history, is a suitable model for testing these hypotheses. Phylogenetic and ancestral range reconstructions demonstrated that the studied amphipod originated from the Changbai Mts approximately 27 Ma and diverged into eastern (Clade I) and western (Clade II) clades, which corresponds well with the initial volcanic eruption of the Changbai Mts in the Late Oligocene. The subsequent diversifications of subclades CI-3, CII-1a and CII-2a were likely driven by second and third eruptions of the Changbai Mts during the Miocene. In particular, the Changbai lineages had spread to the Russian Far East multiple times since the Early Miocene, and widely colonized the region during the Pleistocene. Our discoveries suggest that the ancient volcanos of the Changbai Mts act as species pumps in NE Asia, resulted in burst of diversification around the Changbai Mts and subsequent dispersals into adjacent regions.

opencc-zeroDec 2022View details →

Data for: Invasion by an exotic grass species homogenises native freshwater plant communities

A growing body of evidence has shown that biological invasions cause shifts in species composition of communities in space and time. Although biological invasions are considered a major driver of biotic homogenisation worldwide, most previous studies are conducted at small spatial scales and over short time periods, which may have underestimated the impacts of exotic species on native communities. Using a unique dataset of aquatic plants sampled in 235 sites over 12 years (2007–2010 and 2015–2019) in a large reservoir (Itaipu Reservoir; 1,350 km²), we analyzed how the invasion of a non-native grass (Urochloa arrecta) affects the species richness, ecological uniqueness (i.e., local contribution to beta diversity – LCBD) and temporal β–diversity of native plant communities. From 3,934 surveyed plant communities, U. arrecta was recorded in 2,888 samples and it was absent from 1,046 samples. Overall, species richness and ecological uniqueness of native plant communities were markedly lower in sites invaded than non-invaded by U. arrecta. From 2007 to 2019, the ecological uniqueness of native plants was 60% lower in the invaded than non-invaded sites. Whereas in invaded sites the species loss was the dominant mechanism driving native communities over time, in non–invaded sites the gain of new native species was the primary mechanism underlying community trajectories. Moreover, comparing native plant communities before and after the invasion of U. arrecta, species richness, ecological uniqueness and species gains of native plant communities decreased, whereas species losses increased after the invasion of U. arrecta. Finally, the positive relationship between native biodiversity and precipitation was stronger in sites non-invaded than invaded by U. arrecta. Synthesis: Our findings provide comprehensive evidence that an invasive plant is decreasing the spatial and temporal β–diversity of native plant communities through declining species richness, rather than simply correlating with them. This suggests that U. arrecta is driving native plants to become less diverse and homogeneous after the invasion, both spatially and temporally. Our findings illustrate that at broad scales, aquatic plant communities may become increasingly homogeneous with the increasing number of biological invasion events taking place worldwide.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2022View details →

The sensitivity of primary productivity in Disko Bay, a coastal Arctic ecosystem to changes in freshwater discharge and sea ice cover

Data for figure 4 in <a href="https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-916">https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-916</a>

opencc-zeroDec 2022View details →

Urbanization drives geographically heterogeneous freshwater salinization in the northeastern United States

Rising trends in freshwater salinity, collectively termed the Freshwater Salinization Syndrome (FSS), constitute a global environmental concern. Given that the FSS has been observed in diverse settings, key questions regarding the causes, trend magnitudes, and consequences remain. Prior work hypothesized that FSS is driven by state factors, such as human-centered land use change, geology, and climate. Here, we identify the fundamental overriding factors driving FSS within the northeastern United States and quantify the diversity of FSS severity within the region. Specifically, we analyzed decadal-scale trends in specific conductance (a salinity proxy) for 333 lotic sites over four decades. Next, we quantified potential variables driving the rising or falling trends, including impervious surface cover (ISC), winter temperature and precipitation, watershed size, and ambient conductance. Temperature and ISC were considered the most likely candidates for predicting FSS severity because road salts have previously emerged as the fundamental regional driver.Most (62.5%) sites exhibited patterns of significantly increasing conductance; thus, the overall regional state reflects advancing FSS. However, others exhibited an absence of change (28.8%) or decreasing values (8.7%), and slope magnitude did change with latitude. Linear modeling demonstrated that two variables—ISC and watershed size—constitute the best predictors of long-termconductance trends and that an intercept not significantly different than zero suggests that the FSS does not reign in the absence of urbanization. We also detected areas with consistently decreasing trends despite moderate ISC. Therefore, within the region, advancing urbanization causes the typical condition of advancing FSS, but heterogeneity also exists.

opencc-zeroJan 2023View details →

Data from: Reproducing in hot water: experimental heatwaves deteriorate multiple reproductive traits in a freshwater ectotherm

