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FIGURE 6. Camachoaster maquedensis n in Late Oligocene - Miocene non-lunulate sand dollars of South America: Revision of abertellid taxa and descriptions of two new families, two new genera, and a new species

FIGURE 6. Camachoaster maquedensis n. sp., photographs of the oral surfaces of paratypes. A: MACN-Pi 5859, prepared specimen with pencil marks indicating plate architecture. B: MACN-Pi 5860, partially prepared specimen with pencil marks indicating plate architecture, faint tuberculation, and main branches of food grooves. Scale bars 10 mm in length.

FIGURE 5. Camachoaster maquedensis n in Late Oligocene - Miocene non-lunulate sand dollars of South America: Revision of abertellid taxa and descriptions of two new families, two new genera, and a new species

FIGURE 5. Camachoaster maquedensis n. sp., photographs of the holotype MACN-Pi 5809. Oral surface shows pencil marks indicating some of the plate architecture. Scale bar 10 mm in length.

FIGURE 4 in Late Oligocene - Miocene non-lunulate sand dollars of South America: Revision of abertellid taxa and descriptions of two new families, two new genera, and a new species

FIGURE 4. Comparison of oral plate architecture of Iheringiella patagonensis (Desor, 1847) (based on ROM 5433M), Abertella gualichensis Martínez et al., 2005 (based on the holotype, MACN-Pi 4706), Abertella pirabensis (Marchesini Santos, 1958) (reconstruction based on the holotype and only known specimen, DNPM 4493, details of interambulcrum 2 inferred by comparison with interambulacrum 4, and of ambulacrum V by comparison with ambulacrum I), and Placatenella complanata (Brito, 1981) (based on the holotype, MNRJ 5460-I, as well as MNRJ 5536-I, MPEG 886-I, MPEG 2405-I). Food grooves indicated by dotted lines, peristome and periproct in solid black, interambulacra shaded, scale bars 10 mm in length.

FIGURE 9 in Late Oligocene - Miocene non-lunulate sand dollars of South America: Revision of abertellid taxa and descriptions of two new families, two new genera, and a new species

FIGURE 9. Abertella pirabensis (Marchesini Santos, 1958), photographs of the holotype, DNPM 4493. A: Aboral surface. B: Oral surface. C. Strongly side-lighted detail of posterior edge showing notch (white arrow), food groove (black arrow), tuberculation, and periproct (p). D. Oblique, nearly edge-on view of posterior edge showing notch (white arrow) and periproct (p). Scale bars 10 mm in length.

FIGURE 2 in Late Oligocene - Miocene non-lunulate sand dollars of South America: Revision of abertellid taxa and descriptions of two new families, two new genera, and a new species

FIGURE 2. Placatenella complanata (Brito, 1981), photographs. A: Aboral surface of holotype, MNRJ 5460-I. B: Oral surface of holotype, MNRJ 5460-I. C: Aboral surface of MNRJ 5536-I, with deep, narrow posterior notch. D: Oral surface of MNRJ 5536-I. Scale bars 10 mm in length.

FIGURE 7 in Late Oligocene - Miocene non-lunulate sand dollars of South America: Revision of abertellid taxa and descriptions of two new families, two new genera, and a new species

FIGURE 7. Comparison of oral plate architecture of Camachoaster maquedensis n. sp. (based on paratypes MACN-Pi 5859 and 5860) and Camachoaster? kewi (= Abertella kewi Durham, 1957) (based on specimens from UCMP locality B8562, Chiapas, Mexico). Food grooves indicated by dotted lines, peristome and periproct in solid black, interambulacra shaded, scale bars 10 mm in length.

FIGURE 1 in Late Oligocene - Miocene non-lunulate sand dollars of South America: Revision of abertellid taxa and descriptions of two new families, two new genera, and a new species

