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FIG. 2 in Early Eocene hippomorph perissodactyls (Mammalia) from the Paris Basin

FIG. 2. — Paleogeographic map of the main European localities outside the Paris Basin at the beginning of the Eocene (modified from Marandat et al. 2012).

FIG. 17 in Early Eocene hippomorph perissodactyls (Mammalia) from the Paris Basin

FIG. 17. — Occlusal outlines of lower teeth of P. quesnoyensis Bronnert, Gheerbrant, Godinot & Métais, 2018 (combined MNHN-QNY2-2637, 2633, 2560), O. maldani (Lemoine, 1878) (combined MNHN-SLP-29-PE165, SLP-29-PE759, SLP-29-PE480) and P. gaudryi (Lemoine, 1878) (combined MNHN-AL5212, MA14902), showing the evolutionary trends in the early Eocene hippomorphs in Europe. Scale bars: 5 mm.

FIG. 20 in Early Eocene hippomorph perissodactyls (Mammalia) from the Paris Basin

FIG. 20. — Boxplots showing the size distribution of upper molars of early hippomorphs. The rectangle represents the first and third quartiles (25% and 75% of data respectively), the bold line is the median (50% of data) and the vertical line extends to the minimum and maximum values. Pliolophus quesnoyensis Bronnert, Gheerbrant, Godinot & Métais, 2018: n = 26; Orolophus maldani (Lemoine, 1878): n = 111; Propalaeotherium gaudryi (Lemoine, 1878): n = 54.

FIG. 3 in Early Eocene hippomorph perissodactyls (Mammalia) from the Paris Basin

FIG. 3. — Dental terminology of early perissodactyls (modified from Bronnert et al. 2018): A, upper tooth; B, lower tooth.

FIG. 19 in Early Eocene hippomorph perissodactyls (Mammalia) from the Paris Basin

FIG. 19. — Occlusal outlines of lower milk teeth of P. quesnoyensis Bronnert, Gheerbrant,Godinot & Métais, 2018 (combined MNHN-QNY2-2778, 2762), O. maldani (Lemoine, 1878) (combined MNHN-SLP-29-PE1355, SLP-29-PE2477) and P. gaudryi (Lemoine, 1878) (MNHN-CHO14801), showing the evolutionary trends in the early Eocene hippomorphs in Europe. Scale bars: 5 mm.

FIG. 9 in Early Eocene hippomorph perissodactyls (Mammalia) from the Paris Basin

FIG. 9. — Upper teeth in occlusal view and postcranial elements of Propalaeotherium gaudryi (Lemoine, 1878) from the Paris Basin: A, right P2 (MNHN-GR7400 [reversed]); B, left P2 (MNHN-MA14842); C, left P3 (MNHN-GR7576); D, left P4 (MNHN-GR7573); E, right DP3 (MNHN-GR7888 [reversed]); F, right M2 (MNHNMA15571 [reversed]); G, left M3 (MNHN-MA14985); H, left maxillary with DP3-DP4 (MNHN-MTH53-L); I, left maxillary M2-M3 (MNHN-MA14788); J, left maxillary with P1-M3 (MNHN-MA14948); K, M, right astragalus (MNHN-GR10911) in anterior (K) and posterior (M) views; L, N, right astragalus (coll. Louis, MNHN) in anterior (L) and posterior (N) views; O-P, left calcaneus (coll. Louis, MNHN) in anterior (O) and medial (P) views; Q, R, left humerus (MNHN.F.MT18001) in posterior (Q) and anterior (R) views; S, X, left metatarsal II (MNHN.F.MT18000) in anterior (S) and posterior (X) views; T, W, left metatarsal III (MNHN.F.GR18003) in anterior (T) and posterior (W) views; U, V, left metatarsal IV (MNHN.F.GR18000) in anterior (U) and posterior (V) views; Y, Z, right metacarpal II (MNHN.F.MA18001) in anterior (Y) and posterior (Z) views; A-H, coated with magnesium. Scale bars: 5 mm.

