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FIGURE 2 in Revision of the Old World Daphnia (Ctenodaphnia) similis group (Cladocera: Daphniidae)

FIGURE 2. Daphnia (Ctenodaphnia) similis, parthenogenetic female from Kholon, Israel. A, large adult, lateral view. B, head, lateral view. C, rostrum and antenna I, lateral view. D, postabdomen, lateral view. E, postabdominal claw. F, limb I. G, limb V. Scale bar denotes 1 mm (A, B–D); 0.1 mm (C, E–G).

FIGURE 1 in Revision of the Old World Daphnia (Ctenodaphnia) similis group (Cladocera: Daphniidae)

FIGURE 1. Localities where different species of similis-like taxa were detected by genetical markers or male morphology: Daphnia (C.) similis, red pentagons; D. (C.) sinensis, purple squares; D. (C.) similoides, blue circles; D. (C.) inopinata sp. nov., green triangle.

FIGURE 13 in Revision of the Old World Daphnia (Ctenodaphnia) similis group (Cladocera: Daphniidae)

FIGURE 13. Daphnia (Ctenodaphnia) sinensis, adult male from a cattle pool near Stanitsa Petrovskaya, Krasnodar Area, Russia. A–B, adult male in ventral view. C–D, head, lateral and ventral view. E, rostrum, ventral view. F, postabdomen. G, its distal portion. H, limb I. Scale bar denotes 0.1 mm (A–F); 0.01 mm (G–H).

FIGURE 9 in Revision of the Old World Daphnia (Ctenodaphnia) similis group (Cladocera: Daphniidae)

FIGURE 9. Daphnia (Ctenodaphnia) sinensis, parthenogenetic female from a cattle pool near Stanitsa Petrovskaya, Krasnodar Area, Russia. A, lateral view. B, latero-ventral view. C, antero-dorsal view. D–F, head in lateral, dorsal and antero-ventral view. G, antennae I. H, postabdomen. Scale bar denotes 0.1 mm.

FIGURE 4 in Revision of the Old World Daphnia (Ctenodaphnia) similis group (Cladocera: Daphniidae)

FIGURE 4. Ephippia of Daphnia (Ctenodaphnia) similis from pond near village of Orly, Volgograd Area, European Russia (A–B); D. sinensis from a road-side cattle pool near Stanitsa Petrovskaya, Krasnodar Area, European Russia (C); D. inopinata sp. nov. from a pond in Fröttmaning, München, Germany (D). Scale bar denotes 1 mm.

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Does salinization impact long-term Daphnia assemblage dynamics? Evidence from the sediment egg bank in a small hard-water lake

Salinization of freshwater ecosystems threatens global aquatic biodiversity. There is a need for studies that follow populations in situ during salinization to understand the effects on species and ecosystems. We follow 170 years of Daphnia dynamics in the sediment ephippia archive of a small urban lake near St. Paul, Minnesota, to characterize effects of severe recent salinization on lake Daphnia. We found modest changes in the flux of ephippia in this lake; all three key Daphnia functional groups remained in the assemblage throughout the period of salinization. Reconstruction of the size distribution of D. pulicaria demonstrated that predation pressure by fish may not have increased for the largest and most susceptible member of the assemblage despite cultural meromixis. Our findings highlight that in hardwater lakes, the effects of salinization are nuanced and require further investigation to better understand overall impacts of salinization on lake Daphnia assemblages.

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Microsatellite marker data for Chernobyl Daphnia populations

Populations experiencing varying levels of ionising radiation provide an excellent opportunity to study the fundamental drivers of evolution. Radiation can cause mutations, and thus supply genetic variation; it can also selectively remove individuals that are unable to cope with the physiological stresses associated with radiation exposure, or non-selectively cull swathes of the population, reducing genetic variation. Since the nuclear power plant explosion in 1986, the Chernobyl area has experienced a spatially heterogeneous exposure to varying levels of ionising radiation. We sampled Daphnia pulex (a freshwater crustacean) from lakes across the Chernobyl area, genotyped them at ten microsatellite loci, and also calculated the current radiation dose rates. We then investigated whether the pattern of genetic diversity was positively associated with radiation dose rates, consistent with radiation-mediated supply of de novo mutations, or negatively associated with radiation dose rates, as would be expected with strong radiation-mediated selection. We found that measures of genetic diversity, including expected heterozygosity and mean allelic richness (an unbiased indicator of diversity) were significantly higher in lakes that experienced the highest radiation dose rates. This suggests that mutation outweighs selection as the key evolutionary force in populations exposed to high radiation dose rates. We also found significant but weak population structure, indicative of low genetic drift, and clear evidence for isolation by distance between populations. This further suggests gene flow between nearby populations is eroding population structure, and that mutational input in high radiation lakes could, ultimately, supply genetic variation to lower radiation sites.

