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Figure 5 from: Maes D, Vanreusel W, Herremans M, Vantieghem P, Brosens D, Gielen K, Beck O, Van Dyck H, Desmet P, Vlinderwerkgroep Natuurpunt (2016) A database on the distribution of butterflies (Lepidoptera) in northern Belgium (Flanders and the Brussels Capital Region). ZooKeys 585: 143-156. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.585.8019
Figure 5 - Number of records (left, increasing dot sizes represent 100, 1000, 2500, 5000 and >5000 records per grid cell) and species (right, increasing dot sizes represent 10, 20, 30, 40 and >40 species per grid cell) in the INBO dataset (1830–2014, top row) and in the NP dataset (1981–2014, bottom row). Squares indicate grid cells without records.
Figure 3 from: Maes D, Vanreusel W, Herremans M, Vantieghem P, Brosens D, Gielen K, Beck O, Van Dyck H, Desmet P, Vlinderwerkgroep Natuurpunt (2016) A database on the distribution of butterflies (Lepidoptera) in northern Belgium (Flanders and the Brussels Capital Region). ZooKeys 585: 143-156. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.585.8019
Figure 3 - Number of collected records between 1830 and 1985 (left) and between 1986 and 2014 (right) in the two datasets (INBO and Natuurpunt). Each number on the x-axis stands for a period of 5 years (e.g., 1905 = 1901–1905, 1910 = 1906–1910, etc.). Note the different scales on the y-axis for both figures.
Figure 2 from: Maes D, Vanreusel W, Herremans M, Vantieghem P, Brosens D, Gielen K, Beck O, Van Dyck H, Desmet P, Vlinderwerkgroep Natuurpunt (2016) A database on the distribution of butterflies (Lepidoptera) in northern Belgium (Flanders and the Brussels Capital Region). ZooKeys 585: 143-156. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.585.8019
Figure 2 - 10 × 10 km² UTM grid cells in Flanders and in the Brussels Capital Region. The partitioning of 10 × 10 km² UTM grid cells (left) into 5 × 5 km² UTM grid cells is shown on the right. The 5 × 5 km² UTM grid cells were used to georeference the distribution data in Flanders and the Brussels Capital Region.
Figure 4 from: Maes D, Vanreusel W, Herremans M, Vantieghem P, Brosens D, Gielen K, Beck O, Van Dyck H, Desmet P, Vlinderwerkgroep Natuurpunt (2016) A database on the distribution of butterflies (Lepidoptera) in northern Belgium (Flanders and the Brussels Capital Region). ZooKeys 585: 143-156. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.585.8019
Figure 4 - Frequency distribution of the observers per number of records in the datasets of INBO and Natuurpunt.
Figure 1 from: Queiroz-Santos L, Dias FMS, Dell'Erba R, Casagrande MM, Mielke OHH (2016) Assessment of the current state of biodiversity data for butterflies and skippers in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea). ZooKeys 595: 147-161. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.595.7856
Figure 1 - Occurrence localities of butterflies and number of species per locality in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil.
Out of the Andes and up to the Arctic: multiple drivers promote rapid radiation in Colias butterflies
<p>The drivers of insect radiation in mountain ecosystems are poorly understood compared to birds and plants. The drivers of insect radiation in mountain ecosystems are poorly understood compared to birds and plants. We studied the rapid radiation of the butterfly genus Colias, which has diversified in mountain ecosystems in Eurasia, Africa, and the Americas. Based on a dataset of 150 nuclear protein-coding genetic loci and whole mitochondrial genomes, we constructed a time-calibrated tree of the genus Colias with broad taxon sampling. We then inferred historical characteristics of this genus, including ancestral range reconstruction, historical diversification rates, and the evolution of host plant use. We found that rapid diversification was driven by several factors including favorably warm climates in the mid-Pliocene that promoted the population expansion, and the formation of the Isthmus of Panama and the Bering Land Bridge, which led to intercontinental dispersals that opened new ecological opportunities. These two extrinsic factors may simultaneously be the main extrinsic drivers of the genus' rapid diversification. Introgression may have improved the ecological adaptability of the genus Colias, and we propose that this is the primary intrinsic driver of diversification. Expansion of host plant breadth enabling population expansion was a secondary driving factor. We suggest that mountain uplift had little effect on the diversity of Colias after the initial split from the common ancestor shared with its sister taxon Zerene and emphasize the importance of historical climatic and geological events for studies of rapid radiations of montane species.</p>
Figure 58 in Thirteen new species of butterflies (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) from Texas
Figure 58. Eggs and caterpillars of Lerema ochrius sp. n. from USA: Texas, 2015. Photographs taken on the same date show the same individuals, except 58k, which is a different individual from the caterpillar in 58l–n. a–c) Eggs. d–n) Caterpillars of different instars: 1st (d–i), 3rd just molted with exuviae behind and the head capsule in front (j), 4th feeding (k), 5th (l–n). Cameron Co., River Dr., 1.4 mi S. of Santa Maria: a–b) 19-Jun, d–e) 23-Jun; f–g) 2.5 mi SW of Sebastian, 25-Jun; Starr Co., Roma: c) 5-Jul, h–i) 9-Jul, j) 27-Jul, k–n) 4-Aug.
Figure 47 in Thirteen new species of butterflies (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) from Texas
Figure 47. Immature stages of Hesperia balcones sp. n. from the type locality. a–b) An egg in different views, 22- Oct-2007. c–l) Caterpillars of different instars: 1st [c) 22-Oct-2007, d–e) 21-Oct-2007], 2nd [f) 8-Nov-2007], 3rd [g) 18-Nov-2007], 4th [h) 26-Nov-2007, i) 3-Dec-2007], 5th [j) 3-Dec-2007, k) 22-Dec-2007], 6th [l) 10-Jan-2008]. m–o) A pupa in different views, 26-Jan-2008: m) dorsal, n) ventral, o) right lateral. All images are to scale.
