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779 results for “Pigments”
FIGURES 28–32 in Reports of two peculiar pigmented new species of genus Homidia (Collembola: Entomobyridae) from Southern China, with description of subadults chaetotaxy
FIGURES 28–32. First instar larvae of Homidia chroma sp. nov.: 28, chaetotaxy of Th. II–Abd. III tergites; 29, chaetotaxy of Abd. IV–VI tergites; 30, labial and postlabial chaetotaxy; 31, ventral tube; 32, tenaculum. Scale bar=50 μm. (28–29, dorsal view; 30, ventral view; 31–32, posterior view).
FIGURES 1–4 in Reports of two peculiar pigmented new species of genus Homidia (Collembola: Entomobyridae) from Southern China, with description of subadults chaetotaxy
FIGURES 1–4. Colour pattern of Homidia chroma sp. nov.: 1–3, adults; 1, lateral view; 2, dorsal view; 3, ventral view; 4, first instar larvae.
FIGURES 55–61 in Reports of two peculiar pigmented new species of genus Homidia (Collembola: Entomobyridae) from Southern China, with description of subadults chaetotaxy
FIGURES 55–61. Adults Homidia leniseta sp. nov.: 55, chaetotaxy of Abd. IV–V tergites; 56–57, ventral tube; 56, distal posterior face and lateral flap; 57, distal anterior face; 58, tenaculum; 59, manubrial plaque; 60, basal dens; 61, distal dens and mucro. Scale bar=50 μm, (55, 59–60, dorsal view; 56, 58, posterior view; 57, anterior view; 61, lateral view).
FIGURES 20–27 in Reports of two peculiar pigmented new species of genus Homidia (Collembola: Entomobyridae) from Southern China, with description of subadults chaetotaxy
FIGURES 20–27. Adults Homidia chroma sp. nov.: 20, chaetotaxy of Abd. IV–V tergites; 21–23, ventral tube; 21, anterior face; 22, posteriorly distal face; 23, lateral flap; 24. tenaculum; 25, manubrial plaque; 26, basal dens; 27, distal dens and mucro. Scale bar=50 μm. (20, dorsal view; 21, anterior view; 22, 24, 25–27, posterior view).
FIGURES 5–13 in Reports of two peculiar pigmented new species of genus Homidia (Collembola: Entomobyridae) from Southern China, with description of subadults chaetotaxy
FIGURES 5–13. Adults Homidia chroma sp. nov.: 5, basal part of Ant. I; 6, smooth chaetae on basal Ant. II; 7, distal part of Ant. II; 8, Ant. III organ; 9, apical bulb and distal part of Ant. IV; 10, cephalic macrochaetotaxy; 11, labial and postlabial chaetal formula; 12, labial palp; 13, maxillary outer lobe. Scale bar=50 μm. (5, 6, 9, 10, dorsal view; 7, 11, 12, ventral view; 8, 13, lateral view).
Photic generation of 11-cis-retinal in bovine retinal pigment epithelium
<p>Raw datasets for MS-based RGR identification. For additional information please see: Zhang et al. JBC 2019</p>
Fig. 1 a –d Marine benthic organisms used for bio-optical measurements. a Boneccia viridis, b Isodictya pacmata, c Hymedesmia paupertas, d in Development of hyperspectral imaging as a bio-optical taxonomic tool for pigmented marine organisms
Fig. 1 a –d Marine benthic organisms used for bio-optical measurements. a Boneccia viridis, b Isodictya pacmata, c Hymedesmia paupertas, d Hymedesmia sp.
