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Figure 7. Log10 in Pendraig milnerae , a new small-sized coelophysoid theropod from the Late Triassic of Wales
Figure 7. Log10-transformed bivariate plot of the longitudinal width of proximal head of the femur versus the femoral length of early theropods. The solid black line represents the linear regression described by the formula, and the red dotted lines represent the 95% confidence intervals.
Figure 6 in Pendraig milnerae , a new small-sized coelophysoid theropod from the Late Triassic of Wales
Figure 6. Strict consensus of six most parsimonious trees of the phylogenetic analysis. Bremer support, absolute bootstrap frequency and GC bootstrap frequency values are indicated at each branch in that order.
Figure 5 in Pendraig milnerae , a new small-sized coelophysoid theropod from the Late Triassic of Wales
Figure 5. Isolated partial left ischium NHMUK PV R 37597 of P. milnerae gen. et sp. nov. in (a) medial and (b) dorsal view. asil, articulation surface with the ilium; atr, antitrochanter; ipis, iliac peduncle of the ischium.
Figure 8 in Pendraig milnerae , a new small-sized coelophysoid theropod from the Late Triassic of Wales
Figure 8. Results of the ancestral state reconstruction for Saurischia using the first of the three MPTs used to perform the analyses (the nonsaurischian region of the tree was omitted for simplicity). For the analysis figured here, all sampled taxa were included and the minimum branch length was set at 1.0 Myr. (a) Time-calibrated heatmap of the log10-transformed femoral lengths and (b) the same part of the tree with the ancestral estimates for each node plotted above the branch in bold and the upper and lower 95% confidence intervals plotted below it in italics. The complete analysis, as well as the analyses performed under different parameters can be found in the electronic supplementary material.
Figure 1 in Pendraig milnerae , a new small-sized coelophysoid theropod from the Late Triassic of Wales
Figure 1. Holotype NHMUK PV R 37591 pelvis and vertebrae of P. milnerae gen. et sp. nov. in (a) left lateral view and (b) right lateral view. atr, antitrochanter; bf, brevis fossa; bfr, brevis fossa rim; bs, brevis shelf; dv, dorsal vertebra; iss, ischial shaft; nc, neural canal; no, notch; obf, obturator foramen; poap, postacetabular process; prap, preacetabular process; puf, pubic fenestra; pus, pubic shaft; ras, rib attachment scar; ri, rim; sac, supra-acetabular crest; sv, sacral vertebra.
Figure 3 in Pendraig milnerae , a new small-sized coelophysoid theropod from the Late Triassic of Wales
Figure 3. Holotype NHMUK PV R 37591 left femur of P. milnerae gen. et sp. nov. in (a) posteromedial, (b) anterolateral, (c) anteromedial, (d) posterolateral, (e) proximal and (f) distal view. amt, anteromedial tuber; at, anterior trochanter; icfl, depression associated with the insertion of the M. caudofemoralis longus; dlt, dorsolateral trochanter; lica, linea intermuscularis caudalis; lincr, linea intermuscularis cranialis; obr, 'obturator ridge'; pmt, posteromedial tuber; ts, trochanteric shelf; 4th t, fourth trochanter.
Figure 2 in Pendraig milnerae , a new small-sized coelophysoid theropod from the Late Triassic of Wales
Figure 2. Holotype NHMUK PV R 37591 pelvis and vertebrae of P. milnerae gen. et sp. nov. in (a) dorsal view, (b) ventral view, (c) anterior view and (d) posterior view. bf, brevis fossa; bfr, brevis fossa rim; diap, diapophysis; dv, dorsal vertebra; gr, groove; il, ilium; ipis, iliac peduncle of the ischium; iss, ischiadic shaft; obf, obturator foramen; poap, postacetabular process; ppdl, paradiapophyseal lamina; prap, preacetabular process; puf, pubic fenestra; pus, pubic shaft; sac, supra-acetabular crest; sv, sacral vertebra; tp, transverse process; vl, ventral lamina.
