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1,316 results for “Trade”
Changes in multiple environmental factors additively enhance the dominance of an exotic plant with a novel trade-off pattern
<p>1. Whether global changes impact native and exotic species differently is unclear, because the changes may favour both native and exotic species over competitors. Previous studies have mainly focused on the separate effects of the different environmental changes, but plant communities are influenced by changes in multiple environmental factors, and it is still unclear whether native and exotic species respond similarly to the combined effects of these factors.</p> <p>2. We hypothesized that differences in interspecific trade-offs between native and exotic species could lead to the dominance of exotic species when the species are simultaneously subjected to multiple environmental changes.</p> <p>3. Using coastal saltmarsh plant communities as the study system, we experimentally manipulated flooding and nutrient enrichment, examined the interspecific trade-offs between competitiveness and stress tolerance for two native and one exotic species, and explored the combined effect of the two environmental changes on both native–native and native–exotic species interactions.</p> <p>4. We found that flooding and nutrient enrichment oppositely affected native–native species interactions but additively affected native–exotic species interactions. The two factors together resulted in no net change in the relative advantages between the two native species but enhanced the dominance of the exotic species over the native species. This disparity occurred because the exotic species was not subject to the interspecific trade-off between competitiveness and stress tolerance that constrained the native species.</p> <p>5. <i><b>Synthesis</b></i>. Our results suggest that changes in multiple environmental factors favour exotic species because of evolutionary novel trade-off patterns. Mechanisms underlying species coexistence in the invaded community such as interspecific trade-offs should be considered when researchers attempt to predict the effects of global changes on biological invasions.</p>
Crossing extreme habitat boundaries: Jack-of-all-trades facilitates invasion but is eroded by adaptation to a master-of-one
<ol> <li>The invasion of new environments can be a key instigator of adaptive diversification, but the likelihood of such invasions succeeding can depend on the attributes of would-be invaders. Chief among these seems to be a generalist or 'jack-off-all-trades' phenotype.</li> <li>Yet, despite the obvious link between habitat transitions and adaptation, we know surprisingly little about how phenotypes that might initially allow taxa to transition between habitats subsequently evolve or influence post-invasion differentiation.</li> <li>We tested how a generalist phenotype of a broad diet and behavioral plasticity in marine blenny fishes has facilitated the repeated invasion of extreme environments—particularly land—and how the conditions post-invasion have impacted that generalist phenotype and associated trophic morphology.</li> <li>Our data show that a wide diet and plasticity in being able to shift between environments freely has been instrumental in the progressive invasion of land by amphibious blennies. Once established, however, terrestrial blennies have experienced strong stabilising selection for a restricted diet, little to no plasticity and a highly specialised morphology. Instead of promoting diversification, the invasion of land appears to offer only a limited niche for survival, constraining descendent blennies to a specific adaptive phenotype.</li> <li>While our study supports the view that generalism facilitates invasion and that habitat transitions instigate adaptation, it also shows a generalist strategy is not optimal for successful establishment and new environments may offer fewer (not more) opportunities for diversification. This has broad implications for how taxa might be expected to respond or adapt to abrupt environmental change more generally.</li> </ol>
Data from: A weapons-testes trade-off in males is amplified in female traits
Sexually selected weapons are assumed to trade off with traits related to ejaculates, such as testes. Yet, remarkably little is known about what governs resource allocation and why trade-offs are found in some cases and not others. Often-used models depict competitive allocation occurring within the functional grouping of traits (e.g., reproduction); however, other factors including tissue expense and developmental timing may influence allocation. Experimental comparisons of investment across the sexes have the potential to illuminate allocation rules, because the sexes do not always use traits for the same functions. Here, we capitalize upon a species where females have weapons-testes homologues. We report that a documented trade-off in investment between hind-limb weapons and testes in leaf-footed cactus bugs, Narnia femorata, is even more pronounced in female hind limbs and ovaries. Female hind limbs in this species do not share the clear reproductive function of male hind limbs, therefore this trade-off spans trait functional groups. Such patterns of investment suggest that future studies of reproductive trade-offs should consider factors such as tissue expense and developmental timing.