Figure 18 in Thirteen new species of butterflies (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) from Texas
Figure 18. Late instar caterpillars of Telegonus tsongae sp. n., USA: Texas, Starr Co., 2007. a–d) 3rd instar, e–h) 4th instar. a) 16-Nov, b, c, d) 18-Nov, e) 19-Nov, h) 20-Nov, f) 23-Nov, g) 28-Nov, i) 3-Dec.
Figure 15 in Thirteen new species of butterflies (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) from Texas
Figure 15. Inducing oviposition in a captive female of Telegonus tsongae sp. n., USA: Texas, Starr Co. a) a plastic container with a female on the caterpillar foodplant Karwinskia humboldtiana, 27-Oct-2007, b) many eggs obtained and c) the female feeding on sugar solution, 4-Nov-2007.
Figure 6 in Thirteen new species of butterflies (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) from Texas
Figure 6. Holotype of Urbanus (Urbanus) rickardi sp. n. dorsal (left) and ventral (right) views, data in text.
Figure 22 in Thirteen new species of butterflies (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) from Texas
Figure 22. Holotype of Autochton caballo sp. n. dorsal (left) and ventral (right) views, data in text.
Supplementary material 2 from: Palma L, Vasconcelos S, Palmeirim AF, Cancela JP (2023) History of colonisation and updated distribution of the Monarch butterfly Danaus plexippus (Linnaeus, 1758) and its hostplants in mainland Portugal, Azores and Madeira. Nota Lepidopterologica 46: 83-101. https://doi.org/10.3897/nl.46.89665
Georeferenced hostplant patches and patch size
Supplementary material 4 from: Palma L, Vasconcelos S, Palmeirim AF, Cancela JP (2023) History of colonisation and updated distribution of the Monarch butterfly Danaus plexippus (Linnaeus, 1758) and its hostplants in mainland Portugal, Azores and Madeira. Nota Lepidopterologica 46: 83-101. https://doi.org/10.3897/nl.46.89665
Georeferenced butterfly relative abundance records
Supplementary material 1 from: Tájek P, Tenčík A, Konvička M, John V (2023) Vegetation changes at oligotrophic grasslands managed for a declining butterfly. Nature Conservation 52: 23-46. https://doi.org/10.3897/natureconservation.52.90452
Ordination scores from the indirect DCA analysis species
Data for: Properties of wing scales on butterflies with different distribution patterns
<p><span>Butterflies play a crucial role in understanding the spread of life due to their complex thermal adaptations. </span><span>The cooling capacity provided by wing scales</span><span> is a dominant factor associated with the ambient temperature of their habitats. </span><span>However, it remains unclear how the wing scale structure of butterflies varies to regulate cooling capacity and participate in shaping distribution patterns.</span></p> <p><span>Based on data acquired from quantitative measurements, rank sum and ANOVA tests were used to test whether the structure and cooling capacity of wing scales responded to butterfly distribution. Virtual simulations and Spearman tests were used to confirm the correlation between the structure and cooling capacity of wing scales. The response was first resolved using three representative species with gradient differences in distribution, and then macroscopically validated using 99 species</span><span> within</span><span> their phylogenetic framework, with a presampling control to exclude potential effects of taxonomic position, body size, and migratory behaviour.</span> <span>Both optical and thermal properties were used to measure the cooling capacity. Thermal data generated from specimens in different states were used to exclude the effects of other thermoregulatory pathways.</span></p> <p><span>The results show that the cooling capacity of butterfly wings decreases and becomes more homogeneous as the temperature of their habitat decreases. The decrease in cooling capacity is due to the decrease in maximum emissivity, while the homogenisation is due to both the decrease in maximum emissivity and the increase in minimum emissivity. Variation in cooling capacity is due to changes in the structure of wing scale, which homogenises as the habitat becomes colder. As butterflies generally spread from the tropics to temperate zones, it is inferred that the generation of a low overall cooling capacity through structural homogenisation of wing scales has supported the dispersal of butterflies.</span></p> <p><span>For the first time, we provide cascading evidence for the links between butterfly distribution, thermal adaptation, and functional morphology. We also highlight the role of structural homogenisation on the poikilothermic body surface in the adaptive process for dispersal. Further investigation using genetic information would be beneficial to resolve the mechanism behind thermal adaptation at a deeper level.</span></p>
Figure 4 in Consistent seasonal polyphenism in male genitalia of three Leptidea butterfly species (Lepidoptera: Pieridae)
Figure 4. Two-dimensional principal components scatterplots of genital structures in form space.
FIGURE 32 Occulta ocnus comb.n in Combining target enrichment and Sanger sequencing data to clarify the systematics of the diverse Neotropical butterfly subtribe Euptychiina (Nymphalidae, Satyrinae)
FIGURE 32 Occulta ocnus comb.n. Locality records.
FIGURE 29 Trico tricolor comb.n in Combining target enrichment and Sanger sequencing data to clarify the systematics of the diverse Neotropical butterfly subtribe Euptychiina (Nymphalidae, Satyrinae)
FIGURE 29 Trico tricolor comb.n. Locality records.
FIGURE 25 Xenovena murrayae comb.n in Combining target enrichment and Sanger sequencing data to clarify the systematics of the diverse Neotropical butterfly subtribe Euptychiina (Nymphalidae, Satyrinae)
FIGURE 25 Xenovena murrayae comb.n. Locality records.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.