Figure 4 in Pendraig milnerae , a new small-sized coelophysoid theropod from the Late Triassic of Wales
Figure 4. Isolated mid to posterior dorsal vertebra NHMUK PV 37596 of P. milnerae gen. et sp. nov. in (a) right lateral view, (b) left lateral view, (c) ventral view, (d) dorsal view, (e) anterior view and (f) posterior view. aas, anterior articular surface; acpl, anterior centroparapophyseal lamina; ce, centrum; diap, diapophysis; nf, nutrient foramen; ns, neural spine; pacdf, parapophyseal centrodiapophyseal fossa; pacprf, parapophyseal centroprezygapophyseal fossa; pap, parapophysis; pas, posterior articular surface; pcdl, posterior centrodiapophyseal; pocdf, postzygapophyseal centrodiapophyseal fossa; podl, postzygodiapophyseal lamina; poz, postzygapophysis; ppdl, paradiapophyseal lamina; prpl, prezygaparapohyseal lamina; prz, prezygapophysis; spozf, spinopostzygapophyseal fossa; sprzf, spinoprezygapophyseal fossa.
Surface data for belemnoid cephalic cartilage of the Polzbervg Konservat-Lagerstätte (late Triassic, Lower Austria, Northern Calcareous Alps). Supporting material for Lukeneder & Lukeneder 2022
<p>We provide the 3D surface data set (STL), obtained from Micro-Computertomography (Micro-CT) scans of late Triassic belemnoid cephalic cartilage (= cranial cartilage). Thirteen specimens were scanned at the Core Facility for Micro-Computed Tomography (Vienna Micro-CT Lab), University of Vienna, Austria, using a custom-built VISCOM X8060 NDT (Germany) µ-CT scanner with different scan parameters. The scans deliver a stack of images with isometric voxel sizes. The stacks were combined, which resulted in a 3D volume. The Micro-CT data was collected in February to March 2020, reconstructions were done in spring 2021. The scans were segmented by the use of the software Avizo Amira 2020 (Thermo Fisher Scientific). virtual reconstructions were done in Drishti 2.7.<br> The data was collected in the course of project Polzberg, Polzberg – eine Konservat-Lagerstätte von Weltruf im Herzen Niederösterreichs, financially supported by the Austrian Academy of Scieneces (ÖAW) and the Federal Government of Lower Austria.</p>
FIG. 3 in Parabintoniella papierae n. gen., n. sp., a new Triassic representative of the Bintoniellidae, a poorly known extinct family of Orthoptera (Insecta)
FIG. 3. — Summary of the assumed phylogenetic relationships of the taxa and species considered in this contribution (character states invariant under different hypotheses in dark grey): A, favoured hypothesis, assuming that Parabintoniella papierae n. gen., n. sp. is the sister-group of Eubintoniella ferganica Gorochov, 1987 and Bintoniella brodiei Handlirsch, 1939, owing to the occurrence of a simple MA in the forewing of these species; B, alternative hypothesis, assuming that Parabintoniella papierae n. gen., n. sp. is the sister-group of Oshiellinae, Eubintoniella ferganica and Bintoniella brodiei, owing to the occurrence of cross-veins between ScP veinlets in the forewing of Parabintoniella papierae n. gen., n. sp.
FIG. 1. — Parabintoniella papierae n. gen., n in Parabintoniella papierae n. gen., n. sp., a new Triassic representative of the Bintoniellidae, a poorly known extinct family of Orthoptera (Insecta)
FIG. 1. — Parabintoniella papierae n. gen., n. sp.: A, B, holotype, specimen 5589/5590, left forewing (collection Louis Grauvogel at the 'Staatlisches Museum für Naturkunde Stuttgart'); A, photograph, ventral aspect (5589), light-mirrored; B, drawing of venation (reconstructed parts in grey); C, D, specimen 9122a, b, right forewing (collection Louis Grauvogel at the 'Staatlisches Museum für Naturkunde Stuttgart'); C, photograph, ventral aspect (9122b), light-mirrored (the white frame indicates the section enlarged in Fig. 2); D, drawing of venation (reconstructed parts in grey). Scale bar: 4 mm.
