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FIG. 34 in Alcidedorbignya inopinata, a basal pantodont (Placentalia, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia: anatomy, phylogeny and palaeobiology
FIG. 34. — Ventrolateral view of the skull of Alcidedorbignya inopinata (MHNC 8399) showing the undetermined foramina discussed in text: A, right side; B, left side. Scale bar: 1 cm.
FIG. 50 in Alcidedorbignya inopinata, a basal pantodont (Placentalia, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia: anatomy, phylogeny and palaeobiology
FIG. 50. — Surface rendering of CT data illustrating an isolated petrosal of Alcidedorbignya inopinata (MHNC 8360) in: A, lateral view; B, medioventral view; C, anterior view; D, cerebellar views. Abbreviations: aav, aperture of the vestibular aqueduct; acann, notch housing the external aperture of the cochlear canaliculus; ars, articular sulcus with the squamosal; cp, crista parotica; cpet, crista petrosa; eafc, external aperture of the cochlear fossula; er, epitympanic recess; fi, fossa incudis; fs, facial sulcus; ftt, fossa for the tensor tympani; fv, fenestra vestibuli; hfa, hiatus Fallopii; iam, internal acoustic meatus; ips, sulcus of inferior petrosal sinus; lctp, lateral caudal tympanic process; mctp, medial caudal tympanic process; mp, mastoid process; npr, notch for the posterior ramus of the stapedial artery; pdrttp, posterodorsal root of the tegmen tympani process; pfc, prefacial commissure; pps, postpromontorial sinus; pr, promontory; ptn, posttemporal notch; pts, posttemporal sulcus; rcsc, roof of the cavum supracochleare; rtp, rostral tympanic process; saf, subarcuate fossa; san, sulcus for the auricular branch of the CN X; smn, stylomastoid notch; spss, sulcus for the superior petrosal sinus; sqs, squamosal articulation surface of petrosal; srsu, sulcus for the ramus superior of the stapedial artery; stf, stapedial fossa; stn, sulcus for the tympanic nerve; tt, tegmen tympani; tyh, tympanohyal. Scale bars: 2 mm.
FIG. 33 in Alcidedorbignya inopinata, a basal pantodont (Placentalia, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia: anatomy, phylogeny and palaeobiology
FIG. 33. — Intracranial dorsal view of the braincase of Alcidedorbignya inopinata showing the anterior opening of the alisphenoid canal in the ventromedial wall of the foramen rotundum canal (photograph, schematic drawing with bone sutures on photo, and schematic drawing with captions): A, MHNC 8372; B, MHNC 8399. Abbreviations: Al, alisphenoid; aoac, anterior opening of the alisphenoid canal; Bo, basioccipital; Bs, basisphenoid; cpevs, sulcus for the capsuloparietal emissary vein; dos, dorsum sellae; hyf, hypophyseal fossa; iam, internal auditory meatus; icf, internal carotid foramen; mtf, median temporal foramen; Mx, maxilla; Os, orbitosphenoid; opf, optic foramen; Pa, parietal; Pe, petrosal; pofrc, posterior opening of the foramen rotundum canal; Ps, presphenoid; Sq, squamosal; sf, sphenorbital fissure. Scale bar: 5 mm.
FIG. 37 in Alcidedorbignya inopinata, a basal pantodont (Placentalia, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia: anatomy, phylogeny and palaeobiology
FIG. 37. — Left auditory region of Alcidedorbignya inopinata (MHNC 8399) in ventral view: A, stereophotographs; B, pencil drawing (cracks and breakages of the specimen have been omitted). Scale bar: 1 cm. A 3D photographic pdf file is available at the address http://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/en/periodiques/geodiversitas/37/4/alcidedorbignya-inopinata-additional-files.