Data from: Artificial selection on sexual aggression: correlated traits and possible trade‐offs
<p>Forced copulation is an extreme form of sexual aggression that can affect the evolution of sex-specific anatomy, morphology and behavior. To characterize mechanistic and evolutionary aspects of forced copulation, we artificially selected male fruit flies based on their ability to succeed in the naturally prevalent behavior of forced matings with newly eclosed (teneral) females. The low and high forced copulation lineages showed rapid divergence, with the high lineages ultimately showing twice the rates of forced copulation as the low lineages. While males from the high lineages spent more time aggressively pursuing and mounting teneral females, their behavior towards non-teneral and heterospecific females was similar to that of males from the low lineages. Males from the low and high lineages also showed similar levels of male-male aggression. This suggests little or no genetic correlations between sexual aggression and non-aggressive pursuit of females, and between male aggression towards females and males. Surprisingly however, males from the high lineages had twice as high mating success than males from the low lineages when allowed to compete for consensual mating with mature females. In further experiments, we found no evidence for trade-offs associated with high forced mating rates: males from the high lineages did not have lower longevity than males from the low lineages when housed with females, and four generations of relaxed selection did not lead to convergence in forced mating rates. Our data indicate complex interactions among forced copulation success and consensual mating behaviour, which we hope to clarify in future genomic work. </p>
Proximity to forest mediates trade-offs between yields and biodiversity of birds in oil palm smallholdings
<p>There is much debate about how best to mitigate the effects of agricultural expansion on biodiversity, especially in the tropics. Recent studies have emphasised that proximity to natural habitats can enhance farmland biodiversity, yet few studies have examined whether or not such proximity mediates local trade-offs between yields and biodiversity, and hence alters conclusions about the ecological benefits of alternative farming strategies. Here we examine yield-biodiversity trade-offs, focusing on birds in oil palm smallholdings at different distances from remaining areas of forest, including a large forest reserve, in Ghana. We found significantly fewer birds on higher-yielding than lower-yielding farms, in terms of both species richness and abundance. For forest specialist birds (likely to be highly vulnerable to conversion of land to agriculture) we also found a greater trade-off (i.e. lower richness and abundance for a given yield) at farms further from forest, to the extent that increasing distance to the nearest forest from 1 to 10 km had a similar effect as a 3- to 5-fold increase in fruit yield brought about by increased intensification. Our study highlights the importance of accounting for the effects of natural forest in the landscape when considering agricultural policies for biodiversity protection, underlining the importance of a landscape-scale approach to conservation.</p>
World Trade Center
World Trade Center is the original complex that once stood in New York from the start of construction in 1966 groundbreaking, until they were destroyed on September 11, 2001. The complex was opened to public on April 4, 1974; although some buildings were not built or completed yet at the time. It consisted of 7 buildings, the famous being were the twin towers that were once the world's tallest buildings for only 2 years when they were surpassed by Willis (Sears) Tower. Of course, these twin towers ended the Empire State Building's 40 year reign. The old 7 World Trade Center was the last building to be built in that complex, which was built in 1987 and the last building to fall on 9/11 about 7 hours after the North Tower (tower with antenna) fell. The North Tower (1 WTC) was 1,368 feet tall and 1,728 feet with the antenna, while the South Tower (2 WTC) was 1,362 feet tall. They were very famous and appeared in many movie films, they were also an icon of New York City. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Germline proliferation trades off with lipid metabolism in Drosophila
<p>Little is known about the metabolic basis of life-history trade-offs but lipid stores seem to play a pivotal role. During reproduction, an energetically highly costly process, animals mobilize fat reserves. Conversely, reduced or curtailed reproduction promotes lipid storage in many animals. Systemic signals from the gonad seem to be involved: <em>C. elegans</em> lacking germline stem cells display endocrine changes, have increased fat stores and are long-lived. Similarly, germline-ablated <em>D. melanogaster </em>exhibit major somatic physiological changes, but whether and how germline loss affects lipid metabolism remains largely unclear. Here we show that germline-ablated flies have profoundly altered energy metabolism at the transcriptional level and store excess fat as compared to fertile flies. Germline activity thus constrains or represses fat accumulation, and this effect is conserved between flies and worms. More broadly, our findings confirm that lipids represent a major energetic currency in which costs of reproduction are paid.</p>
