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Figure 6 in Metamorphosis and evolution of feeding behaviour in salamanders of the family Plethodontidae

Figure 6. Box plots of gape cycle duration for all stages and species. Adults are shown as shaded boxes, and larvae as open boxes. Note the much longer gape cycles of the adults compared to the larvae. S. marginatus adults fall closer to the larvae of other species than to the adults. Adult G. porphyriticus and P. ruber are more variable in gape cycle duration when feeding aquatically than terrestrially. Box edges represent lower and upper quartiles (showing skewness), the length of the box is the interquartile range (showing dispersion), the vertical line is the median (showing location), and the horizontal lines are drawn to the smallest and largest values within 1.5 interquartile ranges of the box edges. Dots indicate the entire range of durations. When only one feeding was recorded, only a vertical line is shown. Abbreviations: Dm = D. marmoratus; Dq = D. quadramaculatus; Ew = E. wilderae; Gp = G. porphyriticus; Pr = P. ruber; Sm = S. marginatus.

Figure 7 in Metamorphosis and evolution of feeding behaviour in salamanders of the family Plethodontidae

Figure 7. Video sequence of an adult P. ruber capturing a cricket terrestrially using tongue protraction. Note the tongue length and speed of protraction, the free tongue pad, the forward lunge, and the head elevation during tongue retraction and subsequent head dipping. Scale bar = 1 cm.

Figure 15 in Metamorphosis and evolution of feeding behaviour in salamanders of the family Plethodontidae

Figure 15. Kinematic profiles of aquatic jaw prehension in adult S. marginatus. Note the symmetrical gape profile and the strong hyobranchial depression upon mouth closing, similar to the patterns for suction feeding (see Fig. 5) but with a shallower increase in hyobranchial depression distance. Head movements show the typical pattern of mirroring jaw movements.

Figure 8 in Metamorphosis and evolution of feeding behaviour in salamanders of the family Plethodontidae

Figure 8. Bar graphs of gape cycle duration and lunge distance for four species of adult plethodontids feeding terrestrially. D. quadramaculatus and G. porphyriticus have significantly longer gape cycle durations than P. ruber, and D. quadramaculatus lunges significantly farther than P. ruber. Bars sharing the same letter are not significantly different from one another. Number of feedings (n) is given for each species.

Figure 1 in Metamorphosis and evolution of feeding behaviour in salamanders of the family Plethodontidae

Figure 1. Points digitized from video frames for kinematic analysis of adults (A) and larvae (B). Labels shown here correspond to those in the text.

Figure 2 in Metamorphosis and evolution of feeding behaviour in salamanders of the family Plethodontidae

Figure 2. High-speed video sequence of a larval D. quadramaculatus capturing a tubifex worm using suction feeding. The salamander depresses the hyobranchial apparatus, expanding the buccal cavity ventrally and sucking the prey from the forceps. The prey moves toward the salamander, while the salamander remains relatively stationary. As in all video sequences presented, time in milliseconds is shown from the onset of mouth opening at zero. Scale bar = 1 cm.

Figure 3 in Metamorphosis and evolution of feeding behaviour in salamanders of the family Plethodontidae

Figure 3. Video sequence of a larval G. porphyriticus capturing a tubifex worm using suction feeding. The salamander raises the head during mouth opening to direct the gape at the prey, and the buccal cavity is expanded ventrally, reaching maximum expansion as the mouth closes. Background is 5 mm grid.

Figure 8 in A Late Jurassic salamander (Amphibia: Caudata) from the Morrison Formation of North America

Figure 8. Phylogenetic tree showing suggested relationship of Iridotriton within Caudata. Node 1: Caudata; Node 2: Urodela (minimally ch. 9–12 in Iridotriton, see text); Node 3: Cryptobranchoidea; Node 4: stem-salamandroids (minimally ch. 15 in Iridotriton); Node 5: unnamed clade (Evans & Milner, 1996; ch. 1, 3–4); Node 6: Salamandroidea (minimally ch. 8).

Figure 7 in A Late Jurassic salamander (Amphibia: Caudata) from the Morrison Formation of North America

Figure 7. Iridotriton hechti gen. et sp. nov., DINO 16453b. Detail of caudal vertebra with spinal nerve foramen. Abbreviations: p.zy, posterior zygapophyses; sp.f, spinal nerve foramen. Scale bar = 1 mm.

Figure 3 in A Late Jurassic salamander (Amphibia: Caudata) from the Morrison Formation of North America

Figure 3. Iridotriton hechti gen. et sp. nov., DINO 16453b. Abbreviations: CaS.V, caudosacral vertebra; Ca.V, caudal vertebra; L.Fe, left femur; L.Fi, left fibula; L.Il, left ilium; Pe, elements of pes; Ps, presacral vertebra; Rb.b, ribbearer; Sa.rb, sacral rib; Sa.V, sacral vertebra; sp.f, spinal nerve foramen; Ta, tarsal; L.Ti, left tibia; tr, trochanter. Scale bar = 1 mm.