Modelling human neuronal catecholaminergic pigmentation in rodents recapitulates age-related multisystem neurodegenerative deficits
<p>Raw data used to generate the figures in the paper "Modelling human brain-wide pigmentation in rodents recapitulates age-related multisystem neurodegenerative deficits" published as a bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.08.08.552400; v1 posted August 8, 2023; v2 posted August 14, 2024.</p>
Data from: Desiccation resistance and pigmentation variation reflects bioclimatic differences in the Drosophila americana species complex
<p><a name="_Hlk525811957"><b>Background: </b>Disentangling the selective factors shaping adaptive trait variation is an important but challenging task. Many studies—especially in <i>Drosophila</i>—have documented trait variation along latitudinal or altitudinal clines, but frequently lack resolution about specific environmental gradients that could be causal selective agents, and often do not investigate covariation between traits simultaneously. Here we examined variation in multiple macroecological factors across geographic space and their associations with variation in three physiological traits (desiccation resistance, UV resistance, and pigmentation) at both population and species scales, to address the role of abiotic environment in shaping trait variation. </a></p> <p><b>Results:</b> Using environmental data from collection locations of three North American <i>Drosophila </i>species—<i>D. americana americana, D. americana texana </i>and <i>D. novamexicana</i>—we identified two primary axes of macroecological variation; these differentiated species habitats and were strongly loaded for precipitation and moisture variables. In nine focal populations (three per species) assayed for each trait, we detected significant species-level variation for both desiccation resistance and pigmentation, but not for UV resistance. Species-level trait variation was consistent with differential natural selection imposed by variation in habitat water availability, although patterns of variation differed between desiccation resistance and pigmentation, and we found little evidence for pleiotropy between traits.</p> <p><b>Conclusions:</b> Our multi-faceted approach enabled us to identify potential agents of natural selection and examine how they might influence the evolution of multiple traits at different evolutionary scales. Our findings highlight that environmental factors influence functional trait variation in ways that can be complex, and point to the importance of studies that examine these relationships at both population- and species-levels. </p>
Phenotypic variation in male Calopteryx splendens damselflies: The role of wing pigmentation and body size in thermoregulation
<p class="ListParagraph1">For an ectothermic insect, its color and size are important determinants of body temperature: dark colors absorb heat more efficiently, while larger bodies require more heat to reach a certain temperature. These dark colors are expressed using melanin, which has been intimately linked with an insect's thermoregulatory capabilities. Melanin is also linked with immune defense and is often used as a secondary sexual character in insects. There is a potential trade-off situation between thermoregulatory capabilities, immune defence and secondary sexual characters, all of which use melanin. Some <i>Calopteryx</i> damselflies, such as <i>Calopteryx splendens</i>, have melanin-based wing pigmentation that is sexually selected and drives intra- and interspecific territorial aggressions. Our goal was to experimentally study how the wing pigmentation and body size of <i>C. splendens</i> males affect their thermoregulation and especially their ability to become active after being cooled down. Our results are in line with our hypotheses showing that (<i>i</i>) individuals with larger wing spots had significantly faster activation times than those with smaller wing spots, and (<i>ii</i>) individuals with larger body size had significantly slower activation times than those with smaller body size. Both variables showed an interaction and thus are important in damselfly warm up and activation. We discuss the role wing pigmentation and thermoregulation can have on the behavioral patterns observed in <i>Calopteryx</i> species.</p>
FIGURE 1 in Crocinoboletus, a new genus of Boletaceae (Boletales) with unusual boletocrocin polyene pigments
FIGURE 1. Basidiomata of Crocinoboletus species. a–g. Crocinoboletus rufoaureus [a from HKAS 82334; b, e from HKAS 82333; c, e from HKAS 59821; d, f, g from HKAS 82335 (f showing the surface of the pileus turning bluish olivaceous, then blackening when bruised; g showing the surface of the stipe turning bluish olivaceous, then blackening when bruised)]. h, i. Crocinoboletus laetissimus (h from HKAS 50232; i from HKAS 59701) (a–g photo N.K. Zeng; h, i photo Y.C. Li).
FIGURE 3 in Crocinoboletus, a new genus of Boletaceae (Boletales) with unusual boletocrocin polyene pigments
FIGURE 3. Microscopic features of Crocinoboletus laetissimus (a–c, f, g from HKAS 59701; d, e from HKAS 50232. drawn by G. Wu). a. Basidia and a pleurocystidium. b. Basidia. c. Basidiospores. d. Cheilocysitidia. e. Pleurocysitidia. f. Pileipellis (from the middle part of the pileus). g. Pileipellis (from the marginal part of the pileus). Bars = 10 μm.
