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Fig. 2 in Towards a standardisation of morphological measurements in the phylum Kinorhyncha
Fig. 2. Schematic representation of adjacent and isolated segments in the Echinoderidae. A: Segment nesting due to the natural biological shape of Echinoderidae. B: Schematic representation of the overlap of the tergal plates. Abbreviations: MD, middorsal; ML, midlateral; MV, midventral; colours distinguish adjacent segments. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)
Fig. 1 in Towards a standardisation of morphological measurements in the phylum Kinorhyncha
Fig. 1. Schematic line art representation of a standardised echinoderid kinorhynch morphology. A: Ventral view showing the most common trunk measurements; B: lateral view showing the three possible lines to take the morphological measurements (note how the total trunk length may vary depending on the selected line due to the natural curved shape of the trunk). Abbreviations: MD, middorsal; ML, midlateral; MSW, maximum sternal width; MV, midventral; SW, standard sternal width; TL, total trunk length.
Data from: A novel report of hatching plasticity in the phylum Echinodermata
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Data from: From incipient to substantial: evolution of placentotrophy in a phylum of aquatic colonial invertebrates
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Phylogenomics, origin and diversification of anthozoans (Phylum Cnidaria)
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Data from: A phylum-wide survey reveals multiple independent gains of head regeneration in Nemertea
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Figure 7 from: Anaya C, Schmidt-Rhaesa A, Hanelt B, Bolek MG (2019) A new species of Gordius (Phylum Nematomorpha) from terrestrial habitats in North America. ZooKeys 892: 59-75. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.892.38868
Figure 7 Eggs of aquatic and terrestrial hairworms, light photomicrographs A egg of Gordius difficilis stained with Nile Blue; note the thin inner membrane (arrow) surrounding the larva B egg of Neochordodes occidentalis showing a thin inner membrane (arrow) surrounding the larva C egg of Paragordius obamai showing a developing larva surrounded by a thin inner membrane (arrow) D egg of Gordius terrestris sp. nov. showing a distinct thick inner membrane (arrow) surrounding the larva. Scale bars: 6 µm (A); 8 µm (B, C); 11 µm (D).
Figure 5 from: Anaya C, Schmidt-Rhaesa A, Hanelt B, Bolek MG (2019) A new species of Gordius (Phylum Nematomorpha) from terrestrial habitats in North America. ZooKeys 892: 59-75. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.892.38868
Figure 5 Gordius terrestris sp. nov., larvae, light (A, B) and SEM (C–F) photomicrographs A live larva, showing the preseptum (PRE), postseptum (POS) and pseudointestine (PI) B recently hatched larvae showing everted proboscis (arrow) C larva note the superficial annulations (small arrows) and a single terminal spine located (large arrow) on the posterior region of the postseptum (POS) D preseptum, showing the arrangement of three sets of cuticular hooks, including outer hooks (OH), middle hooks (MH) and inner hooks (IH); and fused ventral outer hooks (VOH) E anterior end with the eversible proboscis (P); note the distinct spines on the distal end of the left lateral side (LLS), right lateral side (RLS) and dorsal side (DS) in respect to the ventral outer hooks (VOH) F partially everted proboscis (P) showing pairs of small spines (numbers) and a larger terminal spine on the distal end of the left lateral (LLS), right lateral (RLS) and dorsal sides (DS). Scale bars: 12 µm (A); 13 µm (B); 8 µm (C); 2.5 µm (D); 6 µm (E) 0.8 µm (F).
Figure 6 from: Anaya C, Schmidt-Rhaesa A, Hanelt B, Bolek MG (2019) A new species of Gordius (Phylum Nematomorpha) from terrestrial habitats in North America. ZooKeys 892: 59-75. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.892.38868
Figure 6 Gordius terrestris sp. nov., cysts, light photomicrographs A–B fully formed cysts in experimentally infected Physa acuta snails; note the folded larva surrounded by a clear cyst wall of unknown composition with a distinct inner layer (IL) and outer layer (OL) C remaining cyst wall after the folded larvae was extruded under coverslip pressure. Note the opening where the larvae emerged (arrow) D–F different focal planes showing the distinct larvae folding pattern; note the location of the terminal spine (arrow) in F and that the larva folds twice within the fully formed cyst. Scale bars: 20 µm (A–F).
Figure 4 from: Anaya C, Schmidt-Rhaesa A, Hanelt B, Bolek MG (2019) A new species of Gordius (Phylum Nematomorpha) from terrestrial habitats in North America. ZooKeys 892: 59-75. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.892.38868
Figure 4 Gordius terrestris sp. nov., eggs and egg strings, light photomicrographs A newly deposited egg strings B egg string segment showing tightly aggregated undeveloped eggs; note the eggshell (arrow) C segment of an egg string showing developing larvae within eggs D eggs with fully developed larvae; note the distinct space between the eggshell and the thick inner membrane. Scale bars: 4 mm (A); 40 µm (B); 25 µm (C); 20 µm (D).