Figure 4 in A Late Jurassic salamander (Amphibia: Caudata) from the Morrison Formation of North America

Figure 4. Iridotriton hechti gen. et sp. nov., DINO 16453a, digital reconstruction of dorsal surface based on highresolution computed tomography. Abbreviations: At, atlas; C, C1-2, carpals; L.An, left angular; L.D, left dentary; L.H, left humerus; L.Mx, left maxilla; L.Oc, left otic capsule; L.Pmx, left premaxilla; L.Pra, left prearticular; L.Prf, left prefrontal; L.Ra, left radius; L.ScC, left scapulocoracoid; L.Sq, left squamosal; Ph, phalanx; Ps, parasphenoid; Q, quadrate; R.D, right dentary; R.H, right humerus; R.Mx, right maxilla; R.Oc, right otic capsule (small arrow points to foramen for endolymphatic duct); R.P, right parietal; R.Pmx, right premaxilla; R.Pt, right pterygoid; R.Ra, right radius; R.ScC, right scapulocoracoid; R.Sq, right squamosal; Ul.I, fused ulnare and intermedium. Scale bar = 1 mm.

Figure 5 in A Late Jurassic salamander (Amphibia: Caudata) from the Morrison Formation of North America

Figure 5. Iridotriton hechti gen. et sp. nov., DINO 16453a, digital reconstruction of ventral surface of specimen based on high-resolution computed tomography. Abbreviations: C, C2-3, carpals; Fr, frontal; L.D, left dentary; L.H, left humerus; L.Pt, parts of left pterygoid; L.Ra, left radius; L.ScC, left scapulocoracoid; Ph, phalanges; Ps, parasphenoid; Q, quadrate; R.An, right angular; R.D, right dentary; R.H, right humerus; R.Mx, right maxilla; R.Oc, right otic capsule; R.P, right parietal; R.Pmx, right premaxilla; R.Ra, right radius; R.ScC, scapulocoracoid (small arrow points to supracoracoid foramen); R.Ul, right ulna; Sp, sphenethmoid; Ul.I, fused ulnare and intermedium; V, vomer;? unidentified fragment. Scale bar = 1 mm.

Figure 2 in A Late Jurassic salamander (Amphibia: Caudata) from the Morrison Formation of North America

Figure 2. Iridotriton hechti gen. et sp. nov., DINO 16453a. Abbreviations: At, atlas; cr.V, crista ventralis humeri; d.hd, distal head of humerus; L.H, left humerus; L.Ra, left radius; L.ScC, left scapulocoracoid; Ph + Mc, phalanges and metacarpals; Ps, presacral vertebra; Rb, rib; Rb.b, rib-bearer; R.D, right dentary; R.H, right humerus; R.Oc, right otic capsule; R.ScC, right scapulocoracoid; Ul-l, fused ulnare and intermedium; Un, ungual phalanx. Scale bar = 1 mm.

Figure 1 in A Late Jurassic salamander (Amphibia: Caudata) from the Morrison Formation of North America

Figure 1. Iridotriton hechti gen. et sp. nov., holotype. Main figure (left) DINO 16453a; adjoining figure (right), DINO 16453b. Scale bar = 1 mm.

Fig. 2 in Larval Development And Habitat Usage Of Stream-Breeding Fire Salamanders In An Urban Environment

Fig. 2. Changes in the number of salamander larvae and rainfall. The bold black continuous line shows the mean number of salamander larvae detected during the surveys in the three 10 day intervals of months in Hűvös-ér stream, 2011–2014. The bar graph shows the mean amount (and SD) of precipitation (mm) during the three 10-day intervals of months

Fig. 3 in Larval Development And Habitat Usage Of Stream-Breeding Fire Salamanders In An Urban Environment

Fig. 3. Mean density of salamander larvae (number of larvae/m2) detected in the 16 segments during surveys every 10 days in "Hűvös-ér" stream, 2011–2014 (2011: thin line, 2012:

Fig. 5 in Larval Development And Habitat Usage Of Stream-Breeding Fire Salamanders In An Urban Environment

Fig. 5. Mean number of salamander larvae detected per a year in the "releasing" 2–6 upper segments (continuous bold line), in the "strong collector" middle segments: 7–9 (dashed line) and the "weak collector" lower segments: 10–13 (dotted line) during surveys every 10 days in "Hűvös-ér" stream between 2011–2014. Data from segment 1 have not been plotted because larvae were present at only one time point

Fig. 1 in Larval Development And Habitat Usage Of Stream-Breeding Fire Salamanders In An Urban Environment

Fig. 1. Segments of "Hűvös-ér" stream, where Salamandra salamandra larvae were surveyed. (Numbers indicate individual stream segments, bold meandering line = main branch of the stream, thin branch- ing line = tributaries of the stream, straight lines = segment boundaries, four-pointed stars at segment boundaries and in the stream bed = water steps, double line = main road between Budapest and Solymár, P = "Paprikás"-stream)