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676 results for “Manis”
Data from: Approximate Bayesian computation for modular inference problems with many parameters: the example of migration rates
We propose a two-step procedure for estimating multiple migration rates in an approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) framework, accounting for global nuisance parameters. The approach is not limited to migration, but generally of interest for inference problems with multiple parameters and a modular structure (e.g. independent sets of demes or loci). We condition on a known, but complex demographic model of a spatially subdivided population, motivated by the reintroduction of Alpine ibex (Capra ibex) into Switzerland. In the first step, the global parameters ancestral mutation rate and male mating skew have been estimated for the whole population in Aeschbacher et al. (Genetics 2012; 192: 1027). In the second step, we estimate in this study the migration rates independently for clusters of demes putatively connected by migration. For large clusters (many migration rates), ABC faces the problem of too many summary statistics. We therefore assess by simulation if estimation per pair of demes is a valid alternative. We find that the trade-off between reduced dimensionality for the pairwise estimation on the one hand and lower accuracy due to the assumption of pairwise independence on the other depends on the number of migration rates to be inferred: the accuracy of the pairwise approach increases with the number of parameters, relative to the joint estimation approach. To distinguish between low and zero migration, we perform ABC-type model comparison between a model with migration and one without. Applying the approach to microsatellite data from Alpine ibex, we find no evidence for substantial gene flow via migration, except for one pair of demes in one direction.
Data from: How many broadleaved trees are enough in conifer plantations? The economy of land sharing, land sparing, and quantitative targets
1. For biodiversity conservation to be an effective and significant social investment, non-marketed values of biodiversity conservation and its associated opportunity costs should be evaluated in monetary terms. 2. In this study, we measured the willingness to pay (WTP) for bird abundance using a choice experiment (CE) based on the random utility model. We performed a cost–benefit analysis to identify the optimal proportion of broad-leaved trees in conifer plantations on a volume basis to maximize the social benefits of bird conservation and wood production. 3. The results suggested that respondents to the CE were not satisfied with their current situation and preferred an increase in bird abundance. However, the estimated WTP indicated diminishing returns of bird conservation. More specifically, WTP first greatly increased before gradually experiencing decreasing marginal values, reaching its peak, and finally decreasing slightly with increasing bird abundance. 4. Optimization analyses indicated that when the relation between bird abundance and broad-leaved tree proportion was convex, semi-natural plantations with non-zero broad-leaved tree proportion (0.02–0.22) were always optimal options. When the relation was linear, optimal broad-leaved tree proportion ranged from 0 to 0.78 and was greatly affected by wood values. When the relation was concave, there were only two optimal broad-leaved tree proportions: a very high proportion (approximately 0.90) and the lowest possible proportion (0). When the convex and concave relations approached the linear form, comparable benefits could be attained across broad ranges of broad-leaved tree proportion both within and across the relations. In such cases, it would be useful to increase the likelihood of a feasible land-use strategy of either land sparing or land sharing in order to be successful. 5. Synthesis and applications. It can be difficult to set quantitative targets in biodiversity conservation solely on an ecological basis, and social benefits of biodiversity conservation can create diminishing returns in many situations. The framework we proposed shows how to reconcile resource production and biodiversity conservation in the real world.
