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FIGURE 11 in Systematic revision of the Potamotrygon scobina Garman, 1913 species-complex (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes: Potamotrygonidae), with the description of three new freshwater stingray species from Brazil and comments on their distribution and biogeography

FIGURE 11. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) images of the dermal denticles of Potamotrygon scobina (MZUSP 104245, adult male, 543 mm DW). A. Rostral region. B. Rostral region in detail. C. Dorsal head region. D. Dorsal head region in detail. E. Dorsal caudal region. F. Dorsal caudal region in detail. Abbreviations: Bp, basal plate; Br, basal ridge; Cr, coronal ridge; Co, corona; Cd, coronal dichotomy; Cp, coronal plate.

FIGURE 12 in Systematic revision of the Potamotrygon scobina Garman, 1913 species-complex (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes: Potamotrygonidae), with the description of three new freshwater stingray species from Brazil and comments on their distribution and biogeography

FIGURE 12. Ventral lateral-line canals of Potamotrygon scobina (based on MZUSP 104245). A. Overall arrangement. B. Anterior portion in detail, left side. Abbreviations: ACH, angular component of hyomandibular canal; AJL, anterior jugular loop; AST, anterior subpleural tubules; CON, orbitonasal component of supraorbital canal; HYC, hyomandibular canal; IOC, infraorbital canal; IOL, infraorbital loop; JCH, jugular component of hyomandibular canal; JUG, jugular canal; NAS, nasal canal; NIL, nasointerior loop; PJL, posterior jugular loop; PNC, prenasal component of nasal canal; PNL, prenasal loop; PST, posterior subpleural tubules; SOC, supraorbital canal; SOL, suborbital loop; SOI, suborbital component of infraorbital canal; SPC, subpleural component of hyomandibular canal; SPL, subpleural loop; SRC, subrostral component of supraorbital canal.

FIGURE 10 in Systematic revision of the Potamotrygon scobina Garman, 1913 species-complex (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes: Potamotrygonidae), with the description of three new freshwater stingray species from Brazil and comments on their distribution and biogeography

FIGURE 10. Morphological variation in dermal denticles of Potamotrygon scobina (MZUSP 104247, adult male, 503 mm DW). A. Rostral region. B. Rostral region in detail. C. Dorsal head region. D. Dorsal head region in detail. E. Dorsal caudal region. F. Dorsal caudal region in detail.

FIGURE 9 in Systematic revision of the Potamotrygon scobina Garman, 1913 species-complex (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes: Potamotrygonidae), with the description of three new freshwater stingray species from Brazil and comments on their distribution and biogeography

FIGURE 9. Color variation in Potamotrygon scobina. A. MZUSP 104256 (adult male, 414 mm DW). B. MZUSP 104268 (adult female, 396 mm DW). C. MZUSP 104261 (adult? female, 314 mm DW). MZUSP 104247 (adult male, 503 mm DW).

FIGURE 7 in Systematic revision of the Potamotrygon scobina Garman, 1913 species-complex (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes: Potamotrygonidae), with the description of three new freshwater stingray species from Brazil and comments on their distribution and biogeography

FIGURE 7. Details of Potamotrygon scobina (MZUSP 104247, adult male, 503 mm DW). A. Dorsal head and snout region (scale bar = 100 mm). B. Mouth and nostrils (scale bar = 15 mm). C. Dorsal view of tail origin, pelvic fins, and dorsal thorn rows (scale bar = 50 mm). D. Ventral view of pelvic fins, claspers, and cloaca (scale bar = 50 mm).

FIGURE 8 in Systematic revision of the Potamotrygon scobina Garman, 1913 species-complex (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes: Potamotrygonidae), with the description of three new freshwater stingray species from Brazil and comments on their distribution and biogeography

FIGURE 8. Teeth of Potamotrygon scobina. A, C, D. Upper jaw. B. Lower jaw. A, B: MZUSP 104245 (adult male, 543 mm DW); C: MZUSP 104261 (female, 314 mm DW); D: MZUSP 104243 (adult female, 459 mm DW).