Figure 1 from: Anaya C, Schmidt-Rhaesa A, Hanelt B, Bolek MG (2019) A new species of Gordius (Phylum Nematomorpha) from terrestrial habitats in North America. ZooKeys 892: 59-75. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.892.38868
Figure 1 Gordius terrestris sp. nov., adult male from Stillwater, Oklahoma, light (A, D, G) and SEM (B, C, E, F, H, I) photomicrographs A anterior body region showing typical color pattern, showing the distinct calotte (arrow) and dark ring B anterior end, dorsal view C areole pattern on the anterior body region. Note the weakly developed areoles (circle) and the presence of bristles (arrows) D midbody region, dorsal view, showing distinct white spots and medial line E Midbody region, dorsal view, showing typical cuticular pattern F areole pattern on the midbody region; note the weakly developed polygonal shaped areoles (circle) G posterior body region, ventral view, showing distinct coloration; note the darkly pigmented postcloacal crescent and dark pigmentation on inner sides of the tale lobes (TL) H ventral view of the posterior region, showing the cloaca (Cl) and postcloacal crescent (PCC) I areole pattern on the posterior body region; note the weakly developed polygonal shaped areoles (circle) and the bristles (arrows). Scale bars: 210 µm (A); 130 µm (B); 18 µm (C); 220 µm (D, G); 290 µm (E); 10 µm (F); 175 µm (H); 20 µm (I).
Figure 3 from: Anaya C, Schmidt-Rhaesa A, Hanelt B, Bolek MG (2019) A new species of Gordius (Phylum Nematomorpha) from terrestrial habitats in North America. ZooKeys 892: 59-75. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.892.38868
Figure 3 Gordius terrestris sp. nov., adult females from Stillwater, Oklahoma, light (A, D, G) and SEM (B, C, E, F, H, I) photomicrographs A anterior body region showing typical color pattern, showing the distinct calotte (arrow) followed by a dark ring B anterior end, dorsal view C areole pattern on the anterior body region; note the weakly developed polygonal shaped areoles (circle) D midbody region, lateral view, showing typical color pattern E midbody region, dorsal view showing typical cuticular pattern F midbody region, dorsal view, showing finer details of the cuticle; note the branching bristles (arrow) G posterior body region, ventral view, showing typical coloration H posterior body region, ventral view showing the location of the cloaca (CL) I posterior body region, areole pattern on the posterior body region; note the weakly developed polygonal shaped areoles (circle). Scale bars: 160 µm (A); 150 µm (B); 10 µm (C); 440 µm (D, G); 330 µm (E); 15 µm (F, I); 190 µm (H).
Figure 2 from: Anaya C, Schmidt-Rhaesa A, Hanelt B, Bolek MG (2019) A new species of Gordius (Phylum Nematomorpha) from terrestrial habitats in North America. ZooKeys 892: 59-75. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.892.38868
Figure 2 Gordius terrestris sp. nov., adult males from Stillwater, Oklahoma, SEM photomicrographs A–C posterior body region, ventral view, note the variation in the shape of tail lobes and postcloacal crescents (PCC) below the cloaca (CL) D tail lobe showing the distinct row of bristles beginning below the postcloacal crescent (PCC) and progressing on the ventral inner side (small arrows) of the tail lobe (TL); and bristles distributed in a circular pattern on the terminal end (large arrow) of the tail lobe E–G variation in the weakly developed polygonal shaped areoles (circles) on the posterior body region of different male individuals; note the branching bristles (arrows) in E. Scale bars: 175 µm (A–C); 75 µm (D); 8 µm (E–G).
Data from: Exploring the potential of small RNA subunit and ITS sequences for resolving phylogenetic relationships within the phylum Ctenophora
Ctenophores are a phylum of non-bilaterian marine (mostly planktonic) animals, characterised by several unique synapomorphies (e.g. comb rows, apical organ). Relationships between and within the nine recognised ctenophore orders are far from understood, notably due to a paucity of phylogenetically-informative anatomical characters. Previous attempts to address ctenophore phylogeny using molecular data (18S rRNA) led to poorly resolved trees but demonstrated the paraphyly of the order Cydippida. Here we compiled an updated 18S rRNA data set, notably including a few newly-sequenced species representing previously unsampled families (Lampeidae, Euryhamphaeidae), and we built up an additional more rapidly-evolving ITS1+5.8SrRNA+ITS2 alignment. These data sets have been analysed separately and in combination under a probabilistic framework, using different methods (Maximum Likelihood, Bayesian inference) and models (e.g. doublet model to accommodate secondary structure; data partitioning). An important lesson from our exploration of these datasets is that the fast-evolving ITS regions are useful markers for reconstructing high-level relationships within ctenophores. Our results confirm the paraphyly of the order Cydippida (and thus a "cyddipid-like" ctenophore common ancestor) and suggest that the family Mertensiidae could be the sister-group of all other ctenophores. The family Lampeidae (also part of the former "Cydippida") is probably the sister-group of the order Platyctenida (benthic ctenophores). The order Beroida might not be monophyletic, due to the position of Beroe abyssicola outside of a clade grouping the other Beroe species and members of the "Cydippida" family Haeckeliidae. Many relationships (i.e. between Pleurobrachiidae, Beroida, Cestida, Lobata, Thalassocalycida) remain unresolved. Future progress in understanding ctenophore phylogeny will come from the use of additional rapidly-evolving markers and improvement of taxonomic sampling.
