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5,053 results for “Arachnidae”
Data from: Population genomic evidence for multiple Pliocene refugia in a montane-restricted harvestman (Arachnida, Opiliones, Sclerobunus robustus) from the southwestern United States
The integration of ecological niche modelling into phylogeographic analyses has allowed for the identification and testing of potential refugia under a hypothesis-based framework, where the expected patterns of higher genetic diversity in refugial populations and evidence of range expansion of nonrefugial populations are corroborated with empirical data. In this study, we focus on a montane-restricted cryophilic harvestman, Sclerobunus robustus, distributed throughout the heterogeneous Southern Rocky Mountains and Intermontane Plateau of southwestern North America. We identified hypothetical refugia using ecological niche models (ENMs) across three time periods, corroborated these refugia with population genetic methods using double-digest RAD-seq data and conducted population-level phylogenetic and divergence dating analyses. ENMs identify two large temporally persistent regions in the mid-latitude highlands. Genetic patterns support these two hypothesized refugia with higher genetic diversity within refugial populations and evidence for range expansion in populations found outside hypothesized refugia. Phylogenetic analyses identify five to six genetically divergent, geographically cohesive clades of S. robustus. Divergence dating analyses suggest that these separate refugia date to the Pliocene and that divergence between clades pre-dates the late Pleistocene glacial cycles, while diversification within clades was likely driven by these cycles. Population genetic analyses reveal effects of both isolation by distance (IBD) and isolation by environment (IBE), with IBD more important in the continuous mountainous portion of the distribution, while IBE was stronger in the populations inhabiting the isolated sky islands of the south. Using model-based coalescent approaches, we find support for postdivergence migration between clades from separate refugia.
FIGURES 57–65. Sabacon sergeidedicatum Martens, 1989 in The harvestmen fauna (Arachnida: Opiliones) of the Katunsky Biosphere Reserve and adjacent territories (South Siberia, Russia), with a description of a new species of Sabacon (Sabaconidae) and notes on Sabacon sergeidedicatum Martens, 1989
FIGURES 57–65. Sabacon sergeidedicatum Martens, 1989 (male 57–62, female 63: 57 Tomsk ISEA O.001.0274; 58–59 Shorsky National Park ISEA O.001.0255; 60 Khakassia ISEA O.001.0272; 61, 63 near Iogach ISEA O.001.0028; 62 Kazakhstan ISEA O.001.0279) and S. zateevi sp. nov. (64 male paratype ISEA O.001.0286; 65 female paratype ISEA O.001.0281): 57–62, 64 Male palpal coxae, retrolateral view; 63, 65 Female palpal coxae, retrolateral view. Scales: 0.1 mm.
FIGURES 45–56. Sabacon sergeidedicatum Martens, 1989 in The harvestmen fauna (Arachnida: Opiliones) of the Katunsky Biosphere Reserve and adjacent territories (South Siberia, Russia), with a description of a new species of Sabacon (Sabaconidae) and notes on Sabacon sergeidedicatum Martens, 1989
FIGURES 45–56. Sabacon sergeidedicatum Martens, 1989 (45–49, 51–55: 45, 51 Tomsk ISEA O.001.0274; 46, 52 Shorsky National Park ISEA O.001.0255; 47, 53 Khakassia ISEA O.001.0272; 48, 54 near Iogach ISEA O.001.0028; 49, 55 Kazakhstan ISEA O.001.0279) and S. zateevi sp. nov. (male paratype ISEA O.001.0286 50, 56): 45–50 Chelicera, retrolateral view; 51–56 Same, dorso-prolateral view. Scales: 0.5 mm.
FIGURES 22–27. Sabacon sergeidedicatum Martens, 1989 in The harvestmen fauna (Arachnida: Opiliones) of the Katunsky Biosphere Reserve and adjacent territories (South Siberia, Russia), with a description of a new species of Sabacon (Sabaconidae) and notes on Sabacon sergeidedicatum Martens, 1989
FIGURES 22–27. Sabacon sergeidedicatum Martens, 1989 (22–24) and S. zateevi sp. nov. (25–27, paratype from ISEA), scanning electron macrographs: 22, 25 Chelicera, retrolateral view; 23, 26 Palp, retrolateral view; 24, 27 Palpal patella, retrolatero-ventral view. Scales: 0.5 mm (22–23, 25–26), 0.1 (24, 27).