FIGURE 5 in Systematic revision of the Potamotrygon scobina Garman, 1913 species-complex (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes: Potamotrygonidae), with the description of three new freshwater stingray species from Brazil and comments on their distribution and biogeography

FIGURE 5. Skeletal features of the holotype of Potamotrygon scobina (MCZ-602s, juvenile male, 238 mm DW) from radiographs. A. Ventral view (scale bar = 40 mm). B. Ventral view of head region (scale bar = 10 mm). C. Pelvic girdle (scale bar = 15 mm). D. Angular cartilages in detail, right side. Abbreviations: AAC, anterior angular cartilage; BP, basipterigium; HYO, hyomandibula; LAC, lateral angular cartilage; MC, Meckel's cartilage; MES, mesopterygium; MET, metapterygium; PAC, posterior angular cartilage; PIB, puboischiadic bar; PQ, palatoquadrate; PRO, propterygium.

FIGURE 6 in Systematic revision of the Potamotrygon scobina Garman, 1913 species-complex (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes: Potamotrygonidae), with the description of three new freshwater stingray species from Brazil and comments on their distribution and biogeography

FIGURE 6. Potamotrygon scobina (MZUSP 104247, adult male, 503 mm DW, Baia do Marajó, Colares, rio Tocantins, Pará, Brazil, 0°55'34.68"S, 48°17'25.44"W). A. Dorsal view; B. Ventral view.

FIGURE 4 in Systematic revision of the Potamotrygon scobina Garman, 1913 species-complex (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes: Potamotrygonidae), with the description of three new freshwater stingray species from Brazil and comments on their distribution and biogeography

FIGURE 4. Teeth and dermal denticles of the holotype of Potamotrygon scobina (MCZ-602s, juvenile male, 238 mm DW). A. Tooth band of lower jaw. B. Tooth band of upper jaw. C. Lower jaw teeth in detail. D. Upper jaw teeth in detail. E. Denticles of cranial region. F. Dorsal tail thorns at base of tail. G. Denticles of cranial region in detail. H. Dorsal thorns at base of tail in lateral view.

FIGURE 3 in Systematic revision of the Potamotrygon scobina Garman, 1913 species-complex (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes: Potamotrygonidae), with the description of three new freshwater stingray species from Brazil and comments on their distribution and biogeography

FIGURE 3. Morphological details of the holotype of Potamotrygon scobina (MCZ-602s, juvenile male, 238 mm DW). A. Dorsal head and snout (scale bar = 30 mm). B. Mouth and nostrils (scale bar = 5 mm). C. Detail of the original pigmentation spots on the posterior pectoral fin (scale bar = 10 mm). D. Ventral view of the pelvic fins, claspers and cloaca (scale bar = 10 mm). E. Dorsal view of pelvic fins, tail origin and dorsal thorns (scale bar = 15 mm).

FIGURE 2 in Systematic revision of the Potamotrygon scobina Garman, 1913 species-complex (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes: Potamotrygonidae), with the description of three new freshwater stingray species from Brazil and comments on their distribution and biogeography

FIGURE 2. Holotype of Potamotrygon scobina (MCZ-602s, juvenile male, 238 mm DW, rio Tocantins at Cametá, Pará, Brazil). A. Dorsal view. B. Ventral view.

FIGURE 1 in Systematic revision of the Potamotrygon scobina Garman, 1913 species-complex (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes: Potamotrygonidae), with the description of three new freshwater stingray species from Brazil and comments on their distribution and biogeography

FIGURE 1. The Potamotrygon scobina species complex (forms recognized herein as distinct species, shown here for comparion, following Fontenelle 2013). A. Potamotrygon garmani sp. nov. B. Potamotrygon amazona sp. nov. C. Potamotrygon scobina. D. Potamotrygon adamastor sp. nov. E. Potamotrygon limai.

FIGURE 10 in Potamotrygon tigrina, a new species of freshwater stingray from the upper Amazon basin, closely related to Potamotrygon schroederi Fernandez-Yépez, 1958 (Chondrichthyes: Potamotrygonidae)

FIGURE 10. Freshly captured specimens of Potamotrygon schroederi from Venezuela (Orinoco basin). A) Dorsal view of AUM 44507 (Río Orinoco, island west of Puerto Venado, adult male, 780 mm TL, 470 mm DL, 420 mm DW). B) Dorsal view of ANSP 191999 (Río Ventuari, adult female, 605 mm TL, 395 mm DL, 358 mm DW).

