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FIGURE 2. Arcotheres shahi n in A new pea crab species of the genus Arcotheres Manning, 1993 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Pinnotheridae) from India

FIGURE 2. Arcotheres shahi n. sp., paratype, male (CL 3.43 mm, CW 3.30 mm) (ZL-AR-CR-98). A, habitus, dorsal view; B, right chela outer view; C, pleon and telson; D, G1, abdominal view; E, G2, abdominal view.

FIGURE 1. Arcotheres shahi n in A new pea crab species of the genus Arcotheres Manning, 1993 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Pinnotheridae) from India

FIGURE 1. Arcotheres shahi n. sp., holotype, female (CL 6.13 mm, CW 6.77 mm) (ZL-AR-CR-97). A, habitus, dorsal view; B, frontal view; C, pleon and telson; D, right chela, outer view; E, right chela, inner view; F, left MXP3, inner view.

FIGURE 3. Arcotheres shahi n in A new pea crab species of the genus Arcotheres Manning, 1993 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Pinnotheridae) from India

FIGURE 3. Arcotheres shahi n. sp., holotype, female (CL 6.13mm, CW 6.77 mm) (ZL-AR-CR-97). A- D, left P2–P5 dorsal view; A'- C', right P2–P4 outer view. Arcotheres shahi n. sp., paratype, male (CL 3.43 mm, CW 3.30 mm) (ZL-AR-CR-98). E– H, left P2-P5, dorsal view.

FIGURE 2. A, C–G in On the pea crabs found in the chiton Tonicia chilensis (Frembly, 1827) (Mollusca, Polyplacophora: Chitonidae) identified as "Orthotheres sp." by Melzer & Schwabe (2008), and its reassignment to Calyptraeotheres Campos, 1990 (Crustacea: Pinnotheridae)

FIGURE 2. A, C–G, third maxilliped, outer view; B, juvenile, dorsal view, carapace width 1.5 mm. A, B, Dissodactylus lockingtoni Smith, 1870, Puerto Peñasco, Sonora, México and Campo El Pescador, San Felipe, Baja California, México, respectively; C, Clypeasterophilus rugatus (Bouvier, 1917), Jamaica; D, E, Austinotheres angelicus (Lockington, 1877), Los Angeles Bay and Campo El Pescador, San Felipe, Baja California, México; F, Enigmatheres canfieldi (Rathbun, 1918), Monterey, California, U.S.A.; G, Bonita mexicana Campos, 2009, Bahía Tortugas, Baja California Sur, México. A, C from Griffith (1987: fig. 8a, j); D, from Glassell (1935: plate 14, fig. 4); F, from Rathbun (1918: fig. 57); G, from Campos (2009: fig 3e). Scale bars, A, C= 0.5 mm; D–E= 1.0 mm; F= 0.57 mm; G=0.23 mm.

FIGURE 1 in On the pea crabs found in the chiton Tonicia chilensis (Frembly, 1827) (Mollusca, Polyplacophora: Chitonidae) identified as "Orthotheres sp." by Melzer & Schwabe (2008), and its reassignment to Calyptraeotheres Campos, 1990 (Crustacea: Pinnotheridae)

FIGURE 1. Third maxilliped: A, C, D, F, G, outer view; B, E, inner view. A, Calyptraeotheres granti (Fenucci, 1975), Puerto Quequén, Necochea, Buenos Aires, Argentina; B, Calyptraeotheres politus (Smith, 1870), Bahía Ancón, Perú; C, Calyptraeotheres sp., Muelle Dichato, Chile; D, Orthotheres unguifalcula (Glassell, 1936), female 4.0 x 5.0 mm, Puerto Peñasco, Sonora, México; E, Orthotheres barbatus (Desbonne, 1867), magnification 40X, Guadeloupe; F, Orthotheres strombi (Rathbun, 1905), not at scale, female 6.6 x 9.6 mm, Clearwater, Florida, U.S.A.; G, Orthotheres serrei (Rathbun, 1909), magnification 40X, Puerto Rico. A, B from Campos (1999: figs. 2b, c); C, redrawn from Melzer & Schwabe (2008: fig. 1e); D, from Campos (1989: fig. 3a); E–G, from Rathbun (1918: figs. 44a, 45 and 41 respectively). Scale bars, A= 0.43 mm; B= 0.39 mm; C= 0.10 mm.

