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Figure 3 in Phylogeny of Veneroidea (Mollusca: Bivalvia) based on morphology and molecules
Figure 3. Morphological phylogeny of Veneroidea: an example 50% majority-rule consensus tree (length 234 steps, consistency index = 0.13, retention index = 0.74) based on a maximum parsimony heuristic search of the traditional morphological data set (23 characters) and 114 taxa. See text for a discussion of clades A, B, and C. Subfamily names in parentheses are not monophyletic (see text). *100%.
Figure 7 in Phylogeny of Veneroidea (Mollusca: Bivalvia) based on morphology and molecules
Figure 7. Molecular phylogeny of Veneroidea: a 50% majority-rule consensus tree based on a Bayesian analysis of the 16S rRNA data set and a sampling of 29 401 trees (3 000 000 generations; sample frequency = 100; burn-in = 600; heat = 0.2). Branch lengths are presented in (A) and support indices in (B). Posterior probability values (≥ 90%) are shown above the line; bootstrap proportions (≥ 70%) based on a parsimony analysis (250 replicates, 10 random sequence additions; Tv 2.8: Ti 1) are shown below the line. Sequences obtained from GenBank are indicated by GB following the species name. Multiple sequences are included for five taxa: Ruditapes philippinarum (one from a maternally derived and one from a paternally derived mitochondrial lineage); Circe rivularis (sequences from two specimens from different locations); and Mercenaria mercenaria, Venus verrucosa, and Chamelea gallina (one GB sequence, one newly derived sequence). Taxa designated as outgroups are shown in bold. The hollow circle indicates the node supporting a monophyletic Veneroidea = Veneridae (including Turtonia and the Petricolidae). Labelled nodes (filled circles) refer to specific clades discussed in the text.
Figure 10 in Phylogeny of Veneroidea (Mollusca: Bivalvia) based on morphology and molecules
Figure 10. Molecular phylogeny of Veneroidea: a 50% majority-rule consensus tree based on a Bayesian analysis of the long 28S rRNA data set and a sampling of 29 001 trees (3 000 000 generations; sample frequency = 100; burn-in = 1000; heat = 0.2). Symbols and conventions as in Figure 7; bootstrap proportions (≥ 70%) are based on a parsimony analysis (250 replicates, 10 random sequence additions; Tv 2: Ti 1).
Figure 11 in Phylogeny of families in the Pectinoidea (Mollusca: Bivalvia): importance of the fossil record
Figure 11. Spondylus sp., south-east of Beira, Mozambique, 20°30'S, 35°43'E, depth 62 m, scanning electron micrograph of the pectiniform growth stage of the right valve, USNM(Z) 718596d. Scale bar = 100 µm.
Figure 10. A, B in Phylogeny of families in the Pectinoidea (Mollusca: Bivalvia): importance of the fossil record
Figure 10. A, B, Weyla (Lywea) lycorrhynchus (Philippi, 1899) (CAS 61458); C, D, W. (Weyla) alata (von Buch, 1838) (CAS 61457), both from Sunrise Formation, New York Canyon, Gabbs Valley Range, Nevada, Lower Jurassic. A, left valve; B, oblique anterior view showing ctenolium (arrow); C, hinge of right valve; D, hinge of left valve. Scale bars = 10 mm.
Figure 9 in Phylogeny of families in the Pectinoidea (Mollusca: Bivalvia): importance of the fossil record
Figure 9. Neithea quinquecostata of Wade (1926), nonmatching valves, Ripley Formation, Coon Creek, Tennessee, Upper Cretaceous, USNM(P) 32760. A, hinge of right valve; B, hinge of left valve. Scale bars = 10 mm.
Figure 8 in Phylogeny of families in the Pectinoidea (Mollusca: Bivalvia): importance of the fossil record
Figure 8. Pectinella sigsbeei (Dall, 1886), Recent, Cuba, 22°10′N, 82°20′W, 289 m, matching cotypes. A, right valve, MCZ 7817; B, left valve, USNM(Z) 62263. Scale bar = 2 mm.
Figure 12. Spondylus bostrychites Guppy, 1867 in Phylogeny of families in the Pectinoidea (Mollusca: Bivalvia): importance of the fossil record
Figure 12. Spondylus bostrychites Guppy, 1867, Gurabo Fm, Dominican Republic, Lower Pliocene, USNM(P) 530054. A, hinge of the right valve; B, hinge of the matching left valve. Scale bars = 10 mm.
Figure 6 in Phylogeny of families in the Pectinoidea (Mollusca: Bivalvia): importance of the fossil record
Figure 6. Propeamussium sp., Gulf of Mexico, 25°31′N, 95°51′W, 1061–1317 m. Scanning electron micrograph of a fracture through a right valve near the base of the posterior auricle viewed obliquely from the outer side, dorsal margin towards the top. cla, crossed-lamellar aragonite; fc, foliated calcite layer bearing imprint of prismatic layer on its outer surface; pc, prismatic calcite. Scale bar = 50 µm.
