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464 results for “Population Genetic Diversity”
Supplementary material 2 from: Degtjarenko P, Jüriado I, Mandel T, Tõrra T, Saag A, Scheidegger C, Randlane T (2019) Microsatellite based genetic diversity of the widespread epiphytic lichen Usnea subfloridana (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycota) in Estonia: comparison of populations from the mainland and an island. MycoKeys 58: 27-45. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.58.36557
Supplementary material 2 from: Degtjarenko P, Jüriado I, Mandel T, Tõrra T, Saag A, Scheidegger C, Randlane T (2019) Microsatellite based genetic diversity of the widespread epiphytic lichen Usnea subfloridana (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycota) in Estonia: comparison of populations from the mainland and an island. MycoKeys 58: 27-45. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.58.36557
The genetic diversity, phylogeography, and population structure of Pacific harbor seals reveal isolation at the southern end of their distribution
<p>The Pacific harbor seal (<em>Phoca vitulina richardii</em>) occurs in the Mexican Pacific region at the southernmost edge of the subspecies' distribution, along 700 km of coastline and on nine islands west of the Baja California peninsula. Its abundance corresponds to 3% of its total abundance in the north Pacific Ocean. The species is considered relatively sedentary and highly philopatric, which make it vulnerable to stochastic processes; thus, reproductive and genetic isolation of the Mexican Pacific colonies is expected. This study aimed to genetically characterize the harbor seal in the Mexican Pacific to inform conservation efforts. We estimated the levels of genetic diversity for five colonies, using a 572-base pair mitochondrial DNA control region fragment and nine microsatellite loci. We examined the population genetic structure and its phylogeographic patterns. We found 15 variable sites that defined 18 mitochondrial DNA haplotypes. Results show one of the lowest levels of diversity reported for the species (overall haplotype diversity <em>h</em> = 0.626 ± SD 0.041; overall nucleotide diversity π = 0.0018 ± SD 0.0013; mean expected heterozygosity H<sub>E</sub> = 0.537). We found a stronger genetic structure with both markers than in the larger regions of the north Pacific, from Alaska to California. The Pacific harbor seal colonies found in Mexico may have their origins in northern colonies, via a founder event. We found only four haplotypes in common with those observed (451) along the rest of the Pacific colonies, while nine of the 14 haplotypes exclusive to the Mexican Pacific are private.</p>
Soil requirements, genetic diversity and population history of the Juniperus sabina L. varieties in Europe and Asia
<p>Dataset comprises genotypes of 335 individuals of J. sabina. </p>
Figure 4 in Genetic diversity of Undaria pinnatifida populations from China and their genetic relationship with those from Įapan and Korea as revealed by mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences
Figure 4: Maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree inferred from the alignment of ITS1 sequences. Support values are shown as in Figure 3. The ribotypes detected in the Chinese samples in the present study are indicated with bold italicized fonts. Alaria esculenta was used as an outgroup to root the tree. The branch length is proportional to the sequence divergence indicated by the scale bar (substitutions per site).
Figure 3 in Genetic diversity of Undaria pinnatifida populations from China and their genetic relationship with those from Įapan and Korea as revealed by mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences
Figure 3: Maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree inferred from the alignment of the combined cox3 and tatC–tLeu sequences. Bootstrap values and Bayesian posterior probabilities>50% are shown, and "-" indicates a value <50%. The branch length is proportional to the sequence divergence indicated by the scale bar (substitutions per site). Refer to Uwai et al. (2006a) for explanation of the haplotype names and classification of the clades I to IV. The haplotypes detected in the Chinese samples in the present study are indicated with bold italicized fonts. Lessoniopsis littoralis was used as an outgroup to root the tree.
Figure 2 in Genetic diversity of Undaria pinnatifida populations from China and their genetic relationship with those from Įapan and Korea as revealed by mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences
Figure 2: Geographic distribution of haplotypes in natural and farmed populations of Undaria pinnatifida from China (A) and statistical parsimony network (B) of ITS1 sequences. The color areas in the pie charts are proportional to the ribotype frequency in the map. Small circles indicate undetected ribotypes. Each line connecting ribotypes represents one base mutation. The ribotypes detected in the Chinese samples in the present study are indicated in the ribotype network by the same colors as those in the map.
