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671 results for “Window”
OPEN-WINDOW: SOUND EVENT DATABASE FOR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
<p><strong>(1) Background:</strong></p> <p>Situated in the domain of urban sound scene classification by humans and machines, the research in this project will be a first step towards mapping urban noise pollution experienced indoors and finding ways to reduce its negative impact in peoples' homes. The acoustic distinction between outdoor and indoor scenes is an active research field and can be automated with some success. A much subtler difference is the change in the indoor soundscape induced by an open window. Being able to determine this, however, would allow applications in warning systems and be a prerequisite for an app-based urban sound mapping project.</p> <p>Acoustic detection requires neither line of sight nor sensors at the window frame or knowledge of the number of windows or their size. The task, however, varies substantially in difficulty with the amount of sound inside and outside. From the point of machine classification, the lack of specificity is the most problematic aspect: Very few sounds if any can be assumed to originate exclusively from outside <em>and</em> be present at all times to aid automatic detection. The required generalisation ability, however, can be assumed for humans, who might also use very subtle cues in the change of reverberations.</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>(2) Dataset</strong></p> <p><em>(a) Recording locations</em></p> <p>The recordings have been made at three different locations. </p> <ul> <li>Farm: A farm in Brook, Surrey, United Kingdom. The recordings were made in an open-plan studio flat area in the centre of the farm. The recordings in this location have the lowest levels of background noise, due mainly to a quiet environmental surrounding.</li> <li>Office 1: An office at the University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom. The recordings were made in an open-plan office located on the first floor, at the Centre for Vision, Speech and Signal Processing (CVSSP). Since this office accommodates 16 researchers, recordings in this location have the highest level of background noise</li> <li>Office 2: An office at the University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom. The recordings were made in a small size open-plan office at the CVSSP. This office accommodates 8 researchers and the recordings made in this office considered to have a medium level of background noise.</li> </ul> <p><em>(b) Recording equipment</em></p> <p>The recordings made at the two offices and a studio flat in a farm used a dedicated laptop, Focusrite Clarett 4pre USB external sound card (44,100 Hz sample rate at 16 bits per sample) 1, and a Behringer ECM 8000 microphone.</p> <p><em>(c) Recording setup</em></p> <p>The Behringer ECM 8000 microphone is connected to the External Line Return (XLR) input of the Focusrite Clarett external sound<br> card via an XLR cable. The external sound card is connected to the dedicated laptop and controlled using Ableton Live 10 software for setting configurations and exporting the recorded audio files. The microphone is located approximately 10 cm away from the<br> window and fixed using a microphone holder. At each location 90 audio sessions are recorded; 60 one minute recordings for static state setup and 30 fifteen seconds recordings for transitional state setup.</p> <p><em>(d) File naming conventions</em></p> <p>The naming convention for audio recording is as follows:<br> [Location] [State] [Time] [IDX]<br> [State] will be one of the following: “O stands for open, C stands for Close, OC means a transition from Open to Close and CO stands for a transition from Close to Open.” [Time] stamp will be one of the following: “AM stands for morning between 9:00 to 12:00, N stands for noon which is between 13:00 to 15:00 and PM which stands for an afternoon which is between 17:00 to 20:00.” [IDX] is<br> representing the file ID number. For example, “Farm C PM 01.wav”, means this file is recorded at the farm and in the afternoon when the window is closed and the file ID is 01.</p> <p><em>(e) Dataset acquisition:</em></p> <p>A recording kit consisting of a dedicated laptop and microphone will be given to volunteers. Custom-programmed software will remind the user to specify the window state (establishing the so-called ground truth).</p> <p><em>(f) Specifications</em><br> - Open-Window contains 270 audio recordings totalling 3.37 hours of audio.<br> - Each audio recording belongs to one of the four classes representing the window states; two stationary states (Open, Close) and two transitional states (Open-Close, Close-Open).<br> - The recordings were carried out in different locations and at different times of the day.<br> - Three locations: Office1, Office2, Farm<br> - Three periods of the day: Morning, Afternoon, Evening<br> - The recordings are split into six-folds.<br> - Fold 1 is the test set.<br> - Fold 2 is the validation set.<br> - Folds 3-6 comprise the training set.<br> Each fold is balanced in terms of the class and location distribution.<br> - The annotations/metadata can be found in annotations.csv.<br> - The recordings for the stationary states are approximately 60 seconds, while the recordings for the transitional states are approximate 15 seconds.<br> - The format of the recordings is 2-channel 16-bit PCM sampled at 44.1 kHz.</p>
