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opennotspecifiedApr 2019View details →

FIGURES 5a–f in Revision of the Old World species of the genus Tephritis (Diptera, Tephritidae) with a pair of isolated apical spots

FIGURES 5a–f. Tephritis bardanae: a—habitus ♀; b—syntype of Trypeta confusa Meigen; c–f—wing. Scale bar = 1 mm.

opennotspecifiedApr 2019View details →

FIGURES 2a–h in Revision of the Old World species of the genus Tephritis (Diptera, Tephritidae) with a pair of isolated apical spots

FIGURES 2a–h. Tephritis, spp. wings: a—T. valida; b—T. kogardtauica; c—T. dilacerata dilacerata; d—T. dilacerata kaszabi; e—T. kovalevi kovalevi; f—T. kovalevi kumana; g—T. formosa; h—T. youngiana. Scale bar = 1 mm.

opennotspecifiedApr 2019View details →

FIGURES 1a–h in Revision of the Old World species of the genus Tephritis (Diptera, Tephritidae) with a pair of isolated apical spots

FIGURES 1a–h. Tephritis, spp. wings: a—T. bardanae; b—T. zernyi; c—T. ghissarica; d—T. kyrghyzica; e—T. hyoscyami; f—T. hendeliana; g—T. postica; h—T. theryi. Scale bar = 1 mm.

Fig. 8 Fitness landscape for models 7 and 8 in Modelling sympatric speciation by means of biologically plausible mechanistic processes as exemplified by threespine stickleback species pairs

Fig. 8 Fitness landscape for models 7 and 8. Relative fitness is a function of trait T1 and trait T2. Epistasis is modelled as follows:

Fig. 5 The probability that a female accepts a in Modelling sympatric speciation by means of biologically plausible mechanistic processes as exemplified by threespine stickleback species pairs

Fig. 5 The probability that a female accepts a male as a mate is a function of the morphological difference between them, and her stringency of choosiness S (here T ¼ S þ 0: 25), as in model 4 (variants applied in models 6 and 8). In the figure, 3 values of S are shown; S can have all values that are averages of two allelic values (from 64 or 256 equidistant values from 0 to 1)

Fig. 3 Model 1. a in Modelling sympatric speciation by means of biologically plausible mechanistic processes as exemplified by threespine stickleback species pairs

Fig. 3 Model 1. a Typical initial distribution of the allelic values at generation 0. b Typical distribution of the allelic values at generation 100. c Typical distribution of T, the phenotypic values, at generation 100. Nm = Nf =100; σ =0.25; μ = 1%; n = 256 alleles. Similar results were obtained in 20 out of 20 replicate simulations with σ =0.25, in 13 out of 20 replicate simulations with σ =0.5, and in 0 out of 10 replicate simulations with σ =1

Fig. 6 Model 4 in Modelling sympatric speciation by means of biologically plausible mechanistic processes as exemplified by threespine stickleback species pairs

Fig. 6 Model 4: Reinforcement of stringency of assortative mating. Columns: 1 Typical distribution of morphology alleles; 2 typical distribution of morphology phenotypes T; 3 typical distribution of stringency of choosiness alleles. Rows: 1 Generation 0, 2 generation

opennotspecifiedNov 2021View details →

Fig. 4 Chromosome pair 6 bearing 5S in Integrated analysis reveals a new species of Corydoras Lacépède, 1803 (Siluriformes: Callichthyidae) in the lower Iguassu River, Brazil

Fig. 4 Chromosome pair 6 bearing 5S (red) and 18S (green) rDNA showing the synteny of these sites. In the first line is C. carlae and in the second line is Corydoras sp

opennotspecifiedMar 2015View details →

FIGURE 1. Zeuxine flava & Z. sakagutii. A–I. Zeuxine flava. J–R. Z. sakagutii. A, J. Habit. B, K. Flower. C, L. Lip. D, M. Calli. E, N. Column. F, O. Anther cap. G, P. Pollinia. H, Q. Ovary and column. I, R in Morphological comparisons of two pairs of easily confused species in subtribe Goodyerinae (Cranichideae; Orchidaceae)

FIGURE 1. Zeuxine flava & Z. sakagutii. A–I. Zeuxine flava. J–R. Z. sakagutii. A, J. Habit. B, K. Flower. C, L. Lip. D, M. Calli. E, N. Column. F, O. Anther cap. G, P. Pollinia. H, Q. Ovary and column. I, R. Sepals and petals.

opencc-zeroDec 2013View details →

Data from: Characterising a hybrid zone between a cryptic species pair of freshwater snails