Figure 1 in Genetic diversity of Undaria pinnatifida populations from China and their genetic relationship with those from Įapan and Korea as revealed by mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences
Figure 1: Geographic distribution of haplotypes in natural and farmed populations of Undaria pinnatifida from China (A) and statistical parsimony network (B) of the combined cox3 and tatC–tLeu sequences. The color areas in the pie charts are proportional to the haplotype frequency in the map. Refer to Uwai et al. (2006a) and Table 3 for explanation of the haplotype names and classification of the clades I to IV, which are enclosed by boxes with lines of different patterns. Small circles indicate undetected haplotypes. Each line connecting haplotypes represents one base mutation. The haplotypes detected in the Chinese samples in the present study are indicated in the haplotype network with the same colors as those in the map.
Data files for: Hazardous loss of genetic diversity through selective sweeps in asexual populations
<p>With the two-fold cost of sex, derived asexual organisms have an immediate reproductive advantage over their sexual sisters. Yet the "twiggy'' phylogenetic distribution of asexual lineages implies that they go extinct relatively quickly over evolutionary time. Meanwhile, bacteria and archaea have persisted for billions of years without requiring sexual reproduction. A simple explanation for this difference is that prokaryotes have very large population sizes that are not subject to the accumulation of deleterious mutations, but this implies that drift and mutational meltdown dominate derived asexual populations. </p> <p>We explored a different hazard, quantifying the degree to which genetic variation is lost in asexual populations experiencing selective sweeps. Even though large populations generate diversity by mutation during sweeps, we find that populations that are safe from mutational meltdown may still be reduced to dangerous effective population sizes by sweeps. Thus, ironically, adaptation itself reduces further adaptive potential and may predispose asexual populations to extinction. Our data give results for the probability of mutational meltdown across various population sizes, the critical population size required to avoid meltdown, and the effect of selective sweeps on heterozygosity. Analytical predictions are confirmed by simulation.</p> <p>We also derive a simple approximation for the effective population size after a hard sweep, and quantify the impact of recent sweeps on evolutionary rescue. These factors may help to explain the phylogenetic twigginess of asexuals, the maintenance of sex and recombination, and the evolutionary persistence of prokaryotes.</p>
Microsatellite markers for assessing genetic diversity and kinship relationships in one of the largest South American fur seal (Arctocephalus australis) populations of the Pacific Ocean
<p class="CuerpoAA">The genetic diversity of a population is the foundation of its adaptability to environmental challenges. The South American fur seal is a widely distributed pinniped in the south cone of South America. However, a large gap in the Pacific coast separates two distinct evolutionary units for the species: the Peruvian and the Southern Pacific/Atlantic populations. Throughout the Pacific, one of the main breeding colonies is located in Guafo Island, in the southern Chilean Patagonia. As the closest reproductive population to the isolated Peruvian group, Guafo's colony may potentially facilitate gene flow, contribute with new alleles and increase genetic variability to Peruvian populations', connecting the entire Pacific's distribution of the species. In this study, Guafo's Island South American fur seal population was characterized by the identification and genotyping of species-specific microsatellite markers. As a result, we confirm that Guafo's colony is a diverse group with mild evidence of genetic structure. Although a couple of family groups among seasons were observed, results indicate that half-siblings are rare and suggest that polygyny in this species is more relaxed than previously thought. Additionally, three full-sibling pairs were genetically identified within the 2017 season, which is the first genetic support that describes the presence of twins for the species. These attributes suggest that the colony at Guafo is a panmictic large group, and could serve as a potential genetic source for other isolated populations.</p>
Genetic diversity, differentiation and historical origin of the isolated population of rooksCorvus frugilegusin Iberia
<p>Current bird populations in southern temperate latitudes often represent relicts of glacial refugia from which northern populations expanded as the climate became suitable following the last glacial maximum, 18 000 years before present. Alternatively, these southern populations could be the result of the fragmentation of large distributions and other processes not related to glaciations, like recent recolonization from northern populations and human impact in historical times. Here, we investigate the origin of a small, isolated population of rooks Corvus frugilegus in north-western Iberia. We use genetic data from mitochondrial sequence markers and seven microsatellite loci to assess levels of genetic diversity, structure and gene flow among extant populations in Iberia and its broad distribution across western Europe. Microsatellite markers revealed the existence of two genetic clusters corresponding to Iberia and the remaining European populations, respectively. Haplotype networks based on mtDNA markers revealed a marked star-like phylogenetic pattern and evidence of a recent population expansion in northern Europe, but not in the Iberian population. Our results suggest that contemporary gene flow between Iberia and western Europe is restricted, and that breeding recruitment over recent generations in the Iberian population is local. The results are consistent with a relatively recent post-glacial colonization of Europe and western Siberia by rooks surviving the last glacial maximum in an Iberian refugium, and likely from refugia in other southern peninsulas. The unique ecological features and genetic differentiation of the Iberian rooks underscore the importance of ensuring the long-term conservation of this declining population.</p>
Data from: Using a reference population yardstick to calibrate and compare genetic diversity reported in different studies: an example from the brown bear.
