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310 results for “Tree growth”
Tree growth responses to climate in the Macaronesian region
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Microbes in reconstructive restoration: Divergence in constructed and natural tree island soil fungi affects tree growth
<p>Project folder for publication "Microbes in reconstructive restoration: Divergence in constructed and natural tree island soil fungi affects tree growth" containing: 1) scripts for data processing, 2) intermediate and final files output by scripts, and 3) RMarkdown files used to perform statistical analyses and generate figures. Descriptions of files, scripts, and folders in README files.</p> <p>Manuscript Abstract:</p> <p><span>As ecosystems face unprecedented change and habitat loss, pursuing comprehensive and resilient habitat restoration will be integral to protecting and maintaining natural areas and the services they provide. Microbiomes offer an important avenue for improving restoration efforts as they <span> </span>are integral to ecosystem health and functioning. Despite microbiomes’ importance, unresolved knowledge gaps hinder their inclusion in restoration efforts. Here, we address two critical gaps in understanding microbial roles in restoration – fungal microbiomes’ importance in “reconstructive” restoration efforts and how management and restoration decisions interactively impact fungal communities and their cascading effects on trees. We combined field surveys, microbiome sequencing, and greenhouse experiments to determine how reconstructing an iconic landscape feature – tree islands – in the highly imperiled Everglades impacts fungal microbiomes and fungal effects on native tree species compared to their natural <span> </span>counterparts under different proposed hydrological management regimes. Constructed islands used in this research were built from peat soil and limestone collected from deep sloughs and levees nearby the restoration sites in 2003, providing 18 years for microbiome assembly on <span> </span>constructed islands. We found that while fungal microbiomes from natural and constructed tree islands exhibited similar diversity and richness, they differed significantly in community composition. These compositional differences arose mainly from changes to which fungal taxa were present on the islands rather than changes in relative abundances. Surprisingly, ~50% of fungal hub taxa (putative keystone fungi) from natural islands were missing on constructed islands, suggesting that differences in community composition of constructed island could be important for microbiome stability and function. The differences in fungal composition between natural and constructed islands had important consequences for tree growth. Specifically, these compositional differences interacted with hydrological regime (treatments simulating management strategies) to affect woody growth across the four tree species in our experiment. Taken together, our results demonstrate that reconstructing a landscape feature without consideration of microbiomes can result in diverging fungal communities that are likely to interact with management decisions leading to meaningful consequences for foundational primary producers. Our results recommend cooperation between restoration practitioners and ecologists to evaluate opportunities for active management and restoration of microbiomes during future reconstructive restoration.</span></p>
The association of mycorrhizal fungi with mature tree growth is stronger in high nitrogen soils for an EMF tree and in low nitrogen for two AMF trees
<p>Soil and microbial data for the manuscript: </p> <p><strong><span>The association of mycorrhizal fungi with mature tree growth is stronger in high nitrogen soils for an EMF tree and in low nitrogen for two AMF trees</span></strong></p>
Data from: Climate and competition effects on tree growth in Rocky Mountain forests
1. Climate is widely assumed to influence physiological and demographic processes in trees, and hence forest composition, biomass and range limits. Growth in trees is an important barometer of climate change impacts on forests as growth is highly correlated with other demographic processes including tree mortality and fecundity. 2. We investigated the main drivers of diameter growth for five common tree species occurring in the Rocky Mountains of the western United States using non-linear regression methods. We quantified growth at the individual tree level from tree core samples collected across broad environmental gradients. We estimated the effects of both climate variation and biotic interactions on growth processes and tested for evidence that disjunct populations of a species respond differentially to climate. 3. Relationships between tree growth and climate varied by species and location. Growth in all species responded positively to increases in annual moisture up to a threshold level. Modest linear responses to temperature, both positive and negative, were observed at many sites. However, model results also revealed evidence for differentiated responses to local site conditions in all species. In severe environments in particular, growth responses varied non-linearly with temperature. For example, in northerly cold locations pronounced positive growth responses to increasing temperatures were observed. In warmer southerly climates, growth responses were unimodal, declining markedly above a threshold temperature level. 4. Net effects from biotic interactions on diameter growth were negative for all study species. Evidence for facilitative effects was not detected. For some species, competitive effects more strongly influenced growth performance than climate. Competitive interactions also modified growth responses to climate to some degree. 6. Synthesis. These analyses suggest that climate change will have complex, species specific effects on tree growth in the Rocky Mountains due to non-linear responses to climate, differentiated growth processes that vary by location and complex species interactions that impact growth and potentially modify responses to climate. Thus, robust model simulations of future growth responses to climate trends may need to integrate realistic scenarios of neighborhood effects as well as variability in tree performance attributed to differentiated populations.