Data for: Reproductive tactics, birth timing and the risk-resource trade-off in an income breeder
<p><span>In variable environments, habitats that are rich in resources often carry a higher risk of predation. As a result, natural selection should favour individuals that balance allocation of time to foraging versus avoiding predation through an optimal decision-making process that maximises fitness. The behavioural trade-off between resource acquisition and risk avoidance is expected to be particularly acute during gestation and lactation when the energetic demands of reproduction peak</span><span>.</span><span> Here, we investigated how reproductive female roe deer adjust their foraging activity and habitat use during the birth period to manage this trade-off compared to non-reproductive juveniles, and how parturition date constrains individual tactics of risk-resource management. Activity of reproductive females more than doubled immediately following parturition, when energy demand is highest. Furthermore, compared to non-reproductive juveniles, they increased their exposure to risk by using open habitat more during daytime and ranging closer to roads. However, these post-partum modifications in behaviour were particularly pronounced in late-parturient females who adopted a more risk-prone tactic, presumably to compensate for the growth handicap of their late-born offspring. In income breeders, individuals that give birth late may be constrained to trade risk avoidance for foraging during peak allocation to reproduction, with probable consequences for individual fitness.</span></p>
Maritime international trade and bioinvasions: a three-year long survey of small mammals in Autonomous Port of Cotonou, Benin
<ol> <li>International trade has been favoring the dissemination of a wide panel of invasive alien species. Upstream prevention through the monitoring of entry points is identified as an appropriate strategy to achieve control of bioinvasions and their consequences. Maritime transports have been responsible for the introduction worldwide of exotic rodents that are major pests for crops and food stocks as well as reservoirs of many zoonotic pathogens. In order to limit further dissemination, the International Health Regulation constrains decision makers and socio-economic stakeholders to manage ship-mediated import/export of rodents within seaports. Unfortunately, eco-evolutionary insights into rodent introduction events that could guide preventive actions in seaports are very scarce.</li> <li>In order to bridge this gap, we here describe the results of a three-year-long survey of small mammals conducted in the Port of Cotonou, Benin, that aims at assessing the spatio-temporal distribution, diversity and relative abundance of invasive and native rodents.</li> <li>960 small mammal individuals were captured in nine within-seaport sites. We found (i) a marked predominance of invasive species (84% of the individuals belonging to <em>Mus</em> <em>musculus</em>, <em>Rattus</em> <em>rattus</em>, <em>R. norvegicus</em>), (ii) with native species (i.e., <em>Mastomys natalensis</em> and the shrew <em>Crocidura olivieri</em>) essentially restricted to peripheral non-industrial areas, as well as (iii) a fine-scale spatial segregation stable over time between the invasive Norway rats and house mice on the one hand, and the black rats and shrews on the other hand.</li> <li>Furthermore, trapping before and after two successive rodent anticoagulant-based control campaigns indicates that they were poorly efficient and that subsequent rodent recolonization occurs 6–12 months following intervention.</li> <li> <em>Synthesis and applications</em>: Our results are discussed in terms of ecological processes at play (e.g., interspecific interactions) and operational actions that may be implemented to improve rodent control (e.g., assessment of proper eradication units, environmental modifications) and to limit re-infestation (e.g., rat-proofing of moors and buildings).</li> </ol>
Data and analysis scripts: Evidence supporting an evolutionary trade-off between material properties and architectural design in Anolis lizard long bones