In species with large geographic ranges, genetic diversity of different populations may be well studied, but differences in loci and sample sizes can make the results of different studies difficult to compare. Yet, such comparisons are important for assessing the status of populations of conservation concern. We propose a simple approach of using a single well-studied reference population as a "yardstick" to calibrate results of different studies to the same scale, enabling comparisons. We use a well-studied large carnivore, the brown bear (Ursus arctos), as a case study to demonstrate the approach. As a reference population, we genotyped 513 brown bears from Slovenia using 20 polymorphic microsatellite loci. We used this dataset to calibrate and compare heterozygosity and allelic richness for 30 brown bear populations from 10 different studies across the global distribution of the species. The simplicity of the reference population approach makes it useful for other species, enabling comparisons of genetic diversity estimates between previously incompatible studies and improving our understanding of how genetic diversity is distributed along a species range.
Spatial pattern of genetic diversity in field populations of Fusarium incarnatum-equiseti species complex
<p><i>Fusarium</i> is associated with a number of wilt, blight, scab and rot diseases in a range of economically important staple food crops worldwide. An assessment of the genetic structure and population stratification of <i>Fusarium incarnatum-equiseti</i> species complex (FIESC) pathogen populations is important to understand the evolutionary potential of such populations in adapting to environmental change. Based on inter-simple sequence repeat polymerase chain reaction (ISSR-PCR), it was found that the pathogen population was structured into three genetic clusters for which genetic differentiation was higher within than among populations. There was high intra-population genetic diversity for population 1 (94.63%) which consisted largely of isolates collected from North Trinidad. Populations 2 and 3 had a low level of admixture among the populations based on overall population differentiation. Population 1 accounted for the highest amount of genetic variation (95.82%) followed by populations 2 and 3. Population stratification was reflected in the dendrogram topology, which consisted of three main genetic clusters and which coincided with the outcome of Bayesian and PCoA analyses. The populations were isolated by distance and Voronoi tessellations indicated physical or structural barriers to gene flow which contributed to restricted admixture between two of three populations. These findings suggest a high evolutionary potential for this FIESC pathogen population, the implications of which directly affect disease management strategies.</p>
FIGURE 4 in Population Structure and Genetic Diversity in Delphinium (Ranunculaceae) Using Scot Molecular Markers
FIGURE 4: WARD tree of SCoT data revealing species delimitation in the Delphinium sp1= D. teheranicum; sp2= D. camptocarpum; sp3= D. lorestanicum; sp4= D. leptocarpum; sp5= D. persicum; sp 6= D. aucheri; sp7= D. anthoroideum; sp8= D. hohenackeri; sp9= D. stocksianum; sp10: D. rugulosum; sp11: D. ambiguum; sp12= D. ajacis; sp13= D. consolida; sp14= D. oliverianum; sp15= D. flavum; sp16= D. trigonelloides; sp17= D. oliganthum; sp18= D. linarioides; sp19= D. paradoxum.
FIGURE. 3 in Population Structure and Genetic Diversity in Delphinium (Ranunculaceae) Using Scot Molecular Markers
FIGURE. 3. Electrophoresis gel of studied ecotypes from DNA fragments produced by SCoT-15. sp1= D. teheranicum; sp2= D. camptocarpum; sp3= D. lorestanicum; sp4= D. leptocarpum; sp5= D. persicum; sp 6= D. aucheri; sp7= D. anthoroideum; sp8= D. hohenackeri; sp9= D. stocksianum; sp10: D. rugulosum; sp11: D. ambiguum; sp12= D. ajacis; sp13= D. consolida; sp14= D. oliverianum; sp15= D. flavum; sp16= D. trigonelloides; sp17= D. oliganthum; sp18= D. linarioides; sp19= D. paradoxum. L = Ladder 100 bp,
FIGURE 2 in Population Structure and Genetic Diversity in Delphinium (Ranunculaceae) Using Scot Molecular Markers
FIGURE 2: PCA plot of morphological characters revealing species delimitation in the Delphinium species; sp1= D. teheranicum; sp2= D. camptocarpum; sp3= D. lorestanicum; sp4= D. leptocarpum; sp5= D. persicum; sp 6= D. aucheri; sp7= D. anthoroideum; sp8= D. hohenackeri; sp9= D. stocksianum; sp10: D. rugulosum; sp11: D. ambiguum; sp12= D. ajacis; sp13= D. consolida; sp14= D. oliverianum; sp15= D. flavum; sp16= D. trigonelloides; sp17= D. oliganthum; sp18= D. linarioides; sp19= D. paradoxum.