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Thermal plasticity of setae of the second limb of Daphnia

These data are associated with a study that tests the hypothesis of thermal plasticity in the rigid setae of the second limb of Daphnia. The data are body size and length measurements (mm) of three limb setae (limb 2; endite 2). The second seta is often called the "rigid" seta because it is heavily chitinized. In all, 300 specimens of Daphnia (including Daphnia umbra and Daphnia galeata) were dissected from four sets of clonal thermal transfers and seasonal variants from nature. Specimens of D. galeata were cultured under identical conditions save temperature (10 and 20◦C). Clonal neonates were reciprocally transferred across temperature regimes to determine the degree of postnatal plasticity.

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FIGURE 9 in A new redescription of Daphnia pusilla (Serventy, 1929) (Cladocera: Daphniidae) with emphasis on the thoracic limbs of Daphnia (Ctenodaphnia) Dybowski & Grochowski, 1895

FIGURE 9. Daphnia pusilla, thoracic limbs of adult male from a pond in Cape Portland, NE Tasmania. A–B, limb I. C, armature of seta of outer distal lobe of limb I. D, setae 2 and 2' on inner limb I portion. E, distal portion of limb II. F. seta 1 on inner-distal limb II portion. G, limb V. Scale bars 0.1 mm.

FIGURE 7. Daphnia pusilla, ephippial female from a in A new redescription of Daphnia pusilla (Serventy, 1929) (Cladocera: Daphniidae) with emphasis on the thoracic limbs of Daphnia (Ctenodaphnia) Dybowski & Grochowski, 1895

FIGURE 7. Daphnia pusilla, ephippial female from a pond in Cape Portland, NE Tasmania. A, lateral view. B, ventral view. C, antero-dorsal view. D, ephippium. E, ephippium dorsal portion. F, sculpture central portion of ephippium. Scale bars 1 mm for A–C, 0.1 mm for D–F.

FIGURE 5. Daphnia pusilla from a in A new redescription of Daphnia pusilla (Serventy, 1929) (Cladocera: Daphniidae) with emphasis on the thoracic limbs of Daphnia (Ctenodaphnia) Dybowski & Grochowski, 1895

FIGURE 5. Daphnia pusilla from a pond in Cape Portland, NE Tasmania. A, juvenile female. B–C, ephippial female, lateral and anterior view. D–M, adult male. D, lateral view. E–F, head, lateral and dorsal view. G, ventral margin. H, postero-ventral valve margin. I, postabdomen. J, postabdominal claw. K, antenna I. L, armature of distal segment of its flagellum. M, antenna II. Scale bars 1 mm for A–F, 0.1 mm for G–M.

FIGURE 4 in A new redescription of Daphnia pusilla (Serventy, 1929) (Cladocera: Daphniidae) with emphasis on the thoracic limbs of Daphnia (Ctenodaphnia) Dybowski & Grochowski, 1895

FIGURE 4. Daphnia pusilla, thoracic limbs of parthenogenetic female from a pond in Cape Portland, NE Tasmania. A, limb I. B, limb II. C, gnathobase of limb II. D, limb III. E, seta 2 of limb III exopodite. F, inner-distal portion of limb III. G. limb IV. H, inner-distal portion of limb IV. I, limb V. J, distal portion of limb V. Scale bars 0.1 mm.

FIGURE 3. Daphnia pusilla, parthenogenetic female from a in A new redescription of Daphnia pusilla (Serventy, 1929) (Cladocera: Daphniidae) with emphasis on the thoracic limbs of Daphnia (Ctenodaphnia) Dybowski & Grochowski, 1895

FIGURE 3. Daphnia pusilla, parthenogenetic female from a pond in Cape Portland, NE Tasmania. A–C, distal portion of postabdomen. D, armature of preanal portion of postabdomen. E–F, antenna II. G, molar surface of left mandible. H, exopodites of thoracic limbs. Scale bars 0.1 mm for A–F, H, 0.01 mm for G.