<p>In biology, 'many-to-one mapping' occurs when multiple morphological forms can meet a particular functional demand. Knowledge of this mapping is crucial for understanding how selection on performance shapes the evolution of morphological diversity. Past research has focused primarily on the potential for geometrically alternative morphological designs to produce equivalent performance outcomes. Here we ask whether the material properties of biological tissues hold similar potential. Through phylogenetic comparative study of <em>Anolis</em> lizards, we show that the architectural design and mineral density of the femur trade off in a many-to-one functional system, yielding a morphospace featuring parallel isolines in size-relative bending strength. Anole femur evolution has largely tracked a narrow band of strength isolines over phylogenetic timescales, suggesting that geometry and mineral content shape the course of macroevolution through compensatory effects on performance. Despite this conserved evolutionary relationship, insular and continental species evolve strong bones differently, likely reflecting underlying ecological differences. Mainland anoles, which exhibit fast-paced life histories, typically have femora with lower mineralization and thinner walls than island species, which exhibit the opposite strategy. Together, our results reveal an overlooked dimension in the relationship between form and function, expanding our understanding of how many-to-one mapping can shape patterns of phenotypic diversity.</p>
Population size shapes trade-off dilution and adaptation to a marginal niche unconstrained by sympatric habitual conditions
<p>How does niche expansion occur when the habitual (high-productivity) and marginal (low-productivity) niches are simultaneously available? Without spatial structuring, such conditions should impose fitness maintenance in the former while adapting to the latter. Hence, adaptation to a given marginal niche should be influenced by the identity of the simultaneously available habitual niche. This hypothesis remains untested. Similarly, it is unknown if larger populations, which can access greater variation and undergo more efficient selection, are generally better at niche expansion. We tested these hypotheses using a large-scale evolution experiment with <em>Escherichia</em> <em>coli</em>. While we observed widespread niche expansion, larger populations consistently adapted to a greater extent to both marginal and habitual niches. Owing to diverse selection pressures in different habitual niches (constant versus fluctuating environments; environmental fluctuations varying in both predictability and speed), fitness in habitual niches was significantly shaped by their identities. Surprisingly, despite this diversity in habitual selection pressures, adaptation to the marginal niche was unconstrained by the habitual niche's identity. We show that in terms of fitness, two negatively correlated habitual niches can still have positive correlations with the marginal niche. This allows the marginal niche to dilute fitness trade-offs across habitual niches, thereby allowing costless niche expansion. Our results provide fundamental insights into sympatric niche expansion.</p>
7 World Trade Center
Seven World Trade Center is the first skyscraper built in the World Trade Center complex, completed in May 2006 and standing at 743 feet tall. It's located right where the original 7 WTC used to be (pre-9/11) and near 1 WTC. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Allometric relationships and trade-offs in eleven common Mediterranean-climate grasses
<p>Release for EA final submission</p>
An activity-specificity trade-off encoded in human transcription factors
<p>Data repository for the publication <strong>"An activity-specificity trade-off encoded in human transcription factors"</strong>. </p> <p>Imaging datasets with larger sizes can be downloaded here: https://owww.molgen.mpg.de/~TFsuboptimization/</p>
Shark-dust: Application of high-throughput DNA sequencing of processing residues for trade monitoring of threatened sharks and rays
<p>Data repository accompanying manuscript titled of "Shark-dust: Application of high-throughput DNA sequencing of processing residues for trade monitoring of threatened sharks and rays."</p> <p>Prasetyo, A. P., Murray, J. M., Kurniawan, M. F. A. K., Sales, N. G., McDevitt, A. D., & Mariani, S. (2023). Shark-dust: Application of high-throughput DNA sequencing of processing residues for trade monitoring of threatened sharks and rays. Conservation Letters, 16, e12971. https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.12971</p>
Life history correlations and trade-offs resulting from selection for dispersal in Tribolium castaneum