FIG. 2. — Parabintoniella papierae n. gen., n in Parabintoniella papierae n. gen., n. sp., a new Triassic representative of the Bintoniellidae, a poorly known extinct family of Orthoptera (Insecta)
FIG. 2. — Parabintoniella papierae n. gen., n. sp., specimen 9122b (collection Louis Grauvogel at the ' Staatlisches Museum für Naturkunde Stuttgart'), photograph of detail of medio-cubital area (location as shown with a white frame in Fig. 1C); the sign * indicates the area where the free basal portion of CuPaα, present in the Orthoptera groundplan but absent in the Bintoniellidae, could be expected to occur. Scale bar: 2 mm.
Data from: Network-based biostratigraphy for the late Permian to mid-Triassic Beaufort Group (Karoo Supergroup) in South Africa enhances biozone applicability and stratigraphic correlation
<p>The Permo-Triassic vertebrate assemblage zones (AZs) of South Africa's Karoo Basin are a standard for local and global correlations. However, temporal, geographical, and methodological limitations challenge the AZs reliability. We analyze a unique fossil dataset comprising 1408 occurrences of 115 species grouped into 19 stratigraphic bin intervals from the <em>Cistecephalus</em>, <em>Daptocephalus</em>, <em>Lystrosaurus</em> <em>declivis</em>, and <em>Cynognathus</em> AZs. Using network science tools we compare six frameworks: Broom, Rubidge, Viglietti, Member, Formation, including a framework suggesting diachroneity of the <em>Daptocephalus</em>/<em>Lystrosaurus</em> AZ boundary (Gastaldo). Our results demonstrate that historical frameworks (Broom, Rubidge) still identify the Karoo AZs. No scheme supports the <em>Cistecephalus</em> AZ, and it likely comprises two discrete communities. The <em>Lystrosaurus</em> <em>declivis</em> AZ is traced across all frameworks, despite many shared species with the underlying <em>Daptocephalus</em> AZ, suggesting the extinction event across this interval is not a statistical artifact. A community shift at the upper Katberg to lower Burgersdorp formations may indicate a depositional hiatus, which has important implications for regional correlations and Mesozoic ecosystem evolution. The Gastaldo model still identifies a <em>Lystrosaurus</em> and <em>Daptocephalus</em> AZ community shift, does not significantly improve recent AZ models (Viglietti), and highlights important issues with some AZ studies. Localized bed-scale lithostratigraphy (sandstone datums), and singleton fossils cannot be used to reject the patterns shown by hundreds of fossils, and regional chronostratigraphic markers of the Karoo foreland basin. Meter-level occurrence data suggest that 20–50 m sampling intervals capture Karoo AZs, unifying the use of meter-level placements of singleton fossils to delineate biozone boundaries and make regional correlations.</p>
Text-fig. 1. a: Idealised section of the Intra-Sudetic Basin (from Opluštil et al. 2016); b: Geological sketch map of the IntraSudetic Basin, here simplified (after Prouza and Tásler 2001, Pešek 2004). Explanations: 1 – Bohdašín Formation (Triassic), 2 – Bohuslavice Formation (Thuringian), 3 – Trutnov Formation (Saxonian), 4–13 Broumov Formation (Autunian): 4 – Martínkovice Member, 5 – Martínkovice Member with Jetřichovice, Hejtmánkovice and Vižňov horizons, 6–13 – Olivětín Member: 6 – Walchia bone coal facies, 7 – Basaltoides of the Šonov Group, 8 – Volcanoclastic facies, 9 – Aleuropelites, 10 – Ignimbrites, 11 – Rhyolite tuffs, 12 – Ruprechtice Limestone Horizon, 13 – Otovice Limestone Horizon. Localities: O1 – Otovice "Černý potok", O2 – Otovice "Stěnava", O3 – Otovice "Chmelnice", O4 – Otovice "Vápenka", R1 – Ruprechtice "Vápencové lomy", R2 – Ruprechtice "Pod Světlinou", R3 – Olivětín "Nad náhonem". in Actinopterygians Of The Broumov Formation (Permian) In The Czech Part Of The Intra-Sudetic Basin (The Czech Republic)
Text-fig. 1. a: Idealised section of the Intra-Sudetic Basin (from Opluštil et al. 2016); b: Geological sketch map of the IntraSudetic Basin, here simplified (after Prouza and Tásler 2001, Pešek 2004). Explanations: 1 – Bohdašín Formation (Triassic), 2 – Bohuslavice Formation (Thuringian), 3 – Trutnov Formation (Saxonian), 4–13 Broumov Formation (Autunian): 4 – Martínkovice Member, 5 – Martínkovice Member with Jetřichovice, Hejtmánkovice and Vižňov horizons, 6–13 – Olivětín Member: 6 – Walchia bone coal facies, 7 – Basaltoides of the Šonov Group, 8 – Volcanoclastic facies, 9 – Aleuropelites, 10 – Ignimbrites, 11 – Rhyolite tuffs, 12 – Ruprechtice Limestone Horizon, 13 – Otovice Limestone Horizon. Localities: O1 – Otovice "Černý potok", O2 – Otovice "Stěnava", O3 – Otovice "Chmelnice", O4 – Otovice "Vápenka", R1 – Ruprechtice "Vápencové lomy", R2 – Ruprechtice "Pod Světlinou", R3 – Olivětín "Nad náhonem".