FIG. 12 in Early Eocene hippomorph perissodactyls (Mammalia) from the Paris Basin

FIG. 12. — Lower teeth of Orolophus maldani (Lemoine, 1878) from the Paris Basin in occlusal (A-Z) and lateral (A') views: A, right p2 (MNHN-SLP-29-PE1499); B, right p3 (MNHN-SLP-29-PE180); C, left p3 (MNHN-SLP-29-PE1472 [reversed]); D, right p4 (MNHN-SLP-29-PE1325); E, right dp3 (MNHN-SLP-29-PE1355); F, left dp4 (MNHN-SLP-29-PE856 [reversed]); G, left p2 (MNHN-SLP-29-PE165 [reversed]); H, right p3 (MNHN-SLP-29-PE1214); I, right mandible with p3-p4 (MNHN-SLP-29-PE1362); J, right dp3 (MNHN-SLP-29-PE303); K, right dp4 (MNHN-SLP-29-PE392); L, left p4 (MNHN-SLP-29-PE763 [reversed]); M, left m1/2 (MNHN-SLP-29-PE1340 [reversed]); N, right m3 (MNHN-PRE861); O, right m3 (MNHN-SLP-29-PE1306); P, right m1/2 (MNHN-CB4687); Q, right m1/2 (MNHNCB1584); R, right m2 (MNHN-CB4686); S, right m2 (MNHN-CB198); T, left m3 (MNHN-CB1571 [reversed]); U, left m3 (MNHN-CB1585 [reversed]); V, right mandible with p4, m2-m3 (holotype, MNHN-AL5199); W, right mandible with p4-m3 (MNHN-SLP-29-PE1553);X, right mandible with p4-m3 (MNHN-SLP-29-PE480); Y, right mandible with p4-m3 (MNHN-MA14792); Z, A', right mandible with dp2-m2 (MNHN-SLP-29-PE1467); A-U, W-Z, coated with magnesium. Scale bars: 5 mm.

FIG. 16 in Early Eocene hippomorph perissodactyls (Mammalia) from the Paris Basin

FIG. 16. — Occlusal outlines of upper teeth of P. quesnoyensis Bronnert, Gheerbrant, Godinot & Métais, 2018 (combined MNHN-QNY2-2900, QNY2-2869, QNY2- 2867, QNY2-2858, QNY2-2852, QNY2-2815), O. maldani (Lemoine, 1878) (combined MNHN-SLP-29-PE10, CB16165) and P. gaudryi (Lemoine, 1878) (MNHNMA14948), showing the evolutionary trends in the early Eocene hippomorphs in Europe. Scale bars: 5 mm.

FIG. 21 in Early Eocene hippomorph perissodactyls (Mammalia) from the Paris Basin

FIG. 21. — Boxplots showing the size distribution of m1-2 of early hippomorphs. The rectangle represents the first and third quartiles (25% and 75% of data respectively), the bold line is the median (50% of data) and the vertical line extends to the minimum and maximum values. Pliolophus quesnoyensis Bronnert, Gheerbrant, Godinot & Métais, 2018: n = 21; Orolophus maldani (Lemoine, 1878): n = 78; Propalaeotherium gaudryi (Lemoine, 1878): n = 59.

FIG. 15 in Early Eocene hippomorph perissodactyls (Mammalia) from the Paris Basin

FIG. 15. — Teeth of Hallensia louisi Hooker, 1994 from the Paris Basin in occlusal (A-J) and lateral (K) views: A, left DP4 (MNHN-CB1574); B, left M1/2 (holotype, MNHN-MU218-L); C, left M3 (paratype, MNHN-MU221-L); D, left M3 (MNHN-CB1560); E, right m3 (MNHN-AV5672 [reversed]); F, left m3 (MNHN-CB224 [reversed]); G, right M3 (MNHN-GR7574 [reversed]); H, right M3 (MNHN-CB1568 [reversed]); I, K, mandible (AV-841-Ph, coll. Phélizon); J, mandible with dp4-m2 (paratype, MNHN-MU12303); A-H, J, coated with magnesium. Scale bars: 1 cm.