Data from: Fitness and morphological outcomes of many generations of hybridization in the copepod Tigriopus californicus
Hybridization between genetically divergent populations is an important evolutionary process, with an outcome that is difficult to predict. We used controlled crosses and freely mating hybrid swarms, followed for up to 30 generations, to examine the morphological and fitness consequences of interpopulation hybridization in the copepod Tigriopus californicus. Patterns of fitness in two generations of controlled crosses were partly predictive of long-term trajectories in hybrid swarms. For one pair of populations, controlled crosses revealed neutral or beneficial effects of hybridization, and hybrid swarm fitness always equalled or exceeded that of the midparent. For a second pair, controlled crosses showed F2 hybrid breakdown, but elevated fitness in backcrosses, and hybrid swarm fitness deviated both above and below that of the parentals. Nevertheless, individual swarm replicates exhibited divergent fitness trajectories over time that were not related in a simple manner to their hybrid genetic composition, and fixation of fitter hybrid phenotypes was not observed. Hybridization did not generally increase overall morphological variation, and underlying genetic changes may have been masked by phenotypic plasticity. Nevertheless, one type of hybrid swarm exhibited a repeatable pattern of transgressively large eggsacs, suggesting a positive effect of hybridization on individual fecundity. Additionally both parental and hybrid swarms exhibited common phenotypic trends over time, indicating common selective pressures in the laboratory environment. Our results suggest that, in a system where much work has focused on F2 hybrid breakdown, the long-term fitness consequences of interpopulation hybridization are surprisingly benign.
Data from: Programmed and flexible: long-term Zugunruhe data highlight the many axes of variation in avian migratory behaviour
Studies of Zugunruhe – the 'migratory restlessness' behaviour of captive birds – have been integral to our understanding of animal migration, revealing an inherited propensity to migrate and an endogenous timing and navigation system. However, differences between Zugunruhe in captivity and migration in the wild call for more data, in particular on variation within and among taxa with diverse migration strategies. Here, we characterise Zugunruhe in a long-term dataset of activity profiles from stonechats (genus Saxicola) with diverse migratory phenotypes (976 migration periods from 414 birds), using a flexible and consistent quantitative approach based on changepoint analysis. For east African, Austrian, Irish, and Siberian stonechats and hybrids, we report key inter-population differences in the occurrence, timing, and intensity of Zugunruhe. In line with expectations, we found the highest Zugunruhe intensity in the longest-distance migrants, more variable patterns in short-distance migrants, and intermediate characteristics of hybrids relative to their parental groups. Inter-population differences imply high evolutionary lability of Zugunruhe timing within a robustly structured annual cycle. However, counter to theory, Irish partial migrants showed no segregation between migrant and resident individuals, and previously reported nocturnal restlessness was confirmed for resident African stonechats. Further features of nocturnal restlessness that did not align with migratory behaviour of stonechats were juvenile nocturnal restlessness even prior to postjuvenile moult, and protandry in spring, although stonechats winter in heterosexual pairs. Importantly, Zugunruhe of all populations declined with age, and the intensity of an individual bird's Zugunruhe was correlated with activity levels during other parts of the annual cycle. Our results confirm endogenous, population-specific migration programmes but also reveal apparent discrepancies between Zugunruhe and migration in the wild. We thus highlight both the continued potential of Zugunruhe study and the need for circumspect interpretation when using migratory restlessness to make inferences about migration in the wild.
Data from: Habitat preference and den characterization of Indian Pangolin (Manis crassicaudata) in a tropical lowland forested landscape of southwest Sri Lanka
The Indian pangolin (Manis crassicaudata) is under threat due to hunting for local consumption and illegal trafficking of scales and meat. The dearth of scientific studies on the ecology of the M. crassicaudata has impaired accurate assessments of its conservation needs. This study investigated the habitat preference and burrow characteristics of M. crassicaudata in a tropical lowland rainforest in southwest Sri Lanka. A total of 75 burrows (54 feeding burrows and 21 resting burrows) of M. crassicaudata in four different habitat types i.e. secondary forest, Pine-dominated forest, rubber cultivations and tea-dominated home gardens bordering forest were observed using fixed-width transects in order to characterize resting and feeding burrows of this species. The highest density of resting burrows was recorded from the secondary forest (4ha-1), followed by rubber cultivations (2.5ha-1) while no resting burrows were recorded in Pine-dominated forest and tea-dominated home gardens bordering forest. Feeding burrows were more abundant in Pine-dominated forest (5.7ha-1). The burrow depth, burrow opening height and width were significantly larger in resting burrows compared to feeding burrows. Resting burrows were located at higher elevations (75-100m) with moderately high slopes (450-600), dense canopy cover (>75%) and away from human habitation. Feeding burrows showed a greater variability in terms of associated environmental features. The study further revealed that Indian pangolins exclusively prefer habitat with rocks and boulders under which they dig resting burrows while the location of feeding burrows largely overlaps with the distribution of prey species. The resting burrow design consisted of a bending tunnel that initially slopes downward and then gradually inclines at an angle between 20 and 300, leading to the resting chamber. Our study highlights the importance of conserving fragmented secondary natural forests in changing landscapes of the southwest lowlands of Sri Lanka as these habitats appear to be critical to sustaining populations of M. crassicaudata.