Figs 3–5 in The latest record of the genus Belmophenopterum (Eoblattida: Mesorthopteridae) from the Middle Triassic of Kyrgyzstan
Figs 3–5. Belmophenopterum rasnitsyni sp. n. (holotype, PIN no. 2555/820, forewing; Kyrgyzstan: Osh Region, Batken District, Madygen Stow, Madygen locality; Middle Triassic, Ladinian-Carnian Stage, Madygen Formation): 3 – photograph; 4 – drawing; 5 – reconstruction.
Figs 1, 2. Sylviodes perloides Martynov, 1940 in The latest record of the genus Belmophenopterum (Eoblattida: Mesorthopteridae) from the Middle Triassic of Kyrgyzstan
Figs 1, 2. Sylviodes perloides Martynov, 1940 (PIN no. 1700/3991, forewing; Russia: Perm region, Suksun district, left bank of the Sylva River near the village of Tshekarda, Tshekarda locality; Lower Permian, Kungurian Stage, Koshelevka Formation): 1 – photo-
→ Fig. 2. Representative skeletal elements of ornithosuchid archosaur Dynamosuchus collisensis gen. et sp. nov. (CAPPA/UFSM 0248) from Janner outcrop, Carnian, Late Triassic. A. Selected skull bones in left lateral view. B. Reconstruction of the skull. C. Skull in ventral view. D. Left quadrate and quadratojugal in posterodorsal view. E. Parabasisphenoid in left lateral view. F. Neural arch of an anterior cervical vertebra in anterior view. G. Centrum of a cervical vertebra in left lateral view. H. Right osteoderm in dorsal view. I. Neural arch of an anterior dorsal vertebra in left lateral view. J. Left ilium in lateral view. L. Right humerus in anterior view. M. Right forearm in medial view. N. Left manus in dorsal view. O. Right (reversed) pubis in lateral view. P. Left femur in anterior view. Q. Left fibula in lateral view. Some unpreserved portions are modified from Baczko et al. in press, for the reconstruction of the skeleton of CAPPA/UFSM 0248 (preserved elements indicated in orange) (K). Scale bars 20 mm. in The first ornithosuchid from Brazil and its macroevolutionary and phylogenetic implications for Late Triassic faunas in Gondwana
→ Fig. 2. Representative skeletal elements of ornithosuchid archosaur Dynamosuchus collisensis gen. et sp. nov. (CAPPA/UFSM 0248) from Janner outcrop, Carnian, Late Triassic. A. Selected skull bones in left lateral view. B. Reconstruction of the skull. C. Skull in ventral view. D. Left quadrate and quadratojugal in posterodorsal view. E. Parabasisphenoid in left lateral view. F. Neural arch of an anterior cervical vertebra in anterior view. G. Centrum of a cervical vertebra in left lateral view. H. Right osteoderm in dorsal view. I. Neural arch of an anterior dorsal vertebra in left lateral view. J. Left ilium in lateral view. L. Right humerus in anterior view. M. Right forearm in medial view. N. Left manus in dorsal view. O. Right (reversed) pubis in lateral view. P. Left femur in anterior view. Q. Left fibula in lateral view. Some unpreserved portions are modified from Baczko et al. in press, for the reconstruction of the skeleton of CAPPA/UFSM 0248 (preserved elements indicated in orange) (K). Scale bars 20 mm.