FIGURE. 1 in Population Structure and Genetic Diversity in Delphinium (Ranunculaceae) Using Scot Molecular Markers
FIGURE. 1. Map of Iran shows the collection sites and provinces where Delphinium species were obtained for this study; sp1= D. teheranicum; sp2= D. camptocarpum; sp3= D. lorestanicum; sp4= D. leptocarpum; sp5= D. persicum; sp 6= D. aucheri; sp7= D. anthoroideum; sp8= D. hohenackeri; sp9= D. stocksianum; sp10: D. rugulosum; sp11: D. ambiguum; sp12= D. ajacis; sp13= D. consolida
Holocene climate changes explain the spatial pattern in genetic diversity in populations of Cyperus papyrus from Southeast Africa wetlands
<p>Wetlands are one of the most threatened ecosystems in the world because more than 70% of the area worldwide has been lost since 1900. Wetland plant species rely greatly on water for seeds and propagules, which may lead to a downstream unidirectional dispersal and accumulation of genetic diversity downstream. However, several species show no support for unidirectional genetic diversity, revealing the complexity of population dynamics and gene flow in wetlands. Here, we used microsatellite loci to address how the past demographic dynamics shaped the contemporary spatial pattern in genetic diversity and population structure of <em>Cyperus papyrus</em> in wetlands of Southeast Africa. Using spatially explicit analysis and coalescent modelling we found no support for unidirectional dispersal. Instead, we found higher genetic diversity in populations upstream than downstream in the river basin. We also found high admixture among populations, most likely due to connections between adjacent river basins during sporadic floods, and ongoing gene flow due to bird-mediated seed dispersal. Our results suggest stepping-stone migration due to strong isolation-by-distance, but not necessarily unidirectional. Moreover, the past demographic dynamics in the Holocene shaped the current pattern of genetic diversity and structure, leading to higher genetic diversity in populations upstream of the Zambezi river basin. Our results also point to the very low genetic diversity of <em>C</em>. <em>papyrus</em> populations in Southeast Africa and the need for management and conservation strategies to guarantee the long-term persistence of the species in the region.</p>
Genetic diversity and spread dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 variants present in African populations
<p>The dynamics of coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) have been extensively researched in many settings around the world, but little is known about these patterns in Africa. 7540 complete nucleotide genomes from 51 African nations were obtained and analysed from the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) and Global Initiative on Sharing Influenza Data (GISAID) databases to examine genetic diversity and spread dynamics of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) lineages circulating in Africa. Utilising a variety of clade and lineage nomenclature schemes, we looked at their diversity, and used maximum parsimony inference methods to recreate their evolutionary divergence and history. According to this study, only 465 of the 2610 Pango lineages found to have existed in the world circulated in Africa after three years of the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak, with five different lineages dominating at various points during the outbreak. We identified South Africa, Kenya, and Nigeria as key sources of viral transmissions between Sub-Saharan African nations. These findings provide insight into the viral strains that are circulating in Africa and their evolutionary patterns.</p>
Genetic diversity of Avena ventricosa populations along an ecogeographical transect in Cyprus is correlated to environmental variables
<p>genetic data</p>
Fig. 1 in Multilocus population analysis of Gavia immer (Aves: Gaviidae) mtDNA reveals low genetic diversity and lack of differentiation across the species breeding range
Fig. 1 Haplotype network constructed using the median joining method. Haplotype numbers are indicated. Circle patterns represent coastal sampling locations: GZ Galicia, Spain, MX Mexico, GE Germany, NJ New Jersey, US, MI Michigan, US, CA Canada, FL Florida, US. Circle surfaces are roughly proportional to the number of individuals with each haplotype (Table 3)
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Allen Brain Atlas
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