Data from: A trait-based trade-off between growth and mortality: evidence from 15 tropical tree species using size-specific RGRs
A life-history trade-off between low mortality in the dark and rapid growth in the light is one of the most widely accepted mechanisms underlying plant ecological strategies in tropical forests. Differences in plant functional traits are thought to underlie these distinct ecological strategies; however, very few studies have shown relationships between functional traits and demographic rates within a functional group. We present 8 years of growth and mortality data from saplings of 15 species of Dipterocarpaceae planted into logged-over forest in Malaysian Borneo, and the relationships between these demographic rates and four key functional traits: wood density, specific leaf area (SLA), seed mass, and leaf C:N ratio. Species-specific differences in growth rates were separated from seedling size effects by fitting nonlinear mixed-effects models, to repeated measurements taken on individuals at multiple time points. Mortality data were analyzed using binary logistic regressions in a mixed-effects models framework. Growth increased and mortality decreased with increasing light availability. Species differed in both their growth and mortality rates, yet there was little evidence for a statistical interaction between species and light for either response. There was a positive relationship between growth rate and the predicted probability of mortality regardless of light environment, suggesting that this relationship may be driven by a general trade-off between traits that maximize growth and traits that minimize mortality, rather than through differential species responses to light. Our results indicate that wood density is an important trait that indicates both the ability of species to grow and resistance to mortality, but no other trait was correlated with either growth or mortality. Therefore, the growth mortality trade-off among species of dipterocarp appears to be general in being independent of species crossovers in performance in different light environments.
Data from: Climatic change only stimulated growth for trees under weak competition in central boreal forests
1. Global change ecologists have often used trees under weak competition (e.g., dominant/codominant trees) to examine relationships between climatic change and tree growth. Scaling up these results to a forest relies on the assumption that the climatic change-tree growth relationship is not affected by tree-level competition. 2. Using permanent sample plot data from the central Canadian boreal region where warming did not result in water deficit, we tested the above-mentioned assumption by looking at whether the relationship between climatic change and tree growth varied with tree-level competition, which was quantified using a modified Hegyi competition index. 3. We found that tree growth increased over time for trees under weak competition, but decreased for those under strong competition. The divergent temporal trends among trees under different levels of competition led to a non-significant change in growth for our study plots. Growth increased with regional warming, atmospheric [CO2] and water availability for trees under weak competition, but not for those under strong competition. 4. Synthesis. Our results suggest that upscaling the growth responses of dominant/codominant trees to climate change to a forest or a region can lead to biased estimates. Tree-level competition should be taken into account when expressing climatic change and tree growth relationships.