Data_PlosOne_Too many is too bad: Long-term net negative effects of high density ungulate populations on a dominant Mediterranean shrub
<p>Dataset for Plos One Publication (2016): Too many is too bad: Long-term net negative effects of high density ungulate populations on a dominant Mediterranean shrub</p>
FIGURE 15 in Many things come in small packages: Revision of the clawless geckos (Crenadactylus: Diplodactylidae) of Australia
FIGURE 15. Variation in Crenadactylus pilbarensis sp. nov. (scale bar = 10 mm). From left to right: WAM R100988, WAM R132540, WAM R132627, WAM R140394, WAM R132628, WAM R132539.
FIGURE 11 in Many things come in small packages: Revision of the clawless geckos (Crenadactylus: Diplodactylidae) of Australia
FIGURE 11. Variation in Crenadactylus occidentalis sp. nov. (scale bar = 10 mm). From left to right: WAM R146450, WAM R141603, WAM R131373, WAM R129784, WAM R96676, WAM R131376.
FIGURE 13 in Many things come in small packages: Revision of the clawless geckos (Crenadactylus: Diplodactylidae) of Australia
FIGURE 13. Variation in Crenadactylus tuberculatus sp. nov. (scale bar = 10 mm). From left to right: WAM R132481, WAM R132483, WAM R132482, WAM R116913, WAM R61203, WAM R134295.
FIGURE 9 in Many things come in small packages: Revision of the clawless geckos (Crenadactylus: Diplodactylidae) of Australia
FIGURE 9. Variation in Crenadactylus horni (scale bar = 10 mm). From left to right: SAMA R22245, SAMA R38850, NTM R14352, SAMA 44867, SAMA R44873, SAMA R50121.
FIGURE 7 in Many things come in small packages: Revision of the clawless geckos (Crenadactylus: Diplodactylidae) of Australia
FIGURE 7. Variation in Crenadactylus ocellatus (scale bar = 10 mm). From left to right: WAM R132810, WAM R152975, WAM R135182, WAM R127614, WAM R152974, WAM R151338.
FIGURE 17 in Many things come in small packages: Revision of the clawless geckos (Crenadactylus: Diplodactylidae) of Australia
FIGURE 17. Variation in Crenadactylus rostralis (scale bar = 10 mm). From left to right: WAM R79062, WAM R175300, WAM R79058, WAM R175302, WAM R175306, WAM R175304.
FIGURE 19 in Many things come in small packages: Revision of the clawless geckos (Crenadactylus: Diplodactylidae) of Australia
FIGURE 19. Variation in the Crenadactylus naso species complex (scale bar = 10 mm). From left to right: WAM R151001, AMS R126186, WAM R171696, WAM R168383, WAM R168725, WAM R156723.