Data from: Analysis of pigment-dispersing factor neuropeptides and their receptor in a velvet worm
<p>Pigment-dispersing factor neuropeptides (PDFs) occur in a wide range of protostomes including ecdysozoans (= molting animals) and lophotrochozoans (mollusks, annelids, flatworms, and allies). Studies in insects revealed that PDFs play a role as coupling factors of circadian pacemaker cells, thereby controlling rest-activity rhythms. While the last common ancestor of protostomes most likely possessed only one <i>pdf</i> gene, two <i>pdf</i> homologs, <i>pdf-I</i> and <i>pdf-II</i>, might have been present in the last common ancestors of Ecdysozoa and Panarthropoda (Onychophora + Tardigrada + Arthropoda). One of these homologs, however, was subsequently lost in the tardigrade and arthropod lineages followed by independent duplications of <i>pdf-I</i> in tardigrades and decapod crustaceans. Due to the ancestral set of two <i>pdf</i> genes, the study of PDFs and their receptor (PDFR) in Onychophora might reveal the ancient organization and function of the PDF/PDFR system in panarthropods. Therefore, we deorphanized the PDF receptor and generated specific antibodies to localize the two PDF peptides and their receptor in the onychophoran <i>Euperipatoides rowelli</i>. We further conducted bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) experiments on cultured human cells (HEK293T) using an Epac-based sensor (Epac-L) to examine cAMP responses in transfected cells and to reveal potential differences in the interaction of PDF-I and PDF-II with PDFR from <i>E. rowelli</i>. These data show that PDF-II has a tenfold higher potency than PDF-I as an activating ligand. Double immunolabeling revealed that both peptides are co-expressed in <i>E. rowelli</i> but their respective levels of expression differ between specific cells: some neurons express the same amount of both peptides, while others exhibit higher levels of either PDF-I or PDF-II. The detection of the onychophoran PDF receptor in cells that additionally express the two PDF peptides suggests autoreception, whereas spatial separation of PDFR- and PDF-expressing cells supports hormonal release of PDF into the hemolymph. This suggests a dual role of PDF peptides—as hormones and as neurotransmitters/neuromodulators—in Onychophora.</p>
Figure 3 in The shell-eyes of the chiton Acanthopleura granulata (Mollusca, Polyplacophora) use pheomelanin as a screening pigment
Figure 3. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) elution profile of the degradation products of the pigment that we extracted from the valves of the chiton Acanthopleura granulata (where absorption was set at 280 nm). The solid line represents the digestion product of the extracted pigment. For reference, the dashed line represents the same digestion reaction minus the pigment. The inset shows an elution profile for the degradation products of synthetic pheomelanin (DOPA-cysteine melanin) from Panzella et al. (2007), a paper whose methods we replicated. We hypothesize that the distinct peak that we see at 30 min in our elution profile represents BTCA, a diagnostic degradation product of pheomelanin.
Figure 2 in The shell-eyes of the chiton Acanthopleura granulata (Mollusca, Polyplacophora) use pheomelanin as a screening pigment
Figure 2. Absorption spectra of the pigment that we extracted from the valves of the chiton Acanthopleura granulata. The black line represents freshly extracted pigment. The grey line represents the same sample of pigment after it had been digested in alkaline hydrogen peroxide for 14 h. Note that digestion by hydrogen peroxide causes: (1) the absorption peak in the visible wavelengths to drop and shift towards shorter wavelengths; and (2) the appearance of degradation products that absorb strongly in the UV wavelengths. Both of these observations are consistent with the degradation of pheomelanin by hydrogen peroxide.
Figure 1 in The shell-eyes of the chiton Acanthopleura granulata (Mollusca, Polyplacophora) use pheomelanin as a screening pigment
Figure 1. The results of using sodium hydroxide to extract pigment from the decalcified shell plates of the eyed chiton Acanthopleura granulata. (A) An image taken before bleaching, where the dark spots are the rings of screening pigment associated with the shell-eyes (the arrow points to a single eye). The same red-brown pigment is expressed around the shell-eyes and, more broadly, in the proteinaceous extra-cellular matrix that surrounds the eyes and aesthetes. (B) The same valve after 48 h in 1 M sodium hydroxide at room temperature. The scale bar represents 1 mm.