FIGURES 16–21 in The harvestmen fauna (Arachnida: Opiliones) of the Katunsky Biosphere Reserve and adjacent territories (South Siberia, Russia), with a description of a new species of Sabacon (Sabaconidae) and notes on Sabacon sergeidedicatum Martens, 1989
FIGURES 16–21. General appearances of Sabacon sergeidedicatum Martens, 1989 (16–17) and S. zateevi sp. nov. (18 Holotype, 19–21 paratypes): 16, 18–19 Males; 17, 20–21 Females. Scales: 1 mm.
FIGURES 11–15. Liropilio stukanovi Gritsenko, 1979 in The harvestmen fauna (Arachnida: Opiliones) of the Katunsky Biosphere Reserve and adjacent territories (South Siberia, Russia), with a description of a new species of Sabacon (Sabaconidae) and notes on Sabacon sergeidedicatum Martens, 1989
FIGURES 11–15. Liropilio stukanovi Gritsenko, 1979, SEM micrographs (11–13): 11, 14 Penis, dorsal view; 12, 15 Same, lateral view; 13 Glans and apical part, dorsal view. Scales: 1mm (11–12, 14–15), 0.1 mm (13).
FIGURES 1–4 in The harvestmen fauna (Arachnida: Opiliones) of the Katunsky Biosphere Reserve and adjacent territories (South Siberia, Russia), with a description of a new species of Sabacon (Sabaconidae) and notes on Sabacon sergeidedicatum Martens, 1989
FIGURES 1–4. General appearances of the female of Homolophus nordenskioeldi (C.L. Koch, 1879) (1) and the male of Liropilio stukanovi Gritsenko, 1979 (2–4): 1–2 Live specimens; 3–4 Ethanol-preserved specimens, 3 Dorsal view, 4 Lateral view. Scales: 1 mm (3–4).
FIGURES 34–44. Sabacon sergeidedicatum Martens, 1989 in The harvestmen fauna (Arachnida: Opiliones) of the Katunsky Biosphere Reserve and adjacent territories (South Siberia, Russia), with a description of a new species of Sabacon (Sabaconidae) and notes on Sabacon sergeidedicatum Martens, 1989
FIGURES 34–44. Sabacon sergeidedicatum Martens, 1989 (34–40: 34–36 Shorsky National Park; 37 Khakassia ISEA O.001.0272; 38 near Iogach ISEA O.001.0028; 39 Kazakhstan ISEA O.001.0279; 40 Tomsk ISEA O.001.0274) and S. zateevi sp. nov. (male Holotype 41–42 and male paratype ISEA O.001.0286 43–44): 34, 36–40, 41, 43 Penis, dorsal view; 35, 42, 44 Same, lateral view; Scales: 1 mm.
FIGURES 28–33. Sabacon sergeidedicatum Martens, 1989 in The harvestmen fauna (Arachnida: Opiliones) of the Katunsky Biosphere Reserve and adjacent territories (South Siberia, Russia), with a description of a new species of Sabacon (Sabaconidae) and notes on Sabacon sergeidedicatum Martens, 1989
FIGURES 28–33. Sabacon sergeidedicatum Martens, 1989 (28–30) and S. zateevi sp. nov. (paratype from ISEA, 31–33), SEM micrographs: 28, 31 Male palpal coxae, retrolateral view; 29, 32 Glans penis, dorsal view, 30, 33 Same, lateral view. Scales: 0.1 mm.
FIGURES 5–10. Liropilio stukanovi Gritsenko, 1979 in The harvestmen fauna (Arachnida: Opiliones) of the Katunsky Biosphere Reserve and adjacent territories (South Siberia, Russia), with a description of a new species of Sabacon (Sabaconidae) and notes on Sabacon sergeidedicatum Martens, 1989
FIGURES 5–10. Liropilio stukanovi Gritsenko, 1979, SEM micrographs: 5 Chelicera, prolateral view; 6 Same, retrolateral view; 7 Palp, prolateral view; 8 Same, retrolateral view; 9 Palpal femur, prolateral view; 10 Same, retrolateral view. Scales: 1mm.
FIGURES 66–71. Sabacon sergeididicatum Martens, 1989 in The harvestmen fauna (Arachnida: Opiliones) of the Katunsky Biosphere Reserve and adjacent territories (South Siberia, Russia), with a description of a new species of Sabacon (Sabaconidae) and notes on Sabacon sergeidedicatum Martens, 1989
FIGURES 66–71. Sabacon sergeididicatum Martens, 1989 (66–68) and S. zateevi sp. nov. (female paratype ISEA O.001.0281 69–71): 66, 69 Female chelicera, retrolateral view; 67, 70 Same, dorso-prolateral view; 68, 71 Ovipositor, ventral view. Scales: 0.5 mm (66–67, 69–70), 0.1 mm (68, 71).