Characterising hybrid zones and their dynamics is a central goal in evolutionary biology, but this is particularly challenging for morphologically cryptic species. The lack of conspicuous divergence between parental types means intermediate hybrid forms often go undetected. We aimed to detect and characterise a suspected hybrid zone between a pair of morphologically cryptic lineages of the freshwater snail, Radix. We sampled Radix from across a contact zone between two mitochondrial lineages (Radix balthica and an undescribed lineage termed MOTU3) and detected admixture between two nuclear genotype clusters, which were significantly but not categorically associated with the mitochondrial lineages. In a model selection approach, we show that the admixture cline is best explained by an interaction between precipitation and temperature gradients over the area, rather than geographic distance. We thus hypothesise that the correlation with climatic gradients suggests environmental selection has played a role in maintaining the hybrid zone. In a 2050 climate change scenario, we furthermore predict an expansion of one of the nuclear clusters and a widening of the hybrid zone as the climate warms and dries.

opencc-zeroDec 2015View details →

Data from: Convergence in organ size but not energy metabolism enzyme activities among wild Lake Whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) species pairs

The repeated evolution of similar phenotypes by similar mechanisms can be indicative of local adaptation, constraints or biases in the evolutionary process. Little is known about the incidence of physiological convergence in natural populations, so here we test whether energy metabolism in 'dwarf' and 'normal' Lake Whitefish evolves by similar mechanisms. Prior genomic and transcriptomic studies have found that divergence in energy metabolism is key to local adaptation in whitefish species pairs, but that distinct genetic and transcriptomic changes often underlie phenotypic evolution among lakes. Here, we predicted that traits at higher levels of biological organization, including the activities of energy metabolism enzymes (the product of enzyme concentration and turnover rate) and the relative proportions of metabolically active tissues (heart, liver, skeletal muscle), would show greater convergence than genetic and transcriptomic variation. We compared four whitefish species pairs and found convergence in organ size whereby all dwarf whitefish populations have a higher proportion of red skeletal muscle, three have relatively larger livers and two have relatively larger ventricles than normal fish. On the other hand, hepatic and muscle enzyme activities showed little convergence and were largely dependent on lake of origin. Only the most genetically divergent species pair (Cliff Lake) displayed white muscle enzyme activities matching results from laboratory-reared normal and dwarf whitefish. Overall, these data show convergence in the evolution of organ size, but not in the activities of candidate enzymes of energy metabolism, which may have evolved mainly as a consequence of demographic or ecological differences among lakes.

opencc-zeroDec 2012View details →

Data from: Weak habitat isolation in a threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus spp.) species pair

Reproductive isolation is central to the study of speciation. Multiple isolating barriers may prevent species from hybridizing, although their individual strength and the interactions between them are rarely measured. We quantified habitat isolation in a recently diverged threespine stickleback species pair (Gasterosteus aculeatus complex) and controlled for any such interactions. Using enclosures in an outdoor pond, we confirm that males of the two species strongly prefer different nesting habitats: limnetic males build nests in open habitats, whereas benthic males nest under vegetation. However, forcing males to nest in their nonpreferred habitat did not reduce the probability of spawning by females. As a result, habitat isolation between the species is estimated to be weak. We compared the strength of habitat isolation estimated in the present study with estimates of other behavioural barriers using previously published data. We discovered that, although total mating isolation between the species is strong, the contributions of differences in body size and male nuptial colour are similarly individually weak. Instead, interactions with other, undetermined species-specific traits were responsible for most of the isolation resulting from differences in body size and, in benthics, colour. This is one of the first attempts to estimate individual isolating barriers at the same time as controlling for interactions.

opencc-zeroAug 2021View details →

Incipient speciation and the impact on taxonomic decision: a case study using a sky island sister species pair of stag beetle (Lucanus; Lucanidae)

Species delimitation can be difficult when the divergence between focal taxa falls in the incipient stage of speciation, because conflicting results are expected among different data sets and the species limit may differ depending on the applied species concept. We studied the speciation history and investigated the impact on taxonomic decision when using different data types in a Taiwanese endemic sister species pair of stag beetle, Lucanus miwai and L. yulaoensis, from sky island habitats. We showed that the two geographical taxa can be diagnosed by male mandibular shape. We found two mitochondrial co1 lineages with pairwise sequence divergence > 3 %; however, L. miwai may not be monophyletic. Our multispecies coalescent based species delimitation result using five nuclear loci supported the evolutionary independence of the two sister species, but the calculated values of genealogical divergence index (gdi) corresponded to the species delimitation ambiguous zone. We further showed that post divergence gene flow is unlikely. Our study demonstrates challenges in incipient species delineation, but shows the importance of understanding the speciation history and integrative approaches to reconcile seemingly conflicting results before making evolutionarily relevant taxonomic decisions.

opencc-zeroAug 2021View details →

Using niche centrality within the scope of the nearly neutral theory of evolution to predict genetic diversity in a tropical conifer species-pair

