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656 results for “Darwin”
Data from: "Darwin's corollary" and cytoplasmic incompatibility induced by Cardinium may contribute to speciation in Encarsia wasps (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae)
The potential importance of cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) – inducing bacterial symbionts in speciation of their arthropod hosts has been debated. Theoretical advances have led to a consensus that a role is plausible when CI is combined with other isolating barriers. However, the insect model systems Nasonia and Drosophila are the only two experimental examples documented. Here we analyzed the components of reproductive isolation between the parasitoid wasp Encarsia suzannae, which is infected by the CI-inducing symbiont Cardinium, and its uninfected sibling species Encarsia gennaro. Laboratory crosses demonstrated that: 1) sexual isolation is incomplete; 2) hybrid offspring production is greatly reduced in the interspecific CI cross; 3) viable hybrids may be produced by curing E. suzannae males of Cardinium with antibiotics; 4) hybrid offspring production in the reciprocal cross is greatly reduced by hybrid inviability due to genetic incompatibilities; 5) hybrid sterility is nearly complete in both directions at the F1 stage. Thus, asymmetrical hybrid incompatibilities and CI act as complementary isolating mechanisms. We propose a new model for contributions of CI symbionts to speciation, with CI reducing gene flow between species in one direction, and in the other, a symbiont sweep resulting in accelerated mtDNA evolution, negative cytonuclear interactions and hybrid incompatibilities.
Data from: Geographic variation of life-history traits in the sand lizard, Lacerta agilis: testing Darwin's fecundity-advantage hypothesis
The fecundity-advantage-hypothesis (FAH) explains larger female size relative to male size as a correlated response to fecundity selection. We explored FAH by investigating geographic variation in female reproductive output and its relation to sexual size dimorphism (SSD) in Lacerta agilis, an oviparous lizard occupying a major part of temperate Eurasia. We analysed how sex-specific body size and SSD are associated with two putative indicators of fecundity selection intensity (clutch size and the slope of the clutch size-female size relationship), and with two climatic variables throughout the species range and across two widespread evolutionary lineages. Variation within the lineages provides no support for FAH. In contrast, the divergence between the lineages is in line with FAH: the lineage with consistently female-biased SSD (L. a. agilis) exhibits higher clutch size and steeper fecundity slope than the lineage with an inconsistent and variable SSD (L. a. exigua). L. a. agilis shows lower offspring size (egg mass, hatchling mass) and higher clutch mass relative to female mass than L. a. exigua, i.e. both possible ways to enhance offspring number are exerted. As the SSD difference is due to male size (smaller males in L. a. agilis), fecundity selection favouring larger females, together with viability selection for smaller size in both sexes, would explain the female-biased SSD and reproductive characteristics of L. a. agilis. The pattern of intraspecific life-history divergence in L.agilis is strikingly similar to that between oviparous and viviparous populations of a related species Zootoca vivipara. Evolutionary implications of this parallelism are discussed.
Data from: An origin of citations: Darwin's collaborators and their contributions to the Origin of Species
<p>Since the first edition of the Origin of Species (1859), Charles Darwin apologizes for not correctly referencing all the works cited in his magnum opus. More than 150 years later we catalogued these citations and analysed the resultant data. Looking for a complete selection of collaborators, a flexibilization of the term "citation" was necessary, and we define it as any reference made to a third party, independently of its form or function. Following the same idea, the last edition of the Origin, originally published in 1872 and reprinted with minor additions and corrections in 1876, was chosen for the research because it represents the end of a long debate between Darwin and his peers, naturally being the edition with the most number of citations and collaborators. Through a diverse theoric approach we hope to present a new perspective for the study of the Origin of Species: a bibliographic approach gives us the tools needed to understand the history of the book as a physical and cultural object; bibliometrics provides a theory of citations as well as a quantitative analysis; lastly, the Science Studies highlight the profound social aspects of science in the making. The analysis resulted in 639 citations to 298 collaborators, although these results are only the tip of the iceberg of all the gathered data's potential.</p>
Data from: Species limits and phylogenomic relationships of Darwin's finches remain unresolved: potential consequences of a volatile ecological setting
