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Figure 9 in Phylogeny and evolutionary history of the Aplodontoidea (Mammalia: Rodentia)

Figure 9. Aplodontine (Aplodontia rufa) molars, occlusal view. A, right lower molar (labial is down), showing B-shaped outline. B, left upper molar (lingual is down), showing shield-shaped outline.

Figure 10. Aplodontid P4s in Phylogeny and evolutionary history of the Aplodontoidea (Mammalia: Rodentia)

Figure 10. Aplodontid P4s showing anteroposterior widening of the protocone. A, Prosciurus left P4 with unexpanded protocone. B, indeterminate mylagaulid right P4, with expanded protocone.

Figure 3 in Phylogeny and evolutionary history of the Aplodontoidea (Mammalia: Rodentia)

Figure 3. Phylogeny of aplodontoids using some ordered characters, with ordered characters not down-weighted. Tree scores are listed in Table 2.

Figure 8 in Phylogeny and evolutionary history of the Aplodontoidea (Mammalia: Rodentia)

Figure 8. Phylogenetic position of poorly known taxa. The most likely points of insertion of poorly known taxa are indicated with circles. Multiple lines for a single taxon indicate multiple equally likely positions. Dashed lines that fork indicate that the two taxa are placed as sister taxa in the analysis. The poorly known species are as follows: 1, Prosciurus ordosicus Wang, 1987; 2, Prosciurus magnus Korth, 1989; 3, Prosciurus daxnerae Lopatin, 2000; 4, Ansomys crucifer Lopatin, 1997; 5, Ansomys shantungensis Rensberger & Li, 1986; 6, Parallomys argoviensis; 7, Allomys cristabrevis Barnosky, 1986; 8, Pseudaplodon asiatica Schlosser, 1924; 9, Sinomylagaulus halamagaiensis Wu, 1988; 10, Tschalimys ckhikvadzei Shevyreva, 1971.

Figure 7 in Phylogeny and evolutionary history of the Aplodontoidea (Mammalia: Rodentia)

Figure 7. Preferred phylogeny of aplodontid rodents. Solid lines represent the known stratigraphic range of taxa; thinner lines represent inferred ranges. Where the temporal ranges of taxa are poorly constrained, the entire possible range is included as the known stratigraphic range.

Figure 4 in Phylogeny and evolutionary history of the Aplodontoidea (Mammalia: Rodentia)

Figure 4. Phylogeny of aplodontoids using all ordered characters, with ordered characters not down-weighted. Tree scores are listed in Table 2.

Figure 1 in Phylogeny and evolutionary history of the Aplodontoidea (Mammalia: Rodentia)

Figure 1. Dental terminology used throughout this paper, illustrated on a range of aplodontid morphotypes. Anterior is to the left, labial is up for upper teeth (A, C, E, G, and I) and down for lower teeth (B, D, F, H, and J) A, upper molar of a basal aplodontid (Ansomys hepburnensis) showing major cusps and cingula. B, lower molar of a basal aplodontid (Ansomys hepburnensis) showing major cusps. C, same as (A), photographic image. D, same as (B), photographic image. E, P4 of a meniscomyine (Meniscomys uhtoffi) showing lophs and anterior cusps. F, P of an allomyine (Allomys magnus) 4 showing lophs of the lower teeth. G, same as (E), photographic image. H, same as (F), photographic image. I, P4 of a mylagaulid (Alphagaulus vetus) illustrating cusp homologies with other aplodontids. J, P4 of a mylagaulid (Alphagaulus vetus) illustrating cusp homologies.

Figure 2 in Phylogeny and evolutionary history of the Aplodontoidea (Mammalia: Rodentia)

Figure 2. Phylogeny of aplodontoids using all unordered characters. Tree scores are listed in Table 2.

opencc-zeroDec 2004View details →

FIG. 7 in The Xenarthra (Mammalia) of São José de Itaboraí Basin (upper Paleocene, Itaboraian), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

FIG. 7. — Xenarthra incertae sedis, rigth and left astragali; A, B, MCT 2395-M; A, dorsal view; B, plantar view; A' and B', interpretive drawings of the specimen; C, D, MCT 2394-M; C, dorsal view; D, plantar view; C' and D', interpretive drawings of the specimen. Abbreviations: Dfg, digital flexor tendon groove; Ef, ectal facet; Fs, fibular shelf; Mc, medial crest; Mcl, protuberance for the medial collateral ligament; N, neck; Nc; neck crest; Nf, navicular facet; Rf, rugose fossa; Sf, sustentacular facet. Scale bar: 1 cm.