FIG. 31 in Alcidedorbignya inopinata, a basal pantodont (Placentalia, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia: anatomy, phylogeny and palaeobiology
FIG. 31. — Anterolateral view of the orbitotemporal fossa of Alcidedorbignya inopinata (MHNC 8372) showing the foramina of the alisphenoid and orbitosphenoid: A, stereophotograph; B, schematic drawing with bone sutures on photo; C, schematic drawing with captions. Abbreviations: Al, alisphenoid; aopc, anterior opening of the pterygoid canal; ef, ethmoidal foramen; fdf, frontal diploic foramina; Fr, frontal; fro, foramen rotundum; Ju, jugal; La, lacrimal; Mx, maxilla; Os, orbitosphenoid; opf, optic foramen; otf, orbitotemporal foramen; Pa, parietal; Pl, palatine; se, septum; sf, sphenorbital fissure; Sq, squamosal. Scale bar: 1 cm.
FIG. 29 in Alcidedorbignya inopinata, a basal pantodont (Placentalia, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia: anatomy, phylogeny and palaeobiology
FIG. 29. — Dorsomedial view of the floor of the braincase of Alcidedorbignya inopinata (MHNC 8372), showing the course of the trigeminal nerve: A, stereophotograph; B, schematic drawing with bone sutures on photo; C, schematic drawing with captions. Abbreviations: Al, alisphenoid; Bo, basioccipital; Bs, basisphenoid; fo, foramen ovale; Fr, frontal; hf, hypoglossal foramen; hyf, hypophyseal fossa; iam, internal acoustic meatus; icf, internal carotid foramen; jf, jugular foramen; Ju, jugal; mtf, median temporal foramen; Mx, maxilla; opf, optic foramen; Os, orbitosphenoid; otf, orbitotemporal foramen; Pa, parietal; Pe, petrosal; pofrc, posterior opening of the foramen rotundum canal; Ps, presphenoid; saf, subarcuate fossa; sf, sphenorbital fissure; Sq, squamosal; valp, vestigial anterior lamina of the petrosal. Scale bar: 1 cm.
FIG. 30 in Alcidedorbignya inopinata, a basal pantodont (Placentalia, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia: anatomy, phylogeny and palaeobiology
FIG. 30. — Reconstruction of the three branches of the trigeminal nerve (CN V) of Alcidedorbignya inopinata (MHNC 8372) on a surface rendering of CT data. Abbreviations:an, accessory nerve; fn, facial nerve (CN VII);gn, glossopharyngeal nerve; hyn, hypoglossal nerve; mdb, mandibular branch (CN V3); mxb, maxillary branch (CN V2); opb, ophtalmic branch (CN V1); tgg, trigeminal ganglion; tgn, trigeminal nerve; vn vagus nerve. The 3D rendering of CT data is available in pdf format at the address http://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/en/periodiques/ geodiversitas/37/4/alcidedorbignya-inopinata-additional-files.
FIG. 32 in Alcidedorbignya inopinata, a basal pantodont (Placentalia, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia: anatomy, phylogeny and palaeobiology
FIG. 32 — Three-dimensional rendering of CT data illustrating lateral view of the orbitotemporal fossa of Alcidedorbignya inopinata (MHNC 8372) showing reconstruction of vessels and nerves reconstruction. Abbreviations: epal, ectopterygoid process of the alisphenoid; fr, foramen rotundum; mxb, maxillar branch of the trigeminal nerve (CN V2); npc, nerve of the pterygoid canal; opb, ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve (V1); opf, optic foramen; ota, orbitotemporal artery; otf, orbitotemporal foramen; otv, orbitotemporal vein; rio, ramus infraorbitalis; sf, sphenorbital fissure. The 3D rendering of CT data is available in pdf format at the address http://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/en/ periodiques/geodiversitas/37/4/alcidedorbignya-inopinata-additional-files.