<p>Dispersal is an important facet of the life history of many organisms and is therefore subject to selective pressure, but does not evolve in isolation. Across nature, there are examples of dispersal syndromes, life history strategies in which suites of traits coevolve, and covary with dispersal in combinations that serve to maximise fitness in a given ecological context. The red rust flour beetle, <em>Tribolium castaneum</em>, is a model organism and globally significant post-harvest pest that relies on dispersal to reach new patches of ephemeral habitat. Dispersal behaviour in <em>Tribolium</em> has a strong genetic basis. However, a robust understanding of the relationship between dispersal and other life-history components, which could elucidate evolutionary processes and allow pest managers to control their spread and reduce the impact of infestation, is currently lacking. Here we use highly replicated lines of <em>T. castaneum </em>previously artificially selected for divergent small-scale dispersal propensity, to robustly test several important life history components: reproductive strategy, development time, and longevity. As predicted, we find that a suite of important changes as a result of our selection on dispersal; high dispersal propensity is associated with a lower number of longer mating attempts by males, lower investment in early-life reproduction by females, slower development of later-laid offspring and longer female lifespan. These findings indicate that correlated intraspecific variation in dispersal and related traits may represent alternative life history strategies in <em>T. castaneum</em>. We therefore suggest that pest management efforts to mitigate the species' agro-economic impact should consider the eco-evolutionary dynamics within multiple life histories. The benefits of doing so could be felt both through improved targeting of efforts to reduce spread, and also in forecasting how the selection pressures applied through pest management are likely to affect pest evolution.</p>
Trade-offs in habitat use and occupancy of bats across the gradient of urbanization and seasons
<p>Urbanization, occurring across a gradient from low- to high-density development, is a primary driver of landscape change that can affect biodiversity. Animals balance trade-offs in obtaining resources and avoiding anthropogenic disturbances across the gradient of urbanization to maximize their fitness. However, additional research is necessary to understand seasonal variations in how animals respond to urbanization, particularly in arid regions, where resource availability shifts drastically across seasons. Our objective was to evaluate the response of a suite of bat species to urbanization and whether species shift their response to urbanization across seasons. We predicted that the response of bats to urbanization would differ among species, with some species being more sensitive to urbanization than others. We also predicted that bat species would increase use of moderate and highly urbanized areas in the summer season, where food and water resources were assumed to be greater compared to wildland areas. To evaluate these predictions, we used a stratified random sampling design to sample 50 sites with stationary acoustic bat monitors across the gradient of urbanization in the Phoenix metropolitan area, Arizona, USA during four seasons. We identified a total of 14 bat species during 1000 survey nights. Consistent with predictions, bat species exhibited different responses to urbanization, with most species exhibiting a negative relationship with urbanization, and some species exhibiting a quadratic or positive relationship with urbanization. Counter to predictions, most species did not appear to shift their response to urbanization across seasons. Differences in the response of bat species to urbanization was likely related to species traits (e.g., wing morphology and echolocation call characteristics) and behavioral strategies that influence a species' susceptibility to anthropogenic disturbances and ability to access available resources in urbanized areas. Consistent with predications, plant productivity and water were important for some species in the summer season. Ultimately, to promote the management and conservation of bats, it is likely important to maintain resources in urbanized areas for bats that are more tolerant of urbanization and to conserve areas of undeveloped high-quality habitat with low anthropogenic disturbance in wildland areas for bats that are sensitive to urbanization.</p>
Does fortune follow function? Exploring how consumer preferences drive the functional trait composition of the global songbird trade
<p>Defaunation and extinction undermine the resilience and functioning of ecological communities and ecosystems. Relative to other disturbances, overexploitation for the global wildlife trade presents a unique case of trait-based selection, as demand for specific individuals is often tied to unique morphological or aesthetic traits desired by consumers ("market traits"). Because evolutionary history leads to species that share both market and functional traits, we posit that non-random patterns of exploitation will result in non-random loss of functional diversity. <br>We applied a trait-based framework to the global songbird trade for 4616 species, 148 of which are plausibly threatened by the trade. We quantified select market traits, such as unique coloration and song quality, and ecological traits related to body size, diet, and foraging strategy to assess whether the trade disproportionately threatens particular functional groups. We additionally looked for patterns of association between market traits and functional traits to assess whether selection on certain market traits could drive selection on associated functional traits.