Fig. 20. Most parsimonious cladogram for the 58 in Comparative Myology of Moles and the Phylogeny of the Talpidae (Mammalia, Lipotyphla)

Fig. 20. Most parsimonious cladogram for the 58 myological characters (CI = 0.82, RI = 0.90). Numbers identify clades, which are discussed in the text and used in the apomorphy list (table 4).

Fig. 3 in Comparative Myology of Moles and the Phylogeny of the Talpidae (Mammalia, Lipotyphla)

Fig. 3. Dorsal view of facial muscles of Parascalops; superficial muscles on left, deeper muscles on right.

Fig. 6 in Comparative Myology of Moles and the Phylogeny of the Talpidae (Mammalia, Lipotyphla)

Fig. 6. Ventral view of neck muscles of Parascalops; superficial muscles on bottom, deeper muscles on top.

Fig. 8 in Comparative Myology of Moles and the Phylogeny of the Talpidae (Mammalia, Lipotyphla)

Fig. 8. Ventral view of chest muscles of Parascalops; superficial muscles on left, deeper muscles on right.

Fig. 21 in Comparative Myology of Moles and the Phylogeny of the Talpidae (Mammalia, Lipotyphla)

Fig. 21. Present continental distributions mapped on most parsimonious cladogram. Distributions from Corbet and Hill (1991).

Fig. 5 in Comparative Myology of Moles and the Phylogeny of the Talpidae (Mammalia, Lipotyphla)

Fig. 5. Lateral view of snout muscles of Parascalops. A, Superficial layer; B, middle layer; C, deep layer.

Fig. 18 in Comparative Myology of Moles and the Phylogeny of the Talpidae (Mammalia, Lipotyphla)

Fig. 18. Medial view of lower leg muscles of Parascalops. A, Superficial muscles; B, deeper muscles.

Fig. 17 in Comparative Myology of Moles and the Phylogeny of the Talpidae (Mammalia, Lipotyphla)

Fig. 17. Lateral view of lower leg muscles of Parascalops. A, Superficial muscles; B, deeper muscles.

opencc-zeroJan 2023View details →

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Data from: Morphological disparity and evolutionary rates of cranial and postcranial characters in sloths (Mammalia, Pilosa, Folivora)

<p>Sloth morphological evolution has been widely studied qualitatively, with comparative anatomy and morpho-functional approaches, or through quantitative assessments of morphological variation using morphometrics. Only recently, however, have folivoran morphological disparity and evolutionary rates begun to be evaluated using discrete character data. Nonetheless, patterns of morphological evolution in separate character partitions have not been investigated, neither the relative influence of, on the one hand, phylogeny, and on the other, dietary and locomotory adaptations of sloths. Here we evaluate those patterns using a phylomorphospace approach, quantifying morphological disparity and evolutionary rates, and investigating possible drivers of morphological evolution for cranial and postcranial characters in Folivora. The evolution of the morphology in those partitions is associated with distinct patterns of disparity among clades and ecological groups, even though the two partitions do not differ substantially in overall evolutionary tempo. Historical processes shaped the morphological evolution of sloths more consistently than ecological ones, although changes in postcranial characters also seem to be associated with locomotory adaptations, in which morphological convergences were much more common. We also discuss important methodological trade-offs in investigations of partitioned datasets mostly composed of fossil taxa.</p>

opencc-zeroDec 2015View details →

FIG. 28 in Alcidedorbignya inopinata, a basal pantodont (Placentalia, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia: anatomy, phylogeny and palaeobiology

FIG. 28. — Medial view of the left internal aspect of the braincase of Alcidedorbignya inopinata (MHNC 8372), showing the internal composition of the wall of the skull: A, stereophotograph; B, schematic drawing with bone sutures on photo; C, schematic drawing with captions. Abbreviations: acann, notch housing the external aperture of the cochlear canaliculus; Al, alisphenoid; Bo, basioccipital; Bs, basisphenoid; cpevs, sulcus for the capsuloparietal emissary vein; dos, dor- sum sellae; fo, foramen ovale; hf, hypoglossal foramen; hyf, hypophyseal fossa; iam, internal acoustic meatus; icf, internal carotid foramen; jf, jugular fora- men; mtf, median temporal foramen; opf, optic foramen; Os, orbitosphenoid; otf, orbitotemporal foramen; ots, orbitotemporal sulcus; Pa, parietal; Pl, palatine; pofrc, posterior opening of the foramen rotundum canal; psf, petrosquamosal fossa; Pt, pterygoid; saf, subarcuate fossa; sf, sphenorbital fissure. Scale bar: 1 cm.