FIGURE 3 in On the pea crabs found in the chiton Tonicia chilensis (Frembly, 1827) (Mollusca, Polyplacophora: Chitonidae) identified as "Orthotheres sp." by Melzer & Schwabe (2008), and its reassignment to Calyptraeotheres Campos, 1990 (Crustacea: Pinnotheridae)

FIGURE 3. Juvenile crab: A, B, E, Calyptraeotheres garthi (Fenucci, 1975), Gulf San Matias, North Patagonia, Argentina; C, D, Calyptraeotheres sp., Muelle Dichato, Chile. A, dorsal view; B, sternal somites and pleon; C, pleon; D, E, chelipeds. A, B, E, from Ocampo et al. (2017: figs. 1a, a´, 2a); C, D, from Melzer & Schwabe (2008 figs. 1d, f). Scale bars: A, B = 0.5 mm; C = 0.4 mm; D, E = 0.25 mm.

opencc-by-4.0Aug 2024View details →

Pea Island, NC, USA Ground Penetrating Radar and Grain Size Data

Ground penetrating radar data are in a file system for the RADAN software (GSSI). The excel files are outputs from the Malvern Mastersizer 3000 laser particle size analyzer in bin sizes.

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Data from: Evolutionary costs and benefits of infection with diverse strains of Spiroplasma in pea aphids

The heritable endosymbiont Spiroplasma infects many insects and has repeatedly evolved the ability to protect its hosts against different parasites. Defenses do not come for free to the host, and theory predicts that more costly symbionts need to provide stronger benefits to persist in host populations. We investigated the costs and benefits of Spiroplasma infections in pea aphids (Acyrthosiphon pisum), testing 12 bacterial strains from three different clades. Virtually all strains decreased aphid lifespan and reproduction, but only two had a (weak) protective effect against the parasitoid Aphidius ervi, an important natural enemy of pea aphids. Spiroplasma induced fitness costs were variable, with strains from the most slowly evolving clade reaching higher titers and curtailing aphid lifespan more strongly than other strains. Some Spiroplasma strains shared their host with a second endosymbiont, Regiella insecticola. Although the result of an unfortunate handling error, these co-infections proved instructive, because they showed that the cost of infection with Spiroplasma may be attenuated in the presence of Regiella. These results suggest that mechanisms other than protection against A. ervi maintain pea aphid infections with diverse strains of Spiroplasma, and that studying them in isolation will not provide a complete picture of their effects on host fitness.

opencc-zeroDec 2018View details →

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Latitudinal trend in the reproductive mode of the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum invading a wide climatic range

The maintenance of sexuality is a puzzling phenomenon in evolutionary biology. Many universal hypotheses have been proposed to explain the prevalence of sex despite its costs, but it has been hypothesized that sex could be also retained by lineage-specific mechanisms that would confer some short-term advantage. Aphids are good models to study the maintenance of sex because they exhibit coexistence of both sexual and asexual populations within the same species and because they invade a large variety of ecosystems. Sex in aphids is thought to be maintained because only sexually produced eggs can persist in cold climates but whether sex is obligate or facultative depending on climatic conditions remains to be elucidated. In this study, we have inferred the reproductive mode of introduced populations of the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum in Chile along a climatic gradient using phenotypic assays and genetic-based criteria to test the ecological short-term advantage of sex in cold environments. Our results showed a latitudinal trend in the reproductive mode of Chilean pea aphid populations from obligate parthenogenesis in the north to an intermediate life-cycle producing both parthenogenetic and sexual progeny in the southernmost subpopulation, where harsh winters are usual. These findings are congruent with the hypothesis of the ecological short-term advantage of sex in aphids.

opencc-zeroJul 2021View details →

Figure 4 in Taxonomy and morphology of European pea crabs (Crustacea: Brachyura: Pinnotheridae)

Figure 4. Male of Pinnotheres pisum. (A) Dorsal view on male; (B) male pleon; (C) ventral view on left first gonopod; (D) dorsal view on left first gonopod.

Figure 6 in Taxonomy and morphology of European pea crabs (Crustacea: Brachyura: Pinnotheridae)

Figure 6. Pinnotheres pectunculi from the dog cockle Glycymeris glycymeris. (A) Left chliped of female. Arrow points on small triangular tooth on the fixed finger; (B) pleon of male; (C) ventral view on left male first gonopod; (D) dorsal view on left male first gonopod.