FIG. 45 in Alcidedorbignya inopinata, a basal pantodont (Placentalia, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia: anatomy, phylogeny and palaeobiology
FIG. 45. — CT-slices through the skull of MHNC 8399. The numbers for each illustrated slice refer to the position of the slice within the sequence of 1952 images (resolution binned images, voxel size = 0.024 mm). Top of the skull toward the top, right side of the skull toward the left. Note that the slices are slightly oblique relative to the sagittal plane, and therefore the two sides of the skull are not exactly symmetrical on the images. Abbreviations: asc, anterior semicircular canal; atf, anterior temporal foramen; ats, sulcus for the auditory (Eustachian) tube; coc, cochlear canal; cpevs, sulcus of the capsuloparietal emissary vein; er, epitympanic recess; fai, foramen acusticum inferius; fo, foramen ovale;fs, facial sulcus; frsu, foramen for the superior ramus of the stapedial artery; lsc, lateral semicircular canal; mtf, median temporal foramen; ots, orbitotemporal sulcus;pgf, postglenoid foramen;pr, promontory; prtf, posterior temporal foramen;psf, petrosquamosal fossa; ptc, posttemporal canal; saf, subarcuate fossa; scc, secondary common crus; sgc, sagittal crest; smf, suprameatal fossa; stf, stapedial fossa; ves, vestibule. Scale bar: 1 cm.
FIG. 36 in Alcidedorbignya inopinata, a basal pantodont (Placentalia, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia: anatomy, phylogeny and palaeobiology
FIG. 36. — Left auditory region of Alcidedorbignya inopinata (MHNC 8372) in ventral view: A, stereophotographs; B, pencil drawing (cracks and breakages of the specimen have been omitted). Scale bar: 1 cm. A 3D photographic pdf file is available at the address http://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/en/periodiques/geodiversitas/37/4/alcidedorbignya-inopinata-additional-files.
FIG. 25 in Alcidedorbignya inopinata, a basal pantodont (Placentalia, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia: anatomy, phylogeny and palaeobiology
FIG. 25. — Posterolateral view of the orbit of Alcidedorbignya inopinata (MHNC 8372) showing the relationships of the palatine, maxilla, lacrimal and frontal: A, stereophotograph; B, schematic drawing with bone sutures on photo; C, schematic drawing with captions. Abbreviations: Al, alisphenoid; cpf, caudal palatine foramen; ef, ethmoidal foramen; fdf, frontal diploic foramina; Fr, frontal; Ju, jugal; fro, foramen rotundum; La, lacrimal; laf, lacrimal foramen; lat, lacrimal tubercle; Mx, maxilla; Os, orbitosphenoid; opf, optic foramen; otf, orbitotemporal foramen; Pa, parietal; Pl, palatine; sf, sphenorbital fissure; spf, sphenopalatine foramen; Sq, squamosal. Scale bar: 1 cm.
FIG. 26 in Alcidedorbignya inopinata, a basal pantodont (Placentalia, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia: anatomy, phylogeny and palaeobiology
FIG. 26. — Internal view of the skull of Alcidedorbignya inopinata showing the opening of the sphenopalatine canal in the nasal cavity (MHNC 8372). A, stereophotograph; B, schematic drawing with bone sutures on photo; C, schematic drawing with captions. Abbreviations: Al, alisphenoid; Fr, frontal; Ju, jugal; fro, foramen rotundum; La, lacrimal; Mx, maxilla; Os, orbitosphenoid; opf, optic foramen; otf, orbitotemporal foramen; ots, orbitotemporal sulcus; Pa, parietal; Pl, palatine; pofrc, posterior opening of the foramen rotundum canal; Pt, pterygoid; spf, sphenopalatine foramen; sf, sphenorbital fissure. Scale bar: 1 cm.