FIGURE. Roussoella pseudohysterioides (GMB0009). a–d. Ascostromata developing on bamboo culm. e, f. Vertical sections of ascostromata. g–j. Asci containing eight ascospores. k. Fragment of ascostromata in KOH without stromatal pigments. l–m. Ascus apex in Melzer's reagent. n–r. Dark brown ascospores. Scale bars: j–r = 10 μm. in Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau: a mycological hotspot
FIGURE. Roussoella pseudohysterioides (GMB0009). a–d. Ascostromata developing on bamboo culm. e, f. Vertical sections of ascostromata. g–j. Asci containing eight ascospores. k. Fragment of ascostromata in KOH without stromatal pigments. l–m. Ascus apex in Melzer's reagent. n–r. Dark brown ascospores. Scale bars: j–r = 10 μm.
Date for: The chromosome-scale genome assembly of the yellowtail clownfish Amphiprion clarkii provides insights into melanic pigmentation of anemonefish
<p><span>Anemonefish are an emerging group of model organisms due to interesting biological traits such as sequential hermaphroditism, social control of size, symbiosis with anemones, and varying pigmentation patterns. In addition to genus-specific traits, the anemonefish <em>Amphiprion</em> <em>clarkii</em> possesses species-specific characteristics such as interspecies co-habitation, high intraspecies color variation, no anemone specificity, and a broad distribution, that have the potential to further our understanding of anemonefish evolutionary history, behavioral strategies, fish-anemone symbiosis, and color pattern evolution. However, despite its position as an emerging model species, the genome of <em>A. clarkii </em>is yet to be published. Here, using PacBio long-read, Illumina short-read and Hi-C chromatin capture technology we generated a high-quality chromosome-scale genome for the anemonefish <em>A. clarkii</em>. The initial assembly consisted of 1840 contigs with an N50 of 1,203,211 bp. These contigs were successfully anchored into 24 chromosomes of 843,582,782 bp and then annotated with 25,050 </span>protein-coding gene models. With the chromosome-scale assembly encompassing 98.7% of conserved actinopterygian genes and the annotation containing 97.0%, the quality and completeness of this <em>A. clarkii</em> genome is the highest amongst all published anemonefish genomes. The publication of this high-quality genome, along with <em>A. clarkii'</em>s many unique traits, position this species as an ideal model organism for addressing scientific questions across a range of disciplines.</p>
A genome-wide genetic screen uncovers novel determinants of human pigmentation
<p>1717.gwas.imputed_v3.both_sexes.variants.nolowconf.maf01.clumped.txt - GWAS results for LD-clumped genome-wide significant variants from White British skin color GWAS<br> 1717.gwas.imputed_v3.both_sexes.variants.nolowconf.maf01.pbsfilt.100kb.tsv - GWAS results for LD-pruned variants within 100kb of pro-melanin genes<br> eqtl.gwas.minpergene.txt - melanocyte eQTL and White British skin color GWAS results for SNPs near pro-melanin gene. Columns 1-12 are eQTL info, 13 onwards are GWAS info. Select rows with "closest" = TRUE and both p-values < 0.01 to recreate figure in the paper.<br> csv_and_r_script_files.tar- csv and R script files to recreate the figures in the paper. <br> PBS_Pigmentation.tar- txt and R script files to recreate PBS figures in the Figure <br> </p>
Fig. 6 in Characterization of the PRODUCTION of ANTHOCYANIN PIGMENT 1 Arabidopsis dominant mutant using DLEMMA dual isotope labeling approach
Fig. 6. Differential analysis of phenylpropanoid pathway metabolites between WT and pap1-D mutant Arabidopsis leaves. (A) Representation of differential metabolites found between WT and pap1-D in leaves. The data represents geometric fold change mean + standard deviation (SD) of four biological replicates. (B) The phenylpropanoid biosynthetic pathway and metabolites detected in the course of this study. The enzymes highlighted in red are those regulated by the PAP1 transcription factor according to the previous report from Tohge et al. (2005). Dash line denotes multiple enzymatic reactions in the pathway. PAL, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase; C4H, cinnamate 4-hydroxylase; 4CL, 4-coumarate-CoA ligase; CHS, chalcone synthase; CHI, chalcone isomerase; F3H, flavanone 3-hydroxylase; F3′H, flavonoid 3′-hydroxylase; FLS, flavonol synthase; FGT, flavonol glycosyltransferase; DFR, dihydroflavonol reductase; ANS, anthocyanidin synthase; AGT, anthocyani(di)n glycosyltransferase; AAT, anthocyanin acyltransferase. GST, glutathione S-transferase. The pathway was modified from Tohge et al. (2005).
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
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DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
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The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
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