Figure 3 in Taxonomy and morphology of European pea crabs (Crustacea: Brachyura: Pinnotheridae)

Figure 3. Female Nepinnotheres pinnotheres. (A) Dorsal view on female, carapace setose; (B) left cheliped with setose surface; (C) exterior surface of left maxilliped.

Figure 5 in Taxonomy and morphology of European pea crabs (Crustacea: Brachyura: Pinnotheridae)

Figure 5. Female of Pinnotheres pisum. (A) Dorsal view on female; (B) left cheliped with comb of setae; (C) exterior of left maxilliped.

Figure 2 in Taxonomy and morphology of European pea crabs (Crustacea: Brachyura: Pinnotheridae)

Figure 2. Male of Nepinnotheres pinnotheres. (A) dorsal view on male; (B) pleon, margin fringed with setae; (C) ventral view on left first gonopod; (D) dorsal view on left first gonopod.

opennotspecifiedOct 2008View details →

FIGURE 1. a in First record of an early pea crab stage on Tonicia chilensis (Frembly, 1827) (Mollusca, Polyplacophora)

FIGURE 1. a. Pea crabs as found on Tonicia chilensis (Frembly, 1827). b. Dorsal survey of pea crab made with automontage. c–f. Scanning EM of some details of pea crab morphology. c. Ventral view of eyes, (E), antennules and antennae (A1 and A2), 3rd maxilliped (Mxp3) and tip of abdomen (Ad). d. Left cheliped, viewed from outside. Note tooth pattern on immovable finger. e. Left 3rd maxilliped, ventral view. Note fused ischium and merus and palp made of 3 articles; exognath located behind ischium-merus. f. Male-like, slender abdomen. Only the last segment has a clearly distinguishable border. Scale bars a 1mm, b 500 µm, c–e 100 µm, f 200 µm.

FIGURES 3–12. Fergusobia camaldulensae n in Nematodes from galls on Myrtaceae. II. Fergusobia/Fergusonina from small axillary bud ('stem') and leaf ('pea') galls in Australia, with descriptions of two new species

FIGURES 3–12. Fergusobia camaldulensae n. sp. ex E. camaldulensis (all in lateral view): 3, whole parthenogenetic female and habitus; 4, whole male and habitus; 5, whole infective female and habitus; 6, head of parthenogenetic female; 7, head of male; 8, head of infective female; 9, tails of parthenogenetic females; 10, tails of males; 11, tails of infective females; 12, spicule. Scale bars: 3, 4, 5 = 50 µm; 6, 7, 8 = 10 µm; 12 = 5 µm.

FIGURE 2. The 10001 in Nematodes from galls on Myrtaceae. II. Fergusobia/Fergusonina from small axillary bud ('stem') and leaf ('pea') galls in Australia, with descriptions of two new species

FIGURE 2. The 10001st Bayesian tree inferred from COI under GTR+I+G model (lnL=3747.6218; freqA=0.2052; freqC=0.1096; freqG=0.1914; freqT=0.4938; R(a)=1.2359; R(b)=7.3123; R(c)=1.6313; R(d)=0.0686; R(e)=4.0952; R(f)=1; Pinva=0.5561; Shape=1.7992). Posterior probability values exceeding 50% are given on appropriate clades.

FIGURES 32–33 in Nematodes from galls on Myrtaceae. II. Fergusobia/Fergusonina from small axillary bud ('stem') and leaf ('pea') galls in Australia, with descriptions of two new species

FIGURES 32–33. SEM of anterior end of undescribed species of Fergusobia: 32, MSp 41 from leaf pea galls on E. pauciflora; 33, MSp 40 from leaf pea galls on E. marginata. Large arrows indicate openings of amphids; small arrows indicate labial papillae. Scale bars = 5 µm.

FIGURES 21–31. Fergusobia rileyi n in Nematodes from galls on Myrtaceae. II. Fergusobia/Fergusonina from small axillary bud ('stem') and leaf ('pea') galls in Australia, with descriptions of two new species

FIGURES 21–31. Fergusobia rileyi n. sp. ex Corymbia sp. (all bar 31 in lateral view): 21, whole male and habitus; 22, whole parthenogenetic female and habitus; 23, whole infective female and habitus; 24, head of male; 25, head of parthenogenetic female; 26, head of infective female; 27, tails of males; 28, tails of parthenogenetic females; 29, tails of infective females; 30, spicule; 31, sub-ventral view of posterior region of infective female showing vulval plate. Scale bars: 21, 22, 23 = 50 µm; 24, 25, 26, 31 = 10 µm; 30 =5 µm.