Data from: Long-term and interactive effects of different mammalian consumers on growth, survival and recruitment of dominant tree species
<p>Throughout the world, numerous tree species are reported to be in decline, either due to increased mortality of established trees or reduced recruitment. The situation appears especially acute for oaks, which are dominant features of many landscapes in the northern hemisphere. Although numerous factors have been hypothesized to explain reductions in tree performance, vertebrate herbivores and granivores may serve as important drivers of these changes. Here, using data from 8- and 14-year-old exclosure experiments, we evaluated the individual and interactive effects of large and small mammalian herbivores on the performance of three widespread oak species in California – coast live oak (<i>Quercus agrifolia</i>), California black oak (<i>Q. kelloggii</i>) and Oregon white oak (<i>Q. garryana</i>). Although impacts varied somewhat by species and experiment, herbivory by black-tailed deer (<i>Odocoileus hemionus columbianus</i>) reduced the height and survival of juvenile coast live oaks and altered their architecture, as well as reduced the abundance of black oak seedlings, the richness of woody species and the cover of non-oak woody species. Small mammals (<i>Microtus californicus</i> and <i>Peromyscus maniculatus</i>) had even more widespread effects, reducing the abundance of black oak seedlings and the height and cover of all three oak species. We also detected numerous interactions between small mammals and deer, with one herbivore having positive or negative effects on oak abundance and cover when the other herbivore was either present or absent. For example, deer often had negative effects on seedling abundance only when, or even more so when, small mammals were present. In summary, mammalian consumers play crucial roles in limiting oak recruitment by reducing seedling abundance, maintaining trees in stunted states and preventing them from reaching sapling stages and becoming reproductive. Interactions between large and small mammals can also alter the intensity and direction of their effects on trees.</p>
Annual mortality and growth index for 17 tree species across entire size classes in the Ogawa Forest Reserve, an old-growth deciduous forest, central Japan
<p><span>We estimated demographic parameters across entire size classes for 17 tree species (<i>Betula</i>, <i>Carpinus</i>, <i>Fagus</i>, <i>Quercus</i>, <i>Castanea</i>, <i>Acer</i>, <i>Cerasus</i>, <i>Swida</i>, <i>Kalopanax</i>, and <i>Styrax</i>) using a dataset over 18 years obtained from the Ogawa Forest Reserve, an old-growth deciduous forest located in the southern part of the Abukuma Mountains, Ibaraki Prefecture, central Japan (36° 56', 140° 35', 610 m in elevation)<sup> 1)</sup>. Size classes were represented by 12 categories defined based on age, height, and diameter at breast height (DBH): new seedling (age < 1), aged seedling (age ≥ 1 and height < 30 cm), sapling (height 30 cm to 2 m), juvenile (height ≥ 2 m and DBH < 5 cm), D10 (DBH 5–15 cm, D10 was denoted by the midpoint of this range; later classes were similarly defined), D20, D30, D40, D50, D60, D70, and D80 (including trees with DBH ≥ 85 cm). We derived the annual mortality and growth index (i.e., the probability of a living tree transitioning to the next size class) for each species and size class using estimates of transition probabilities between size classes (i.e., stasis, progression and retrogression)<sup>2)</sup>. The stem densities of these 17 species in each size class are also presented<sup>3)</sup>.</span></p> <p><span>File list</span></p> <p><span>1) dataset - number of trees stagnating, progressing and retrogressing by size class.csv</span></p> <p><span>2) estimates - mean and 95 percent credible intervals of demographic parameters by species and size class.csv</span></p> <p><span>3) estimates - mean density of stems by species and size class.csv</span></p>
FIGURE. Growth patterns of tree species and texture of their branches. A. Small tree erect lax canopy in Ch. orbiculata. B. Small tree with little branched stem in Ch. tocantinensis. C. Small tree with very branched stem in Ch. trichortyrsus. D. Stems with bark cerous in Ch. claussenii. E. Stems with bark longitudinally fissured in Ch. celiae. in Taxonomic review of Chamaecrista sect. Absus subsect. Absus ser. Paniculatae (Benth.) H.S. Irwin & Barneby (Leguminosae, Caesalpinioideae)
FIGURE. Growth patterns of tree species and texture of their branches. A. Small tree erect lax canopy in Ch. orbiculata. B. Small tree with little branched stem in Ch. tocantinensis. C. Small tree with very branched stem in Ch. trichortyrsus. D. Stems with bark cerous in Ch. claussenii. E. Stems with bark longitudinally fissured in Ch. celiae.