FIGURE 1. Localities for taxa discussed in the text. Inset at lower left centers on the Santa Cruz region of Patagonia. Numbered occurrences correspond to unequivocal Iheringiella patagonensis localities (inside boxed region in main map): 1. Pampa Castillo, Chile (Andre Wyss, pers. comm.); 2. Cañadón El Lobo, Santa Cruz, Argentina (CPBA 16493-95); 3. Oven Point/Sholl's Tomb, Santa Cruz, Argentina (Ortmann 1902), Punta Cuevas, Santa Cruz, Argentina (MACN 4586 and Cuitiño 2011), Playa La Mina, Santa Cruz, Argentina (Cuitiño 2011); 4. Meseta Chica, Bajo de San Julián, Santa Cruz, Argentina (MACN 5144 and Cuitiño 2011); 5. Upper Rio Chalia, Santa Cruz, Argentina (Ortmann 1902); 6. Puerto Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, Argentina (ROM 5433M, 5468M, 5469M); 7. Sector Flamenco, Tierra del Fuego, Chile (Larrain 1984)—reported to be from Eocene strata, but this is questionable (Mooi et al. 2000).

FIGURE 3 in Late Oligocene - Miocene non-lunulate sand dollars of South America: Revision of abertellid taxa and descriptions of two new families, two new genera, and a new species

FIGURE 3. Placatenella complanata (Brito, 1981), photographs. A: Detail of petal in ambulacrum III of MPEG 886-I showing pores of trailing tube feet (arrow indicating most distal pore pair). B: Detail of oral surface near posterior edge of MPEG 2405-I showing periproct at margin, inside notch (p), and continuity of posterior interambulacral post-basicoronals with basicoronal 1 (arrow). Scale bars 10 mm in length.

FIGURE 29 in Two New Species of Emesis Fabricius, 1807 from Northwestern South and Central America (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae)

FIGURE 29. Distribution map. Red circles= Emesis hypoaithos hypoaithos Callaghan et al. sp. nov. Blue circles= Emesis hypoaithos ochros Callaghan et al. ssp. nov. Yellow circles = Emesis pacis Callaghan et al. sp. nov.

FIGURES 22–28 in Two New Species of Emesis Fabricius, 1807 from Northwestern South and Central America (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae)

FIGURES 22–28. Emesis pacis Callaghan et al. sp. nov. Scale bar adults 10 mm., Scale bar genitalia 1mm. 22. HOLOTYPE, Emesis pacis Callaghan et al. sp. nov., lateral view. 23. HOLOTYPE, Emesis pacis Callaghan et al. sp. nov., ventral view. 24. Emesis pacis Callaghan et al. sp. nov., male genitalia, lateral view. 25. Emesis pacis Callaghan et al. sp. nov., male genitalia, ventral view. 26. Emesis pacis Callaghan et al. sp. nov., male genitalia, ventral view at angle, showing transtill. 27. Emesis pacis Callaghan et al. sp. nov., male on wet sand. 28. Emesis pacis Callaghan et al. sp. nov., male, perching on leaf.

FIGURES 1–14 in Two New Species of Emesis Fabricius, 1807 from Northwestern South and Central America (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae)

FIGURES 1–14. Emesis hypoaithos Callaghan et al. sp. nov. scale bars adults 10mm. Adult Figures: 1. Male HOLOTYPE, Emesis hypoaithos Callaghan et al. sp. nov., dorsal view. 2. Male HOLOTYPE, Emesis hypoaithos Callaghan et al. sp. nov., ventral view. 3. Female Emesis hypoaithos Callaghan et al. sp. nov., dorsal view. 4. Female Emesis hypoaithos Callaghan et al. sp. nov., ventral view. 5. Male HOLOTYPE, Emesis hypoaithos ochros Callaghan et al. ssp. nov., dorsal view. 6. Male HOLOTYPE, Emesis hypoaithos ochros Callaghan et al. ssp. nov., ventral view. 7. Emesis hypoaithos ochros Callaghan et al. ssp. nov., intermediate male specimen, dorsal view. 8. Emesis hypoaithos ochros Callaghan et al. ssp. nov., intermediate male specimen, ventral view. 9. Emesis tegula, Godman & Salvin, 1886, male, dorsal view. Mexico, Veracruz, Teocelo. 10. Emesis tegula, Godman & Salvin, 1886, male, ventral view. 11. Emesis tegula, Godman & Salvin, 1886, female, dorsal view. Mexico, Pueblo Tequezquitla. 12. Emesis tegula, Godman & Salvin, 1886, female, ventral view. 13. Emesis hypoaithos Callaghan et al. sp. nov. Male, field view. Colombia, Río Bravo, Valle del Cauca. 14. Emesis hypoaithos Callaghan et al. sp. nov. male, field view. Cañón del Río Bravo, Calima, Valle del Cauca.