Island biotas have become paradigms for illustrating many evolutionary processes. The fauna of the Galapagos Islands includes several taxa that have been focal points for evolutionary studies. Perhaps their most famous inhabitants, Darwin's finches, represent a go-to icon when thinking about how species originate and adapt to the environment. However, unlike other adaptive radiations, past morphological and molecular studies of Darwin's finches have yielded inconsistent hypotheses of species limits and phylogenetic relationships. Expecting that idiosyncrasies of prior data and analytic methods explained different proposed classifications, we were surprised to observe that three new phylogenetic hypotheses derived mostly from the same genomics data were topologically inconsistent. We found that the differences between some of these genomics trees were as great as one would expect between two random trees with the same number of taxa. Thus, the phylogeny of Darwin's finches remains unresolved, as it has for more than a century. A component of phylogenetic uncertainty comes from unclear species limits, under any species concept, in the ground finches (Geospiza) and tree finches (Camarhynchus). We suggest that past authors should have tested the species limits of Lack, rather than uncritically accepting them. In fact, the impressive amount of genomics data do not provide unambiguous hypotheses of the number of species of Geospiza or Camarhynchus, although they imply greater species diversity than Lack's taxonomy. We suggest that insufficient sampling of species populations across islands (35.6% for morphometrics and 20.4% for genomics) prevents accurate diagnoses of species limits. However, it is unknown whether samples from a greater number of islands might result in bridging differences between species, or reveal many new ones. We conclude that attempts to interpret patterns of variation among the finches under standard evolutionary paradigms have obscured some major messages, most specifically the ongoing reciprocal interactions between geographic isolation and lineage divergence, and dispersal and gene flow caused by the volatile ecological conditions in the islands. Although the finches provide textbook examples of natural selection, better understanding of species limits and a robust phylogenetic hypothesis are required to corroborate past hypotheses of speciation and adaptive radiation in the finches of the Galapagos.
Data from: Exploring possible human influences on the evolution of Darwin's finches
Humans are an increasingly common influence on the evolution of natural populations. Potential arenas of influence include altered evolutionary trajectories within populations and modifications of the process of divergence among populations. We consider this second arena in the medium ground finch (Geospiza fortis) on Santa Cruz Island, Galápagos, Ecuador. Our study compared the G. fortis population at a relatively undisturbed site, El Garrapatero, to the population at a severely disturbed site, Academy Bay, which is immediately adjacent to the town of Puerto Ayora. The El Garrapatero population currently shows beak size bimodality that is tied to assortative mating and disruptive selection, whereas the Academy Bay population was historically bimodal but has lost this property in conjunction with a dramatic increase in local human population density. We here evaluate potential ecological-adaptive drivers of the differences in modality by quantifying relationships between morphology (beak and head dimensions), functional performance (bite force), and environmental characteristics (diet). Our main finding is that associations among these variables are generally weaker at Academy Bay than at El Garrapatero, possibly because novel foods are used at the former site irrespective of individual morphology and performance. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the rugged adaptive landscapes promoting and maintaining diversification in nature can be smoothed by human activities, thus hindering ongoing adaptive radiation.
FIGURE 11 in Mr. Darwin's mysterious spider: on the type species of the genus Leucauge White, 1841 (Tetragnathidae, Araneae)
FIGURE 11. Leucauge venusta female (from Rio de Janeiro). Tracheal atrium caudal view A. Epigynum: dorsal B; anterior view C; lateral D. Spermathecae E. Fertilization ducts F. Spermathecae base G. Scale bars: 10 µm A, E–G; 100 µm B; 30 µm C; 20 µm D.
FIGURE 10 in Mr. Darwin's mysterious spider: on the type species of the genus Leucauge White, 1841 (Tetragnathidae, Araneae)
FIGURE 10. Leucauge venusta female (from Rio de Janeiro). Spinnerets: ventral A; PLS B; ALS C; PMS D. Leg IV trichobothria E. Tracheae: tracheal system F; tracheal base anteriorly G. Scale bars: 100 µm A, G; 10 µm B, C, D; 2 µm E; 200 µm F.
FIGURE 9 in Mr. Darwin's mysterious spider: on the type species of the genus Leucauge White, 1841 (Tetragnathidae, Araneae)
FIGURE 9. Leucauge venusta female (from Rio de Janeiro). Abdomen: ventral A; lateral B. Epigynum: dorsal C; caudal D; dorso-caudal E; lateral F. Scale bars: 200 µm A–B; 20 µm C–E; 10 µm F.
FIGURE 8 in Mr. Darwin's mysterious spider: on the type species of the genus Leucauge White, 1841 (Tetragnathidae, Araneae)
FIGURE 8. Leucauge venusta female (from Rio de Janeiro). Cephalothorax: dorsal (cleared) A; ventral B; lateral C. Chelicerae: ventral D; frontal E; lateral F. Leg IV femur G. Scale bars: 100 µm.