parallel-fibered bone; A5, osteocyte lacunae with well-preserved canaliculi; B3, osteocyte lacunae lacking canaliculi; B4, B5, growth pattern with preserved residuals of the thick annuli and zones (zo I–III) and thin annuli and zones (zo IV–VII); A6, growth pattern with preserved thin annuli and thick zones (zo I–IV), the dotted line marks the border between the perimedullary region and the cortex. Arrows in A5 and B3 indicate osteocyte lacunae; in B4, B5, and A6 indicate the annuli. Growth pattern in B4 figured on the lateral section side, in B5 and A5 on the ventral side; note the cortex thickness variation between B4 and B5. A1, A3, A4, A6, B1, B4, B5 in polarized light and A2, A5, B2, B3 in normal transmitted light. Abbreviations: an, annulus; ec, erosion cavity; pmr, perimedullary region; pos, primary osteon; sos, secondary osteon; zo, zone. in Palaeohistology helps reveal taxonomic variability in exceptionally large temnospondyl humeri from the Upper Triassic of Krasiejów, SW Poland
parallel-fibered bone; A5, osteocyte lacunae with well-preserved canaliculi; B3, osteocyte lacunae lacking canaliculi; B4, B5, growth pattern with preserved residuals of the thick annuli and zones (zo I–III) and thin annuli and zones (zo IV–VII); A6, growth pattern with preserved thin annuli and thick zones (zo I–IV), the dotted line marks the border between the perimedullary region and the cortex. Arrows in A5 and B3 indicate osteocyte lacunae; in B4, B5, and A6 indicate the annuli. Growth pattern in B4 figured on the lateral section side, in B5 and A5 on the ventral side; note the cortex thickness variation between B4 and B5. A1, A3, A4, A6, B1, B4, B5 in polarized light and A2, A5, B2, B3 in normal transmitted light. Abbreviations: an, annulus; ec, erosion cavity; pmr, perimedullary region; pos, primary osteon; sos, secondary osteon; zo, zone.
Fig. 4 in Palaeohistology helps reveal taxonomic variability in exceptionally large temnospondyl humeri from the Upper Triassic of Krasiejów, SW Poland
Fig. 4. Microanatomy of the humeri of temnospondylian amphibians from Triassic of Krasiejów (Poland), Norian (A–D) and Bonenburg (Germany), Rhaetian (E). A, C. Capitosaurid Cyclotosaurus intermedius Sulej and Majer, 2005. A. UOBS 02116. C. UOBS 00574 (histotype II sensu Teschner et al. 2018). B, D. Trematosaurid Metoposaurus krasiejowensis (Sulej, 2002). B. UOBS 02431. D. UOPB 00109 (histotype I sensu Teschner et al. 2018). E. cf. Cyclotosaurus, LWL-MFN P 64371. Black, bone; white, pores; green, diagenetic cracks.
Figure 5 in Growth patterns, sexual dimorphism, and maturation modeled in Pachypleurosauria from Middle Triassic of central Europe (Diapsida: Sauropterygia)
Figure 5. Comparison of humerus length at birth (Lbirth), asymptotic length (AL), age at which sexual maturity is reached (ASM), and onset of maturation for pachypleurosaurs with a modeled growth record. Onset of maturation within life is estimated as ratio of the age at which sexual maturity is reached and asymptotic age (ASM / AA). It is also assessed as ratio of the age at which sexual maturity is reached and age at death (ASM / AD). White = Lbirth, black = AL, blue = ASM, red = ASM / AA, and brown = ASM / AD. High within-taxon variability in traits could suggest a sexual dimorphism in size and maturation in pachypleurosaur taxa. For values of life-history traits of specimens refer to Table 2, and for ratios to Table 3.
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