FIGURES 15–21 in Two New Species of Emesis Fabricius, 1807 from Northwestern South and Central America (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae)

FIGURES 15–21. Emesis hypoaithos Callaghan et al. Genitalia Figures: 15. Emesis hypoaithos Callaghan et al. sp. nov., male genitalia, lateral view. 16. Emesis hypoaithos Callaghan et al. sp. nov., male genitalia, ventral view. 17. Emesis hypoaithos Callaghan et al. sp. nov., female genitalia. 18. Emesis hypoaithos Callaghan et al. sp. nov., male genitalia, showing structure of everted vesica with cornuti. 19. Emesis tegula, Godman & Salvin, male genitalia, lateral view. 20. Emesis tegula, Godman & Salvin, male genitalia, ventral view. 21. Emesis tegula, Godman & Salvin, female genitalia.

FIGURES 46–50 in Review of Cremnomymar species (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in mainland South America, with a new generic synonymy

FIGURES 46–50. Cremnomymar fernandezi, male (Plazoleta del Yunque, Robinson Crusoe Island, Juan Fernández Islands, Valparaíso, Chile). 46. Antenna (without scape). 47. Head, frontal, scapes, and pedicels. 48. Mesosoma. 49. Fore wing. 50. Genitalia.

FIGURES 38–41. Cremnomymar tucumanum, female. 38 in Review of Cremnomymar species (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in mainland South America, with a new generic synonymy

FIGURES 38–41. Cremnomymar tucumanum, female. 38. Habitus (Anillaco, La Rioja, Argentina). 39–41 (Santa Vera Cruz, La Rioja). 39. Head, frontal. 40. Antenna. 41. Wings.

FIGURES 42–45 in Review of Cremnomymar species (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in mainland South America, with a new generic synonymy

FIGURES 42–45. Cremnomymar?fernandezi, female (Plazoleta del Yunque, Robinson Crusoe Island, Juan Fernández Islands, Valparaíso, Chile). 42. Antenna. 43. Mesosoma and matasoma. 44. Propodeum. 45. Wings.

FIGURES 32–35. Cremnomymar sagittifer, male. 32–33 in Review of Cremnomymar species (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in mainland South America, with a new generic synonymy

FIGURES 32–35. Cremnomymar sagittifer, male. 32–33 (paratype of Parapolynema sagittifer, Bella Vista, Buenos Aires, Argentina). 32. Habitus. 33. Slide. 34. Habitus (Luján, Buenos Aires). 35. Genitalia (La Plata, Buenos Aires).

FIGURES 29–31 in Review of Cremnomymar species (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in mainland South America, with a new generic synonymy

FIGURES 29–31. Cremnomymar sagittifer, female (Luján, Buenos Aires, Argentina). 29. Fore wing base. 30. Metasoma, lateral. 31. Wings.

FIGURES 1–6 in Review of Cremnomymar species (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in mainland South America, with a new generic synonymy

FIGURES 1–6. Cremnomymar fidalgoi sp. n., female (holotype). 1. Slide. 2. Antenna. 3. Mesosoma, dorsal. 4. Metasoma, lateral. 5. Fore wing base. 6. Fore wing.

FIGURES 7–10 in Review of Cremnomymar species (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in mainland South America, with a new generic synonymy

FIGURES 7–10. Cremnomymar fidalgoi sp. n. (paratypes). 7. Female head, frontal (Fuerte Bulnes, Magallanes and Chilean Antarctica, Chile). 8. Female habitus (Nahuelbuta National Park, Araucanía, Chile). 9. Female hind wing (Río Puntra, Isla Grande de Chiloé, Los Lagos, Chile). 10. Male antenna (Terao, Isla Grande de Chiloé).

FIGURES 21–24. 21–22 in Review of Cremnomymar species (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in mainland South America, with a new generic synonymy

FIGURES 21–24. 21–22. Cremnomymar nahuelbutae sp. n., female (holotype). 21. Fore wing. 22. Hind wing. 23–24. Cremnomymar sagittifer, female (paratype of Parapolynema sagittifer, José C. Paz, Buenos Aires, Argentina). 23. Slide. 24. Habitus.