FIGURE 2. Daphnia pusilla, parthenogenetic female from a in A new redescription of Daphnia pusilla (Serventy, 1929) (Cladocera: Daphniidae) with emphasis on the thoracic limbs of Daphnia (Ctenodaphnia) Dybowski & Grochowski, 1895

FIGURE 2. Daphnia pusilla, parthenogenetic female from a pond in Cape Portland, NE Tasmania. A, lateral view. B, anterolateral view. C, head. D, rostrum. E, sculpture of valve. F, postero-lateral margin, inner view. G, posterior margin, inner view. H, postabdomen. Scale bars 1 mm for A–B, 0.1 mm for C–F, H, 0.01 for G.

FIGURE 1. Daphnia pusilla, parthenogenetic female from a in A new redescription of Daphnia pusilla (Serventy, 1929) (Cladocera: Daphniidae) with emphasis on the thoracic limbs of Daphnia (Ctenodaphnia) Dybowski & Grochowski, 1895

FIGURE 1. Daphnia pusilla, parthenogenetic female from a pond in Cape Portland, NE Tasmania. A, lateral view. B, anterior view. C, head, dorsal view. D–E, head, lateral view. F, ventral valve margin, inner view. G, postero-ventral margin, inner view. H, posterior margin, inner view. I–J, abdomen and postabdomen. K, distal portion of postabdomen, dorsal view. L–M, postabdominal claw, outer and inner view. Scale bars 1 mm for A–C, 0.1 mm for D–M.

FIGURE 6. Daphnia pusilla, juvenile female from a in A new redescription of Daphnia pusilla (Serventy, 1929) (Cladocera: Daphniidae) with emphasis on the thoracic limbs of Daphnia (Ctenodaphnia) Dybowski & Grochowski, 1895

FIGURE 6. Daphnia pusilla, juvenile female from a pond in Cape Portland, NE Tasmania. A, dorsal view. B, posterior head portion. C, dorsal organ. Scale bars 0.1 mm.

FIGURE 8. Daphnia pusilla, adult male from a in A new redescription of Daphnia pusilla (Serventy, 1929) (Cladocera: Daphniidae) with emphasis on the thoracic limbs of Daphnia (Ctenodaphnia) Dybowski & Grochowski, 1895

FIGURE 8. Daphnia pusilla, adult male from a pond in Cape Portland, NE Tasmania. A, lateral view. B, ventral view. C, postabdomen. D, postabdominal distal portion. E, antenna II. F, limbs I and II, outer view. G. limb I, inner view. H, limb III, inner-distal portion. Scale bars 1 mm for A–B, 0.1 mm for C–H.

FIGURE 14. Daphnia chevreuxi, adult male from a in A redescription of the Mediterranean endemic cladoceran Daphnia chevreuxi Richard, 1896 (Cladocera: Daphniidae)

FIGURE 14. Daphnia chevreuxi, adult male from a pond, Gorgo di Rebuttone (Altofonte), Sicily, Italy: A, postabdomen. B, its distal portion. C–D, limb I. E, its inner distal lobe. F, distal portion of limb II. G, limb V. Scale bars 0.1 mm.

FIGURE 13 in A redescription of the Mediterranean endemic cladoceran Daphnia chevreuxi Richard, 1896 (Cladocera: Daphniidae)

FIGURE 13. Daphnia chevreuxi, adult male from Gorgo di Rebuttone (Altofonte), Sicily, Italy: A, valve. B, its anterior portion. C–D, its postero-ventral portion. E, antenna I. F, antenna II. Scale bars: 1 mm for A; 0.1 mm for B–F.

FIGURE 12 in A redescription of the Mediterranean endemic cladoceran Daphnia chevreuxi Richard, 1896 (Cladocera: Daphniidae)

FIGURE 12. Daphnia chevreuxi, male from Stagno di C. da Buffali (Nebrodi, Cesarò), Sicily, Italy (A–B, D–E) and "Environs de Bòne", Algeria, sample DGF 0783 (C, F–G): A, adult male, lateral view. B, head. C, dorsal portion of head, lateral view. D, head, dorsal view. E, fornix. F, juvenile male of instar II. G, head, dorsal view. Scale bars: 1 mm for A, F; 0.1 mm for B–E, G.