FIGURE 7 in Mr. Darwin's mysterious spider: on the type species of the genus Leucauge White, 1841 (Tetragnathidae, Araneae)
FIGURE 7. Leucauge venusta male (from Rio de Janeiro). Palp details: conductor and embolus A–C; paracymbium D. Scale bars: 10 µm A, C; 20 µm B, D.
FIGURE 6 in Mr. Darwin's mysterious spider: on the type species of the genus Leucauge White, 1841 (Tetragnathidae, Araneae)
FIGURE 6. Leucauge venusta male (from Rio de Janeiro). Abdomen ventral A. Epiandrous fusules B. Palp: dorsal C; prolateral D; apical F; apical details E, G. Scale bars: 100 µm A, C, D; 10 µm B, G, E; 20 µm F.
FIGURE 4 in Mr. Darwin's mysterious spider: on the type species of the genus Leucauge White, 1841 (Tetragnathidae, Araneae)
FIGURE 4. Leucauge venusta male from Rio de Janeiro (in alcohol): frontal A; dorsal B; ventral C; lateral D.
FIGURE 1 in Mr. Darwin's mysterious spider: on the type species of the genus Leucauge White, 1841 (Tetragnathidae, Araneae)
FIGURE 1. Leucauge venusta live female from Rio de Janeiro (Brazil): lateral A–D, F; ventral E; dorsal G.
FIGURE 2 in Mr. Darwin's mysterious spider: on the type species of the genus Leucauge White, 1841 (Tetragnathidae, Araneae)
FIGURE 2. Leucauge venusta male (from Rio de Janeiro), palp: prolateral A; retrolateral B; ventral C; sperm duct path D; artificially expanded palp prolateral E; expanded palp retrolateral F. Scale bars: A–C 0.5 mm, D 0.2 mm.
FIGURE 5 in Mr. Darwin's mysterious spider: on the type species of the genus Leucauge White, 1841 (Tetragnathidae, Araneae)
FIGURE 5. Leucauge venusta male (from Rio de Janeiro). Chelicerae: frontal A; lateral B; ventral C. Cephalothorax: ventral D; lateral E; dorsal F. Abdomen leteral G. Scale bars: 100 µm.
FIGURE 33 in Coastal Talitridae (Amphipoda: Talitroidea) from north-western Australia to Darwin with a revision of the genus Cochinorchestia Lowry & Peart, 2010
FIGURE 33. Tropicorchestia glasbyi sp. nov., male, holotype, 8.0 mm, MAGNT Cr018599, Darwin Harbour, Northern Territory, Australia. Scale lines represent 0.5 mm.
FIGURE 32 in Coastal Talitridae (Amphipoda: Talitroidea) from north-western Australia to Darwin with a revision of the genus Cochinorchestia Lowry & Peart, 2010
FIGURE 32. Tropicorchestia glasbyi sp. nov., male, holotype, 8.0 mm, MAGNT Cr018599; female, paratype, MAGNT Cr018600; Darwin Harbour, Northern Territory, Australia. Scale lines for G1 represent 0.2 mm, scale lines for G2 represent 0.5 mm.
FIGURE 30 in Coastal Talitridae (Amphipoda: Talitroidea) from north-western Australia to Darwin with a revision of the genus Cochinorchestia Lowry & Peart, 2010
FIGURE 30. Tropicorchestia glasbyi sp. nov., male, holotype, 8.0 mm, MAGNT Cr018599, Darwin Harbour, Northern Territory, Australia. Scale line for H represents 0.5 mm, remainder represent 0.1 mm.
FIGURE 28 in Coastal Talitridae (Amphipoda: Talitroidea) from north-western Australia to Darwin with a revision of the genus Cochinorchestia Lowry & Peart, 2010
FIGURE 28. Tropicorchestia derbyensis sp. nov., male, holotype, 11.0 mm, AM P.97470; female, paratype, AM P. 97843; near Derby Jetty, Derby, Western Australia. Scale lines represent 0.2 mm.
FIGURE 27 in Coastal Talitridae (Amphipoda: Talitroidea) from north-western Australia to Darwin with a revision of the genus Cochinorchestia Lowry & Peart, 2010
FIGURE 27. Tropicorchestia derbyensis sp. nov., male, holotype, 11.0 mm, AM P.97470, near Derby Jetty, Derby, Western Australia. Scale line for U3 represents 0.1 mm, CT represents 0.01 mm, remainder represent 0.2 mm.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.