Data from: Microsatellite abundance across the Anthozoa and Hydrozoa in the phylum Cnidaria
Background: Microsatellite loci have high mutation rates and thus are indicative of mutational processes within the genome. By concentrating on the symbiotic and aposymbiotic cnidarians, we investigated if microsatellite abundances follow a phylogenetic or ecological pattern. Individuals from eight species were shotgun sequenced using 454 GS-FLX Titanium technology. Sequences from the three available cnidarian genomes (Nematostella vectensis, Hydra magnipapillata and Acropora digitifera) were added to the analysis for a total of eleven species representing two classes, three subclasses and eight orders within the phylum Cnidaria. Results: Trinucleotide and tetranucleotide repeats were the most abundant motifs, followed by hexa- and dinucleotides. Pentanucleotides were the least abundant motif in the data set. Hierarchical clustering and log likelihood ratio tests revealed a weak relationship between phylogeny and microsatellite content. Further, comparisons between cnidaria harboring intracellular dinoflagellates and those that do not, show microsatellite coverage is higher in the latter group. Conclusions: Our results support previous studies that found tri- and tetranucleotides to be the most abundant motifs in invertebrates. Differences in microsatellite coverage and composition between symbiotic and non-symbiotic cnidaria suggest the presence/absence of dinoflagellates might place restrictions on the host genome.
Data from: The giants of the phylum Brachiopoda: a matter of diet?
The species of the brachiopod Gigantoproductus are giants within the Palaeozoic sedentary benthos. This presents a dilemma as living brachiopods have low-energy lifestyles. Although brachiopod metabolic rates were probably higher during the Palaeozoic than today, the massive size reached by species of Gigantoproductus is nevertheless unusual. By examining the diet of Gigantoproductus species from the Visean (Mississippian, Carboniferous) of Derbyshire (UK), we seek to understand the mechanisms that enabled those low-metabolism brachiopod species to become giants. Were they suspension feeders, similar to all other brachiopods or did endosymbiosis provide a lifestyle that allowed them to have higher metabolic rates and become giants? We suggest that the answer to this conundrum may be solved by the identification of the biogeochemical signatures of symbionts, through combined analyses of the carbon- and nitrogen-isotopic compositions of the occluded organic matrix within their calcite shells. The shells are formed of remarkably long, and a few hundreds of micrometres wide, substructured columnar units deemed to be mostly pristine based on multiple analyses [petrography, cathodoluminescence (CL), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)]; they contain occluded organic fractions detected by TEM, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), and Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses. We conclude that the gigantic size reached by the species of Gigantoproductus is likely the result of a mixotroph lifestyle, by which they could rely on the energy and nutrients derived both from photosymbiotic microbes and from filtered particulate food.
FIGURE 4 in Phylum Echinodermata *
FIGURE 4. Phylogeny of early deuterostomes. From Shu et al. (2004), q.v. Published with permission.
FIGURE 1 in The most common sponges on the Great Barrier Reef seabed, Australia, include species new to science (Phylum Porifera)
FIGURE 1. Map of the sites sampled from the GBR seabed as part of the Seabed Biodiversity Project.
Revisiting the phylogeny of phylum Ctenophora: a molecular perspective
<p>Raw data used in 'Revisiting the phylogeny of phylum Ctenophora: a molecular perspective' study.</p>
TABLE 1 in Phylum Nematoda: feeding habits for all valid genera using a new, universal scheme encompassing the entire phylum, with descriptions of morphological characteristics of the stoma, a key, and discussion of the evidence for trophic relationships
<p><b>TABLE 1.</b> Universal trophic categories of nematodes. Taxa may fall into one or more categories, during either single or different life stages.</p><table><tbody><tr><th>Feeding method</th><th>Type of food</th><th>Equivalent in microbial marine scheme (Weiser 1953, 1959, Boucher 1973)</th><th><b><b>Equivalent in plant-parasitic terrestrial</b> scheme (Yeates <i>et al</i>. 1993)</b></th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th>Sucker</th><td>Suspension</td><td>Selective deposit (1A)</td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td>Particulate</td><td>Non-selective deposit-part (1B)</td><td>Bacterial feeding-part (3)</td></tr><tr><th>Processor</th><td>Suspension</td><td>Aggregate (1B)</td><td>Substrate ingestion-part (4)</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>Particulate</td><td>Non-selective deposit-part (1B)</td><td>Substrate ingestion-part (4)</td></tr><tr><th>Scraper</th><td>Particulate</td><td>Epistrate (2A)</td><td>Unicellular eucaryote-part (6)</td></tr><tr><th>Crusher</th><td>Particulate</td><td>Non-selective deposit-part (1B)</td><td>Bacterial feeding-part (3)</td></tr><tr><th>Piercer</th><td>Cellular</td><td></td><td>Hyphal feeding-part (2) Unicellular eucaryote-part (6) Omnivore (8)</td></tr></tbody></table>
ScienceDex guides
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.