Data from: Changes in beta diversity and species functional traits differ between saplings and mature trees in an old growth forest
<p class="MsoCommentText">1. Invasion by generalist tree species can cause biotic homogenization and such community impoverishment is likely more important in rare forest types. We quantified changes in tree diversity within Carolinian (range in Central Hardwoods), northern (range reached Northern hardwood-conifer/Boreal-spruce-fir) and central species (range in Central Hardwood region and Northern hardwood-conifer) in an old forest in southern Canada at points surveyed 24 years apart.</p> <p class="MsoCommentText">2. We asked: How did mature tree and sapling composition and abundance change for the 3 species' groups? Did those changes lead to biotic homogenization? Can species' changes be explained by community traits? We tested for differences in temporal and spatial tree <span>β</span>-diversity, as well as forest composition and structure, using univariate/multivariate analyses and a community trait-based approach to identify drivers-of-change.</p> <p class="MsoCommentText">3. Major increases occurred in abundance for mature <i>Acer rubrum</i> (northern), while others decreased (<i>Fraxinus americana</i>, <i>Populus grandidentata</i>); declines were found in <i>A. saccharinum </i>(central) and <i>Cornus florida</i> (Carolinian). Species composition of saplings, but not mature trees, changed due to replacement; no evidence for biotic homogenization existed in either cohort. As a group, northern mature tree species increased significantly, while central species declined; saplings of Carolinian species declined. </p> <p class="MsoCommentText">4. Shade-tolerance in mature trees increased, reflecting successional changes, while drought-tolerance decreased perhaps due to changing temperatures, altered precipitation or ground water levels. Saplings showed declines in all traits, probably because of compositional change. </p> <p class="MsoCommentText">5. Our results demonstrated that saplings can more closely reflect change in forest dynamics than mature trees, especially over short time periods. Based on sapling trends, this remnant could ultimately transition to a mesophytic hardwood stand dominated by <i>A. rubrum</i> and other shade-tolerant species, creating a more homogeneous forest. </p> <p class="MsoCommentText">6. While encouraging regeneration for Carolinian and central tree species could ensure high levels of diversity are conserved in the future, it is important that this is balanced with the primary management goal of maintaining the older-growth characteristics of the forest.</p>
Selection in space and time: individual tree growth is adapted to tropical forest gap dynamics
<p>In the present study, we assessed genotypic diversity within closely-related sympatric tree species belonging to the widespread tropical tree species complex <em>Symphonia globulifera</em>. We addressed the fine-scale spatial and temporal genetic adaptations of individuals through differential growth strategies in response to forest gap dynamics. We finally compared the breadth of successional niches encountered by <em>Symphonia</em> species to other locally abundant species. Combining tree diameter censuses, indirect measures of light environment of the recent past and present, and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), we used population genomics, environmental association analyses, genome wide association and growth modelling to address the following questions:</p> <ul> <li>Are individual genotypes structured by the mosaic of light and competition environments resulting from forest gap dynamics?</li> <li>Is the growth of individuals determined by genotypes?</li> <li>Is there an association between genotypic adaptations to gap dynamics and to growth?</li> <li>How are genotypic adaptations to gap dynamics and to growth structured in time, i.e., across life stages?</li> <li>Are breadths of successional niches for <em>Symphonia</em> species wider than those of other locally abundant species?</li> </ul> <p>Find the analyses here : https://sylvainschmitt.github.io/GOING/introduction.html</p>
Data from: Fine-scale spatial associations between functional traits and tree growth
<p>This data set relates to a 40x60 m2 stem-mapped plot that was established in a temperate rainforest of southern Chile. It contains data for each individual stem located within the plot. Each individual is characterized by a species code, diameter at breast height (dbh, 1.35 m), diameter at coring height (dch, ca. 30 cm), x and y coordinates, basal area index of the last 10 years (bai, cm2), and growth efficiency (ge, cm2/cm2).</p>
Removing climbers more than doubles tree growth and biomass in degraded tropical forests