Aim: Estimating genetic diversity is key for understanging biogeographic and evolutionary processes. However, gathering genetic information is not feasible for all taxa or populations, particularly in the tropical regions. Identifying proxies for inferring such values has thus become essential. Here, we built on the niche centrality hypothesis (NCH; or central-abundance hypothesis) and the nearly neutral theory of evolution (NNT) to identify some of such proxies using a montane tropical conifer species-pair as model. The NCH predicts more genetic diversity under optimal ecological conditions, which should also allow for more efficient purifying selection, according to the NNT. Location: The Transmexican Volcanic Belt, central Mexico. Taxa: A fir species-pair endemic to central Mexico, Abies flinckii and A. religiosa. Methods: We estimated patterns of genetic diversity from nuclear SSRs (A, HE), and gene-coding sequences (πS, πN), together with the efficacy of purifying selection, measured as πN/πS. After testing for niche overlap, we used several geographic and ecological proxies (i.e. longitude, latitude, elevation, estimated area, and distance to the niche centroid in the present and in the LGM) to predict genetic diversity and πN/πS using general linear models. Results: Populations at the west of the Trans Mexican Volcanic Belt (TVB) had lower genetic diversity than populations in the east of this mountain chain. Both species had significant niche overlap. The principal predictors for neutral genetic diversity (HE, A and πS) were longitude and latitude, followed by the current distance to the niche centroid; the efficiency of purifying selection was mostly accounted for by the current distance to the niche centroid (which was also correlated to elevation). No correlation was observed between genetic diversity or πN/πS and current population area. Main conclusions: Historical and ecological factors have to be taken into account for explaining the amounts of genetic diversity in mountain tropical species. Following the NTT, populations closer to the niche centroid are more efficient at eliminating slightly deleterious mutations than marginal stands, independently of their size or geographical location (longitude). Expanding the central-abundance theory within the scope of the NTT might help reconciling conflicting views concerning the extent of its empirical support.

opennotspecifiedNov 2022View details →

FIGURE. DnaSP DNA polymorphism analysis - Nucleotide variability (Pi) comparison between Strobilanthes lupulina and S. glandulata. The window length and step size were set to 600bp and 200bp respectively. The most varying regions and the commonly used barcoding regions are listed against the base-pair differences found. in Strobilanthes glandulata (Acanthaceae), a new species from Sri Lanka based on the morphological and molecular evidences

FIGURE. DnaSP DNA polymorphism analysis - Nucleotide variability (Pi) comparison between Strobilanthes lupulina and S. glandulata. The window length and step size were set to 600bp and 200bp respectively. The most varying regions and the commonly used barcoding regions are listed against the base-pair differences found.

Supplementary material 9 from: Macher T-H, Schütz R, Yildiz A, Beermann AJ, Leese F (2023) Evaluating five primer pairs for environmental DNA metabarcoding of Central European fish species based on mock communities. Metabarcoding and Metagenomics 7: e103856. https://doi.org/10.3897/mbmg.7.103856

Processed TaXon tables of each primer pair (subtracted negative controls and filtered for fish and lamprey taxa OTUs)

Supplementary material 1 from: Macher T-H, Schütz R, Yildiz A, Beermann AJ, Leese F (2023) Evaluating five primer pairs for environmental DNA metabarcoding of Central European fish species based on mock communities. Metabarcoding and Metagenomics 7: e103856. https://doi.org/10.3897/mbmg.7.103856

Pairwise comparison of the log-transformed reads of the non-normalized mock community (MC1) compared to the DNA concentration (ng/ul) of each species

Supplementary material 3 from: Macher T-H, Schütz R, Yildiz A, Beermann AJ, Leese F (2023) Evaluating five primer pairs for environmental DNA metabarcoding of Central European fish species based on mock communities. Metabarcoding and Metagenomics 7: e103856. https://doi.org/10.3897/mbmg.7.103856

Sampled specimens and their respective species assignment collected for the fish mock community, extraction date, collection site, and concentration after DNA extraction

Supplementary material 4 from: Macher T-H, Schütz R, Yildiz A, Beermann AJ, Leese F (2023) Evaluating five primer pairs for environmental DNA metabarcoding of Central European fish species based on mock communities. Metabarcoding and Metagenomics 7: e103856. https://doi.org/10.3897/mbmg.7.103856

List of all species reported from Germany, their occurrence status, and their presence in the mock community (data from fishbase.org)

Supplementary material 2 from: Macher T-H, Schütz R, Yildiz A, Beermann AJ, Leese F (2023) Evaluating five primer pairs for environmental DNA metabarcoding of Central European fish species based on mock communities. Metabarcoding and Metagenomics 7: e103856. https://doi.org/10.3897/mbmg.7.103856

Pairwise comparison of the log-transformed reads of the non-normalized mock community (MC1) compared to log-transformed reads of the normalized mock community (MC2) of each species