FIGURE 4 in Many things come in small packages: Revision of the clawless geckos (Crenadactylus: Diplodactylidae) of Australia
FIGURE 4. Photographs of Crenadactylus ocellatus species-group members in life (left to right, top to bottom): A) C. ocellatus, Koolyanobbing, WA (photo—R.J. Ellis), B) C. horni, Trephina Gorge, NT (photo—G.M. Shea), C) occidentalis sp. nov., 70 km S Exmouth, WA (photo—G. Gaikhorst), D) C. tuberculatus sp. nov., Cape Range National Park, WA (photo—R.J. Ellis), E) C. pilbarensis sp. nov., Burrup Peninsula, WA (photo—B. Maryan), F) C. rostralis, Geikie Gorge National Park, WA (photo—P.M. Oliver), G) C. naso, Koolan Island, WA (photo—G. Gaikhorst), H) C. naso, Mitchell Plateau, WA (Photo— G.M. Shea).
FIGURE 3 in Many things come in small packages: Revision of the clawless geckos (Crenadactylus: Diplodactylidae) of Australia
FIGURE 3. Morphological variation within the Crenadactylus ocellatus species group (left to right, top to bottom): A) typical homogeneous dorsal scalation of Crenadactylus species (except C. tuberculatus), B) heterogeneous dorsal scalation of C. tuberculatus sp. nov. with enlarged tubercles, C) typical internasal configuration of Crenadactylus species (except C. horni) showing small internasal when present (upper left) or supranasals in contact (lower right), D) internasal configuration of C. horni showing enlarged internasal extending beyond posterior edge of supranasals, E) typical postmental configuration of Crenadactylus species (except C. pilbarensis) showing granular gular scales, F) postmental configuration of C. pilbarensis sp. nov. showing enlarged postmental, G) typical snout scalation in lateral view (exception C. rostralis, C. naso [part]) showing rostral-nostril contact, H) snout scalation in lateral view of C. rostralis (and C. naso [part]) showing excluded rostral contact with nostril. (Drawings: A, B – K. Aplin; C – F, R.J. Ellis; G, H – R.E. Johnstone.)
FIGURE 2 in Many things come in small packages: Revision of the clawless geckos (Crenadactylus: Diplodactylidae) of Australia
FIGURE 2. Distribution of the Crenadactylus ocellatus species-group including new species described in this paper. Darker shades denote areas of high topographic complexity, lighter shades lower complexity. Colours for taxa match those in Fig. 1. Questionable type location of Ebenavia horni holotype indicated by '?'.
FIGURE 1 in Many things come in small packages: Revision of the clawless geckos (Crenadactylus: Diplodactylidae) of Australia
FIGURE 1. Summary of major lineages within the Crenadactylus ocellatus species-group and their relationships based on mtDNA and nDNA genetic data. Names include both the informal lineage names (place names in quotes for non-Kimberley taxa from Oliver et al. [2010]; uppercase letters for Kimberley taxa from Oliver et al. [2010, 2012b]) as well as new species names proposed herein.
FIGURE 5. A in How many species of Sturisoma (Siluriformes: Loricariinae) inhabit the La Plata Basin?
FIGURE 5. A: Phylogenetic analyses based on COI marker. Bootstrap and posterior probabilities support displayed close to branches. B: Delimitation methods results shown with vertical black bars. C: Haplotypes network is colored according to the species determination as in the tree.
FIGURE 2 in How many species of Sturisoma (Siluriformes: Loricariinae) inhabit the La Plata Basin?
FIGURE 2. Holotype of Loricaria barbata (NMW 46155) in three views. A, counting of left lateral plates; B: dorsal view; C: ventral view. Courtesy images of Naturhistorisches Museum Wien.
FIGURE 1. A in How many species of Sturisoma (Siluriformes: Loricariinae) inhabit the La Plata Basin?
FIGURE 1. A: left lateral view of the holotype of Sturisoma barbatum (=Loricaria barbata Kner, 1853:12, 23, pl. 5. Type locality: Rio Cuiabá, Cujaba - Fluss [Brazil]), NMW 46155; B: Drawing of the holotype of Sturisoma barbatum taken from Kner (1853); C: Drawing of the holotype of Oxyloricaria robusta taken from Regan (1904; reverse image). Arrows indicate plate counting of non-coalescent median series, and the first and last coalescent ones.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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