<p>Huge areas of tropical forests are degraded, reducing their biodiversity, carbon, and timber value. The recovery of these degraded forests can be significantly inhibited by climbing plants such as lianas. Removal of super-abundant climbers thus represents a restoration action with huge potential for application across the tropics. While experimental studies largely report positive impacts of climber removal on tree growth and biomass accumulation, the efficacy of climber removal varies widely, with high uncertainty as to where and how to apply the technique. Using meta-analytic techniques, we synthesise results from 26 studies to quantify the efficacy of climber removal for promoting tree growth and biomass accumulation. We find that climber removal increases tree growth by 156% and biomass accumulation by 209% compared to untreated forest, and that efficacy remains for at least 19 years. Extrapolating from these results, climber removal could sequester an additional 32 Gigatons of CO<sub>2</sub> over 10 years, at low cost, across regrowth and production forests. Our analysis also revealed that climber removal studies are concentrated in the Neotropics (N=22), relative to Africa (N=2) and Asia (N=2), preventing our study from assessing the influence of region on removal efficacy. While we found some evidence that enhancement of tree growth and AGB accumulation varies across disturbance context and removal method, but not across climate, the number and geographical distribution of studies limits the strength of these conclusions. Climber removal could contribute significantly to reducing global carbon emissions and enhancing the timber and biomass stocks of degraded forests, ultimately protecting them from conversion. However, we urgently need to assess the efficacy of removal outside the Neotropics and consider the potential negative consequences of climber removal under drought conditions and for biodiversity.</p>
Effects of plant-available soil silicon on seedling growth and foliar nutrient status across tropical tree species
<p>Plant-available silicon (Si) concentrations vary considerably across tropical soils, yet the ecological importance of that variation remains largely unresolved. Increased Si availability can enhance growth and modulate foliar nutrient status in many crop species suggesting similar effects might occur in natural systems. However, how growth, foliar Si, and macronutrient concentrations, as well as their stoichiometry, respond to plant-available Si and how these responses differ across tropical tree species is unknown.</p> <p>We experimentally exposed seedlings of 12 tropical tree species to a gradient of plant-available Si concentrations, representing 85% of the variation found across Central Panama, and assessed responses in aboveground growth and foliar nutrient status. Furthermore, we assessed whether higher plant-available Si increases P availability.</p> <p>Increasing plant-available Si led to increased foliar Si concentrations (by up to 140%). It also led to higher aboveground growth (by up to 220%), and it affected foliar C and N concentrations, and nutrient stoichiometry across species. However, at the species level, only a small subset of two to four species showed significant growth and foliar nutrient responses. At the soil level, plant-available P remained unchanged along the experimental soil Si gradient.</p> <p>Our results showed that Si can improve growth and/or modulate foliar nutrient status in a number of tropical tree species. Furthermore, species' growth and foliar nutrient concentrations might vary differently across tropical forest sites varying in plant-available Si. Additionally, Si-induced responses in foliar nutrient stoichiometry have the potential to affect herbivory and litter decomposition. Taken together, natural variation in plant-available Si might influence plant performance unequally across tropical tree species, and change trophic interactions, with potential implications for ecosystem processes.</p>
Phylogenetic Effect on Tree Radial Growth Depends on Drought and Tree Sizes
<p>This dataset is the calculated Blomberg's K values from tree growth rates.</p>
Data from: Changes in beta diversity and species functional traits differ between saplings and mature trees in an old growth forest
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Data from: Growth and carbon relations of mature Picea abies trees under 5 years of free-air CO2 enrichment
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Data from: Fine-scale spatial associations between functional traits and tree growth
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Data from: Allometry and growth of eight tree taxa in United Kingdom woodlands
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Data from: Tree-growth is more sensitive than species distributions to recent changes in climate and acidic deposition in the northeastern United States
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