FIGURE 15 in Potamotrygon tigrina, a new species of freshwater stingray from the upper Amazon basin, closely related to Potamotrygon schroederi Fernandez-Yépez, 1958 (Chondrichthyes: Potamotrygonidae)

FIGURE 15. Morphological details of Potamotrygon schroederi from Rio Negro, Brazil. A) Dorsal anterior head and snout region (MZUSP 108453). B) Ventral snout and nasoral region (MZUSP 108452). C) Dorsal view of pelvic fin (MZUSP 108452). D) Ventral view of pelvis fins (MZUSP 108455). E) Dorsal view of posterior disc and tail base region in freshly captured adult female specimen (depicted Figure 12A; specimen not preserved). F) Detail of lateral disc color in freshly captured adult female specimen (depicted in Figure 12D; specimen not preserved). Scale bars in A, B, E and F = 5 cm; in C and D = 2.5 cm

FIGURE 16 in Potamotrygon tigrina, a new species of freshwater stingray from the upper Amazon basin, closely related to Potamotrygon schroederi Fernandez-Yépez, 1958 (Chondrichthyes: Potamotrygonidae)

FIGURE 16. Dorsal tail base region in specimens of Potamotrygon schroederi from Rio Negro, Brazil, showing distinct coloration and arrangement of tail spines and denticles. A-B) MZUSP 108453 (689 mm TL, 444 mm DL, 409 mm DW). C-D) MZUSP 108452 (741 mm TL, 444 mm DL, 395 mm DW). E) MZUSP 108445 (501 mm TL, 320 mm DL, 290 mm DW). F) MZUSP 108455 (319 mm TL, 202 mm DL, 188 mm DW). Scale bars = 5 cm.

FIGURE 5 in Potamotrygon tigrina, a new species of freshwater stingray from the upper Amazon basin, closely related to Potamotrygon schroederi Fernandez-Yépez, 1958 (Chondrichthyes: Potamotrygonidae)

FIGURE 5. Details of the skeleton and dermal covering in Potamotrygon tigrina, n. sp., from holotype (MUSM 39978, 495 mm TL, 271 mm DL, and 258 mm DW). A) Splanchnocranium and scapular region (most of gill arches removed). B) Close-up of angular cartilage. C) Base of tail region showing arrangement of dorsal spines and denticles.

FIGURE 2 in Potamotrygon tigrina, a new species of freshwater stingray from the upper Amazon basin, closely related to Potamotrygon schroederi Fernandez-Yépez, 1958 (Chondrichthyes: Potamotrygonidae)

FIGURE 2. Freshly captured holotype of Potamotrygon tigrina, n. sp., in dorsal view, showing live coloration (MUSM 39978, juvenile male, Río Nanay, near Iquitos, Peru; 495 mm TL, 271 mm DL, and 258 mm DW).

FIGURE 17 in Potamotrygon tigrina, a new species of freshwater stingray from the upper Amazon basin, closely related to Potamotrygon schroederi Fernandez-Yépez, 1958 (Chondrichthyes: Potamotrygonidae)

FIGURE 17. Skeletal features, dermal denticles and dorsal tail spines of Potamotrygon schroederi. A) Head, visceral arch, and scapular region. B) Close-up of angular cartilage. C) Base of tail region showing arrangement of dorsal spines and denticles. Based on AUM 44507 (adult male, 780 mm TL).

FIGURE 3 in Potamotrygon tigrina, a new species of freshwater stingray from the upper Amazon basin, closely related to Potamotrygon schroederi Fernandez-Yépez, 1958 (Chondrichthyes: Potamotrygonidae)

FIGURE 3. Morphological details of holotype of Potamotrygon tigrina, n. sp. (MUSM 39978). A) Dorsal head and snout region. B) Nasoral region. C) Posterior disc and dorsal tail base region. D) Ventral view of pelvic fins. E) Posterior right side of disc, in dorsal view. F) Dorsal view of pelvic fins. Scale bars = 1 cm.

FIGURE 8 in Potamotrygon tigrina, a new species of freshwater stingray from the upper Amazon basin, closely related to Potamotrygon schroederi Fernandez-Yépez, 1958 (Chondrichthyes: Potamotrygonidae)

FIGURE 8. Río Nanay at Pampa Chica, large sandy beach along left bank of hairpin curve in river (flowing towards right), approximately 11 river km upstream from confluence with Río Amazonas and 4 km west of Iquitos center. Photo taken August 18, 2003. Large sandy beach where ANSP 182452 was collected in 2005 is largely submerged. Photograph by M. Sabaj Pérez.