FIG. 24 in Alcidedorbignya inopinata, a basal pantodont (Placentalia, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia: anatomy, phylogeny and palaeobiology
FIG. 24. — Anterolateral view of the orbitotemporal fossa of Alcidedorbignya inopinata showing the relationships of the palatine, alisphenoid, and frontal and the anterior opening of the pterygoid canal (stereophotographs, schematic drawing with bone sutures on photo, and schematic drawing with captions): A, MHNC 8372 (left side); B, MHNC 8372 (left side) with a slightly more anterior orientation in order to see the septum between the sphenorbital fissure and the foramen rotundum. Abbreviations: Al, alisphenoid; aopc, anterior opening of the pterygoid canal; ef, ethmoidal foramen; epal, ectopterygoid process of the alisphenoid; fdf, frontal diploic foramina; Fr, frontal; fro, foramen rotundum; Ju, jugal; La, lacrimal; laf, lacrimal foramen; lat, lacrimal tubercle; Mx, maxilla; Os, orbitosphenoid; opf, optic foramen; otf, orbitotemporal foramen; Pa, parietal; Pl, palatine; sof, supraorbital foramen; sf, sphenorbital fissure. Scale bars: A, 1 cm; B, 5 mm.
FIG. 24 in Alcidedorbignya inopinata, a basal pantodont (Placentalia, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia: anatomy, phylogeny and palaeobiology
FIG. 24 (continuation). — Anterolateral view of the orbitotemporal fossa of Alcidedorbignya inopinata showing the relationships of the palatine, alisphenoid, and frontal and the anterior opening of the pterygoid canal (stereophotographs, schematic drawing with bone sutures on photo, and schematic drawing with captions): C, MHNC 8399 (right side). Abbreviations: ant, anterior; aopc, anterior opening of the pterygoid canal; brcav, brain cavity; dors, dorsal; epal, ectopterygoid process of the alisphenoid; fro, foramen rotundum; med, medial; opf, optic foramen; sf, sphenorbital fissure. Scale bar: C, 5 mm.
FIG. 22 in Alcidedorbignya inopinata, a basal pantodont (Placentalia, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia: anatomy, phylogeny and palaeobiology
FIG. 22. — Identification of internal spaces in the right lateral wall of the nasal cavity of the 3D-model of Alcidedorbignya inopinata (MHNC 8372, septum removed). The spaces that received in life the scroll-like turbinals are delimited by bony laminae which are observable througth CT-slices (Fig. 21). Three main spaces are described in the text and illustrated here from posterior to anterior: olfactory recess (for ethmoturbinals etI to etIV – etI being the anterior projection of the posterior cupula that extends onto the lateral recess), frontal recess (for frontoturbinals frI and frII), maxillary recess (divided into superior and inferior maxillary spaces, for maxilloturbinal); the last two being part of the lateral recess (which also contained the nasoturbinal nt). A, ventromedial view; B, medial view; C, dorsomedial view. Abbreviations: crp, cribriform plate; dnm, dorsal nasal meatus; etI, fossa for ethmoturbinal I; etII, fossa for ethmoturbinal II; etIII, fossa for ethmoturbinal III; etIV, fossa for ethmoturbinal IV; fms, area of attachment of frontomaxillary septum; frI fossa for frontoturbinal I; frII, fossa for frontoturbinal II; fre, frontal recess; imre, inferior maxillary recess; mns, midline nasal septum; mxs, maxillary sinus; mxt, primary lamina of maxilloturbinal; nald, nasolacrimal duct; ntf, fossa for nasoturbinal; ore, olfactory recess; pya, pyriform aperture; smre, superior maxillary recess. Scale bar: 5 mm. The 3D rendering of CT data is available in pdf format at the address http://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/en/periodiques/geodiversitas/37/4/alcidedorbignya-inopinata-additional-files.
FIG. 27 in Alcidedorbignya inopinata, a basal pantodont (Placentalia, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia: anatomy, phylogeny and palaeobiology
FIG. 27. — Dorsal and lateral views of the parietal of Alcidedorbignya inopinata (MHNC 8399) showing the temporal foramina (photograph, schematic drawing with bone sutures on photo, and schematic drawing with captions): A, dorsal view; B, lateral view. Abbreviations: Al, alisphenoid; atf, anterior temporal foramen; Ju, jugal; mtf, median temporal foramen; Pa, parietal; ptf, posterior temporal foramen; pzc, postzygomatic crest; Sq, squamosal. Scale bar: 1 cm.