Figure 7 in Phylogeny of families in the Pectinoidea (Mollusca: Bivalvia): importance of the fossil record
Figure 7. Filamussium schafhaeutli (Winkler, 1859), gen. nov., Upper Triassic (Norian/Rhaetian). A, a compound external mould of the left valve, Kössener Schichten, Kotalm, Schweinsberg bei Miesbach, Germany and BSPHG 1916-I-208. B, detail in the centre of (A) showing the superimposed internal filosus structure, external radial costae, and calcite-filled imprints of internal ribs. C, exterior of a right valve, Kössen Formation, Kendelbachgraben, Austria, USNM(P) 530053. Scale bars = 10 mm.
Figure 3. Pernopecten clypeatus Newell, 1938 in Phylogeny of families in the Pectinoidea (Mollusca: Bivalvia): importance of the fossil record
Figure 3. Pernopecten clypeatus Newell, 1938, Upper Carboniferous, Nebraska City, Nebraska, composite mould of left valve showing a filosus structure, USNM(P) 6485. Scale bar = 7 mm.
Figure 4 in Phylogeny of families in the Pectinoidea (Mollusca: Bivalvia): importance of the fossil record
Figure 4. Entolioides schlernica (Finlay, 1927), Upper Triassic, Raibler Schichten, Wettersteingebirge, Germany, interior of right valve, BSPHG 1948-I-33. rt, resilial teeth; other symbols as in Figure 2. Scale bar = 10 mm.
Figure 2 in Phylogeny of families in the Pectinoidea (Mollusca: Bivalvia): importance of the fossil record
Figure 2. Pernopecten yini, nonmatching left valve (A) and right valve (B), Permian, west Texas, modified from Newell & Boyd (1995) to show the morphological terms used in the present study: bab, basal auricular buttresses; ldb, lateral disk buttresses; olg, outer-ligament grooves; olr, outer-ligament ridges; r, resilifer; s, scrolls. Scale bars = 10 mm.
Figure 1 in Phylogeny of families in the Pectinoidea (Mollusca: Bivalvia): importance of the fossil record
Figure 1. Phylogeny of the Pectinoidea derived from the Aviculopectinoidean family Euchondriidae. The numbers refer to clades described in the text. Terminal bars indicate extinction. Terminal arrows indicate continuation to the present. Geological time bands are not to scale.
Figure 2 in Molecular phylogeny and systematics of the Pieridae (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea): higher classification and biogeography
Figure 2. Klots' (1933) intuitive phylogeny of the Pieridae, reconstructed from his generic revision and systematic classification, and hypothetical chart of evolution of the subfamilies and main stock of the Pierinae. Dashed lines indicate uncertainty in the phylogenetic position of genera or groups of genera.
Figure 8 in Molecular phylogeny and systematics of the Pieridae (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea): higher classification and biogeography
Figure 8. Historical biogeographical hypothesis of the Pseudopontiinae + Dismorphiinae, with dispersal and extinction events optimized to reconcile the area cladogram. Letters designate speciation events: a, vicariance between Pseudopontiinae (Africa) and Dismorphiinae (South America), following the final break-up of Western Gondwana (Late Cretaceous); b, long-distance dispersal of the ancestor of Dismorphiinae from northern South America to northern Africa (Late Cretaceous), followed by allopatric speciation of Leptidea in northern Africa (Late Cretaceous). Numbers designate major biogeographical events: 1, dispersal (range expansion) of the ancestor of Leptidea from northern Africa to Eurasia, following contact of Africa with Eurasia (early Tertiary); 2, extinction (range contraction) of Leptidea in northern Africa following formation of the Sahara Desert (Quaternary). Once Leptidea reached Eurasia it colonized much of the Palaearctic, the Neotropical Dismorphiinae subsequently spread into Central America, whereas the Pseudopontiinae contracted to central western Africa.
Figure 7 in Molecular phylogeny and systematics of the Pieridae (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea): higher classification and biogeography
Figure 7. Higher classification of the Pieridae, showing two possible phylogenetic hypotheses according to the combined and all available data analyses of this study (Figs 3, 6). A, consensus tree summarizing nodes that are well supported or that are consistently recovered under different methods of analysis (maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, Bayesian inference), with a question mark denoting uncertainty in the monophyly of the Colotis group. B, fully resolved tree, with question marks denoting uncertainty among nodes and in the monophyly of the Colotis group. Four subfamilies are recognized, with the subfamily Pierinae comprising four major lineages (two tribes, two informal groups); the tribe Pierini is subdivided into five lineages (three subtribes, two subclades of uncertain status).
Fig. 127. Cladogram showing relationships between Characidae lacking a in Phylogeny of the family Characidae (Teleostei: Characiformes): from characters to taxonomy
Fig. 127. Cladogram showing relationships between Characidae lacking a supraorbital bone (Bramocharax clade, Pseudochalceus clade, Characinae, Rhoadsiinae, and Tetragonopterinae). Node numbers correspond to those in the text.
Fig. 124 in Phylogeny of the family Characidae (Teleostei: Characiformes): from characters to taxonomy
Fig. 124. Primary tongue and anterior branchial skeleton of Astyanax cf. asuncionensis, CI-FML 3912, 61.1 mm SL, dorsal view, anterior to left. Non-permanently stained with methylene blue. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.
Fig. 119 in Phylogeny of the family Characidae (Teleostei: Characiformes): from characters to taxonomy
Fig. 119. Eye and sclerotic bones of Odontostilbe paraguayensis, CI-FML 3885, 31.2 mm SL, lateral view. Scale bar = 1 mm.
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International Brain Laboratory public data
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OpenNeuro
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