<br>We found that overexploited birds are a distinct functional subset of the global songbird pool, with the trade disproportionately threatening large bodied, frugivorous, and seed eating birds. Across all songbirds, there were multiple non-random associations between market traits and functional traits, with the strongest associations observed among trade-threatened birds; this was consistent with our theory that consumer-driven selection on market traits could theoretically result in selection on functional traits. However, there was mixed evidence for this hypothesis at a global scale, suggesting that disproportionate threat to functional diversity may be more likely in regions where there is heavy demand for associated market traits. <br><em>Policy Implications:</em> Our results highlight the need for increased focus on the mechanistic drivers of trait-based selection on the consumer side of wildlife trade, and how patterns of overexploitation can systematically affect ecological communities and ecosystem services.</p>
Data and Software for "Probabilistic Trade-offs Analysis for Sustainable and Equitable Management of Climate-Induced Water Risks"
<p><span>Research data supporting the study "Probabilistic trade-offs analysis for sustainable and equitable management of climate-induced water risks"</span></p> <p><span>This repository provides data of the Stochastic Dual Dynamic Programming (SDDP) model, and the output results of the simulations of the various policies and climate scenarios considered in this study, as well as the code used for postprocessing and visualizing the results.</span></p> <p><strong><span>Contents</span></strong></p> <ol> <li><strong><span>Data: Model Inputs</span></strong><span><br>This folder contains the physical river network, reservoir and water demand, and economic data derived from the observed database.<br>The key files are:</span></li> <ul> <li><span>Input_HydrologicalData</span></li> <li><span>Input_SystemData</span></li> </ul> <li><strong><span>Results: Model Output Analysis</span></strong><span><br>This folder includes outputs from the Stochastic Dual Dynamic Programming (SDDP) model under various policies and climate scenarios. The results showcase optimized sectoral water use, including irrigated areas, hydropower generation, and allocations for agriculture, energy, and urban demands across spatial locations (upstream and downstream).<br>Key files include:</span></li> <ul> <li><strong><span>SDDP Model Outputs</span></strong><span> (MATLAB format): </span></li> <ul> <li><span>EnergyPriority_Baseline.mat</span></li> <li><span>EnergyPriority_2070.mat</span></li> <li><span>EnergyPriority_2100.mat</span></li> <li><span>AgriculturePriority_Baseline.mat</span></li> <li><span>AgriculturePriority_2070.mat</span></li> <li><span>AgriculturePriority_2100.mat</span></li> </ul> <li><strong><span>Extracted Model Results</span></strong><span> (Excel format): </span></li> <ul> <li><span>Organized for each policy and climate scenario to facilitate analysis.</span></li> </ul> </ul> <li><strong><span>Software: Data Analysis and Visualization</span></strong><span><br>Python scripts designed for outputs data analysis and visualization are included to reproduce the primary figures from the study.<br>Scripts provided:</span></li> <ul> <li><span>CDF_outflow.py</span><span>: Analyzes cumulative distribution functions for river discharge.</span></li> <li><span>CDF_sectors.py</span><span>: Examines sectoral water use distributions.</span></li> <li><span>PCP_SI.py</span><span>: Generates Parallel Coordinate Plots for trade-offs analysis.</span></li> </ul> <li><strong><span>Instructions: README File</span></strong><span><br>A comprehensive README file explains:</span></li> <ul> <li><span>Details of model input data.</span></li> <li><span>Instructions to interpret the SDDP model outputs.</span></li> </ul> </ol> <p><strong><span>Instructions:</span></strong><span><br></span><span>The Python scripts process Excel files from the model output results folder to generate and visualize the figures for the paper. Each step is clearly documented within the scripts.</span></p>
Trade data Argentine hake Southwest Atlantic FAO area 41
<p>The dataset compiles trade data of Argentine hake harvested in the Southwest Atlantic FAO area 41. Export and import data from main commercial actors are included Argentina, Spain and Falkland/Malvinas Islands. Period analysed 2010 to 2020. Values in thousand of Euros. Sources ITC - Trade maps, National Institute of Statistics and Census - Republic of Argentina, UN COMTRADE Database and Falkland/Malvinas Islands<br> </p>
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