FIG. 54 in Cranial And Postcranial Morphology Of The Insectivoran-Grade Mammals Hsiangolestes And Naranius (Mammalia, Eutheria) With Analyses Of Their Phylogenetic Relationships

FIG. 54. Drawing of anterior part of skull of?Didymoconidae: A. dorsal, B. ventral, and C. left lateral views (based on IVPP V7441).

FIG. 51 in Cranial And Postcranial Morphology Of The Insectivoran-Grade Mammals Hsiangolestes And Naranius (Mammalia, Eutheria) With Analyses Of Their Phylogenetic Relationships

FIG. 51. Drawing of temporal region of skull of Naranius hengdongensis, sp. n. (based on IVPP V 5353).

FIG. 47 in Cranial And Postcranial Morphology Of The Insectivoran-Grade Mammals Hsiangolestes And Naranius (Mammalia, Eutheria) With Analyses Of Their Phylogenetic Relationships

FIG. 47. Skull and lower jaw of Naranius hengdongensis, sp. n., IVPP V5352: A. right lateral, B. left lateral, C. dorsal, and D. right dorsal-lateral views.

FIG. 44 in Cranial And Postcranial Morphology Of The Insectivoran-Grade Mammals Hsiangolestes And Naranius (Mammalia, Eutheria) With Analyses Of Their Phylogenetic Relationships

FIG. 44. Anterior part of skull of Naranius hengdongensis, sp. n., IVPP V7440: A. right lateral, B. left lateral, and C. dorsal views.

FIG. 38. Hsiangolestes youngi, IVPP V5797 in Cranial And Postcranial Morphology Of The Insectivoran-Grade Mammals Hsiangolestes And Naranius (Mammalia, Eutheria) With Analyses Of Their Phylogenetic Relationships

FIG. 38. Hsiangolestes youngi, IVPP V5797, skull and postcranial bones: A. ventral and B. dorsal views of skull, showing preservation before preparation.

FIG. 53 in Cranial And Postcranial Morphology Of The Insectivoran-Grade Mammals Hsiangolestes And Naranius (Mammalia, Eutheria) With Analyses Of Their Phylogenetic Relationships

FIG. 53. Anterior part of skull of?Didymoconidae, IVPP V7441: A. ventral, B. dorsal, and C. left lateral views.

FIG. 46 in Cranial And Postcranial Morphology Of The Insectivoran-Grade Mammals Hsiangolestes And Naranius (Mammalia, Eutheria) With Analyses Of Their Phylogenetic Relationships

FIG. 46. Lower jaws of Naranius hengdongensis, sp. n., IVPP V7439: A. stereophotograph of left lower jaw in occlusal view; B. lingual view of left lower jaw; C. labial view of left lower jaw; D. stereophotograph of right lower jaw in occlusal view; E. lingual view of right lower jaw; F. labial view of right lower jaw.

FIG. 50 in Cranial And Postcranial Morphology Of The Insectivoran-Grade Mammals Hsiangolestes And Naranius (Mammalia, Eutheria) With Analyses Of Their Phylogenetic Relationships

FIG. 50. Skull of Naranius hengdongensis, sp. n., IVPP V7439: A. right lateral and B. left lateral views.

FIG. 39. Hsiangolestes youngi, IVPP V5797 in Cranial And Postcranial Morphology Of The Insectivoran-Grade Mammals Hsiangolestes And Naranius (Mammalia, Eutheria) With Analyses Of Their Phylogenetic Relationships

FIG. 39. Hsiangolestes youngi, IVPP V5797: A. left femur; B. right pelvic girdle; C. rib; D. right tibia.

FIG. 34. Hsiangolestes youngi, IVPP V7454 in Cranial And Postcranial Morphology Of The Insectivoran-Grade Mammals Hsiangolestes And Naranius (Mammalia, Eutheria) With Analyses Of Their Phylogenetic Relationships

FIG. 34. Hsiangolestes youngi, IVPP V7454, stereophotograph of right ear region in A. turning lateral side to ventral and B. ventral views.