FIGURE 11 in New and interesting palpigrades (Arachnida, Palpigradi) of the genera Koeneniodes Silvestri, 1913 and Prokoenenia Börner, 1901 from Asia
FIGURE 11. Prokoenenia sarcodactylica sp. n. Leg I. A, left trochanter; B, left femur; C, left patella; D, left tibia; E, left basitarsus 1–2; F, right basitarsus 3—tarsus 2; G, left tarsus 3. Scale bars: 50 μm.
FIGURE 10 in New and interesting palpigrades (Arachnida, Palpigradi) of the genera Koeneniodes Silvestri, 1913 and Prokoenenia Börner, 1901 from Asia
FIGURE 10. Prokoenenia sarcodactylica sp. n. A, coxa of right leg II; B, coxa of right leg III; C, coxa of right leg IV; D, trochanter of left palp; E, femur of left palp; F, tibia of left palp; G, basitarsus 1–2 of left palp; H, tarsus 1–3 of left palp. Arrows indicate thick setae. Scale bars: 50 μm.
FIGURE 6 in New and interesting palpigrades (Arachnida, Palpigradi) of the genera Koeneniodes Silvestri, 1913 and Prokoenenia Börner, 1901 from Asia
FIGURE 6. Koeneniodes tibetanus sp. n. A, tarsus 3, right leg I; B, basitarsus of leg IV. Scale bars: 20 μm.
FIGURE 5 in New and interesting palpigrades (Arachnida, Palpigradi) of the genera Koeneniodes Silvestri, 1913 and Prokoenenia Börner, 1901 from Asia
FIGURE 5. Koeneniodes tibetanus sp. n., leg I, right side. A, trochanter; B, femur and patella; C, tibia–basitarsus 2; D, basitarsus 3–tarsus 2. Scale bars: 20 μm.
FIGURE 8 in New and interesting palpigrades (Arachnida, Palpigradi) of the genera Koeneniodes Silvestri, 1913 and Prokoenenia Börner, 1901 from Asia
FIGURE 8. Prokoenenia sarcodactylica sp. n. A, hand of chelicera; B, immature B, genitalia; C, immature B, detail genital lobes; D, tergites VII–XI; E, sternites VII–XI; F, coxae III and IV. Arrows show thick setae. Scale bars 50 μm.
FIGURE 7 in New and interesting palpigrades (Arachnida, Palpigradi) of the genera Koeneniodes Silvestri, 1913 and Prokoenenia Börner, 1901 from Asia
FIGURE 7. Prokoenenia sarcodactylica sp. n. A, lateral and frontal organ; B, lateral organ, detail; C, deuto–tritosternal setae; D, distal setae (d1–d3) on basal segment of chelicera; E, proximal setae (p1–p6) on basal segment of chelicera; F, coxae II–IV, left side, arrows indicate thick setae; G, sternites IV–VI; H, sternite IV, sac and setae; I, sternite V, sac and setae; J, sternite VI, sac and setae. Scale bars: 20 μm (A–C), 50 μm (D–J).
FIGURE 3 in New and interesting palpigrades (Arachnida, Palpigradi) of the genera Koeneniodes Silvestri, 1913 and Prokoenenia Börner, 1901 from Asia
FIGURE 3. Koeneniodes tibetanus sp. n. A, frontal organ; B, lateral organ; C, distal setae (d1–d3) on basal segment of chelicera; D, proximal setae (p1–p6) on basal segment of chelicera; E, coxa of left pedipalp; F, coxa of right leg I; G, coxa of left leg II; H, coxa of left leg III; I, coxa of right leg IV. Arrows indicate thick setae. Scale bars: 20 μm.
FIGURE 4 in New and interesting palpigrades (Arachnida, Palpigradi) of the genera Koeneniodes Silvestri, 1913 and Prokoenenia Börner, 1901 from Asia
FIGURE 4. Koeneniodes tibetanus sp. n. A, trochanter, left palp; B, femur, right palp; C, tibia, right palp; D, basitarsus 1–2, right palp; E, tarsus 1–3, right palp; F, patella and tibia, right leg II; G, tibia, right leg IV; H, basitarsus and tarsus, right leg II. Arrows indicate thick seate. Scale bars: 20 μm.
FIGURE 12 in New and interesting palpigrades (Arachnida, Palpigradi) of the genera Koeneniodes Silvestri, 1913 and Prokoenenia Börner, 1901 from Asia
FIGURE 12. Prokoenenia sarcodactylica sp. n. A, basitarsus IV, right side. B, hand of chelicera. Scale bars: 50 μm.
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