Heatwaves are occurring at an increasing frequency and intensity under ongoing climate change. With many reproductive traits – including mating behaviour and gamete traits– being sensitive even to small stressors, including short temperature changes, the impact of heatwaves on reproduction and sexual selection processes is likely to be vast. Also, understanding whether the sexes may differentially respond to these extreme events is crucial to understand the impact on fecundity and the consequence at the population level. Nonetheless, our knowledge of the effects of heatwaves on these key aspects of an animal life is still limited. Here, we expose recently mated male and female guppies (Poecilia reticulata) to an experimental heatwave (32°C, 6°C above the control, for 5 days) to determine its effects on several traits, including sexual behaviour, condition, ornamentation, and fertility. Using this design, in contrast to most other experimental set ups, we had the possibility to attribute the effects of the heatwave to males' and females' reproductive traits independently. Overall, our results indicate that heatwaves can drastically affect key reproductive traits and unravel sex-specific responses. In males, there was no effect of the heatwave on survival, but both pre- and post-copulatory reproductive traits were affected. After the heatwave, we detected a decrease in orange colouration (the most important ornament on which female choice is based) and the overall level of sexual activity, and a shift in the preferred mating tactic towards forced copulation attempts. The latter suggest implications in sexual conflict dynamics, as forced copulations override female mate choice. Also, after the heatwave, males had more sperm but of lower quality, and, in addition, an increased variance in sperm number. Overall, heatwaves may result in a compromised ability to secure mating and fertilization. In females, the heatwave significantly affected survival, with increased mortality in the short term, and impaired fecundity, with many females from the heatwave treatment not reproducing at all. The negative effects of heatwaves on key reproductive traits unravelled by our study could have major implications for population dynamics and persistence. It highlights the need for further studies on these extreme events on reproduction, to improve our understanding of the impacts of climate change.

opencc-zeroJan 2023View details →

Seasonal variation of behavior and brain size in a freshwater fish

Teleost fishes occupy a range of ecosystem and habitat types subject to large seasonal fluctuations. Temperate fishes in particular, survive large seasonal shifts in temperature, light availability, and access to certain habitats. Mobile species like lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) can behaviorally respond to seasonal variation by shifting their habitat deeper and further offshore in response to warmer surface water temperatures during the summer. During cooler seasons, use of more structurally complex nearshore zones by lake trout could increase cognitive demands and potentially result in a larger relative brain size during those periods. Yet, there is limited understanding of how such behavioral responses to a seasonally shifting environment might shape, or be shaped by, the nervous system. Here we quantified variation in relative brain size and the size of five externally visible brain regions in lake trout, across six consecutive seasons in two different lakes. Acoustic telemetry data from one of our study lakes was collected during the study period from a different subset of individuals and used to infer relationships between brain size and seasonal behaviors (habitat use and movement rate). Our results indicated that lake trout relative brain size was larger in the fall and winter compared to the spring and summer in both lakes. Larger brains coincided with increased use of nearshore habitats and increased horizontal movement rates in the fall and winter based on acoustic telemetry. The telencephalon followed the same pattern as whole brain size, while the other brain regions (cerebellum, optic tectum, olfactory bulbs, hypothalamus) were only smaller in the spring. These findings provide evidence that flexibility in brain size could underpin shifts in behavior, which could potentially subserve functions associated with differential habitat use during cold and warm seasons and allow fish to succeed in seasonally variable environments.

Figure 3 in Non-native freshwater fish from drainages of Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil

Figure 3. Total number of records of exotic species by drainage basin cataloged in scientific collections between 1965 and 2020. No records were found in scientific collections for the big-headed carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix.

Figure 12 in Non-native freshwater fish from drainages of Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil

Figure 12. Serrasalmus maculatus (Palometa), UFRGS 28800, 75.1 mm SL, arroio dos Lourenços, tributary of the Rio Vacacaí, Laguna dos Patos system. Photo: Juliano Ferrer.

Figure 7 in Non-native freshwater fish from drainages of Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil

Figure 7. Distribution of records of Acestrorhynchus pantaneiro in Río Uruguay, Laguna dos Patos and Rio Tramandaí basins.

Figure 11 in Non-native freshwater fish from drainages of Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil

Figure 11. Number of records of allochthonous species Trachelyopterus lucenai recorded over the years in the Laguna dos Patos (SLP) and Rio Tramandaí (TRA) systems according to scientific collections databases. PR = First published record for the Rio Tramandaí system (Schifino et al., 2004).

Figure 16 in Non-native freshwater fish from drainages of Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil

Figure 16. Number of records of exotic fish species introduced in Brazil according to scientific collections databases.

Figure 14 in Non-native freshwater fish from drainages of Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil

Figure 14. Number of records of the ten exotic species found in Brazil by de- Figure 15. Number of records per decade between 1960 and 2020 of the cades between 1960 and 2020 according to scientific collections databases. two exotic species with the highest number of records in scientific collections.