FIG. 41 in Alcidedorbignya inopinata, a basal pantodont (Placentalia, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia: anatomy, phylogeny and palaeobiology
FIG. 41. — Posterolateral view of the skull of Alcidedorbignya inopinata (MHNC 8399) showing the distal notch of the posterior ramus of the stapedial artery (photograph, schematic drawing with bone sutures on photo, and schematic drawing with captions). Abbreviations: bcf, basicochlear fissure; dnpr, distal notch for the posterior ramus of the stapedial artery; eacf, external aperture of the cochlear fossula;fo, foramen ovale;fv, fenestra vestibuli;gf, glenoid fossa;ju, jugular foramen; mctp, medial caudal tympanic process; mp, mastoid process; odm, probable origin of the digastric muscle; og, occipital groove; pgf, postglenoid foramen; poac, posterior opening of the alisphenoid canal;ppe, paroccipital process of the exoccipital; pttf, posttemporal foramen; sff, secondary facial foramen; smf, suprameatal fossa; tyh, tympanohyal. Scale bar: 1 cm.
FIG. 21 in Alcidedorbignya inopinata, a basal pantodont (Placentalia, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia: anatomy, phylogeny and palaeobiology
FIG. 21. — Internal nasal structures and spaces of Alcidedorbignya inopinata (MHNC 8372) identified on six CT-slices in coronal view (A to F). Each cutting plane is indicated in the 3D-model of the right lateral wall of the nasal cavity (top left, septum removed). On the bottom right corner of each CT-slice is indicated the position of the slice within the sequence of 1812 images (resolution: on binned images, voxel size = 0.033mm). Abbreviations: C, canine; dnm, dorsal nasal meatus; etI, fossa for ethmoturbinal I; etII, fossa for ethmoturbinal II; fms?, probable area of attachment of the frontomaxillary septum; frI fossa for frontoturbinal I; frII, fossa for frontoturbinal II; fmxt?, possible fragments of the maxilloturbinal; M1, first upper molar; mxs, maxillary sinus; mxt, primary lamina of the maxilloturbinal; nlc, nasolacrimal canal; ns, nasal septum; nt, primary lamina of the nasoturbinal; P2, second upper premolar. Not to scale.
FIG. 20 in Alcidedorbignya inopinata, a basal pantodont (Placentalia, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia: anatomy, phylogeny and palaeobiology
FIG. 20. — Posterodorsolateral view of the right side of the skull of Alcidedorbignya inopinata (MHNC 8372) showing the anterior region of the orbit. A, stereophotograph; B, schematic drawing with bone sutures on photo; C, schematic drawing with captions. Abbreviations: Al, alisphenoid; cpf, caudal palatine foramen; etf, ethmoidal foramen; fdf, frontal diploic foramen; Fr, frontal; Ju, jugal; La, lacrimal; laf, lacrimal foramen; lrM3, lateral roots of M3; mrM2, medial root of M2; mrM3, medial root of M3; mxf, maxillary foramen; Mx, maxilla; Na, nasal; Os, orbitosphenoid; Pa, parietal; Pl, palatine; spf, sphenopalatine foramen; Sq, squamosal. Scale bar: 1 cm.
FIG. 48 in Alcidedorbignya inopinata, a basal pantodont (Placentalia, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia: anatomy, phylogeny and palaeobiology
FIG. 48 (continuation). — Three-dimensional rendering of CT data illustrating the right side of the braincase of Alcidedorbignya inopinata (MHNC 8399) with vessels reconstruction. Vessels courses reconstruction has been performed directly on the slides of the image stack obtained by CT scanning of the skull. C, medial view without transparency; D, medial view with transparency; E, vessels only in medial view. Scale bars: 1 cm. The 3D rendering of CT data is available in pdf format at the address http://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/en/periodiques/geodiversitas/37/4/alcidedorbignya-inopinata-additional-files.
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