Building façade-level correlates of bird-window collisions in a small urban area
<p>Urbanization increasingly exposes birds to multiple sources of direct anthropogenic mortality. Collisions with buildings, and windows in particular, are a top bird mortality source, annually causing 365-988 million fatalities in the United States. Correlates of window collision rates have been studied at the scale of entire buildings and in relation to the surrounding landscape, and most studies have only assessed correlates for all birds combined without considering season- and species-specific risk factors. In Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA, we conducted bird collision surveys at 16 buildings to assess building structural-, vegetation-, and land cover-related collision correlates. Unlike past studies, we focused at the scale of individual building façades, and in addition to considering correlates for total collisions, we assessed correlates for different seasons and separately for eight collision-prone species. Several façade-related features, including proportional glass coverage, façade length, and façade height, were positively associated with total collisions and collisions for most separate seasons and species. Total collisions were also greater at alcove-shaped façades than flat, curved, and portico-shaped façades. We found that collision correlates varied among seasons (e.g., surrounding lawn cover important in summer and fall, but not spring) and among species (e.g., surrounding impervious cover positively and negatively related to collisions of Painted Bunting and American Robin, respectively). Given the importance of glass proportion, collision reduction efforts should continue to focus on minimizing and/or treating glass surfaces on new and existing buildings. Our species and season-specific assessments indicate that management of some collision risk factors may not be equally effective for all seasons and species. Future research, policy, and management that integrates information about collision risk for all bird species and seasons, and at multiple scales from building façades to the surrounding landscape, will be most effective at reducing total mortality from bird-window collisions.</p>
Data from: The early diversification history of didelphid marsupials: a window into South America's "Splendid Isolation"
The geological record of South American mammals is spatially biased because productive fossil sites are concentrated at high latitudes. As a result, the history of mammalian diversification in Amazonia and other tropical biomes is largely unknown. Here we report diversification analyses based on a time-calibrated molecular phylogeny of opossums (Didelphidae), a species-rich clade of mostly tropical marsupials descended from a Late Oligocene common ancestor. Optimizations of habitat and geography on this phylogeny suggest that (1) basal didelphid lineages inhabited South American moist forests; (2) didelphids did not diversify in dry-forest habitats until the Late Miocene; and (3) most didelphid lineages did not enter North America until the Pliocene. We also summarize evidence for an Early- to Middle-Miocene mass extinction event, for which alternative causal explanations are discussed. To the best of our knowledge, this study provides the first published molecular-phylogenetic evidence for mass extinction in any animal clade, and it is the first time that evidence for such an event (in any plant or animal taxon) has been tested for statistical significance. Potentially falsifying observations that could help discriminate between the proposed alternative explanations for didelphid mass extinction may be obtainable from diversification analyses of other sympatric mammalian groups.
Data from: Optimising sampling of flying insects using a modified window trap
Insect populations are globally declining but standardized long‐term data to evaluate trends and consequences are largely missing. One difficulty among many is the rather narrow taxonomic cover of most conventional trap types, which makes the use of several complementary collection methods necessary to achieve comprehensive coverage. To avoid the effort associated with operating multiple traps, we demonstrate how to modify window traps in a simple and standardizable way to capture a wider range of flying insect taxa. While a typical window trap only has a collection unit below the windows, we added an additional collection unit on top of the windows. We tested this modified trap design in 135 study plots in a temperate forest over 5 months and compared trap catches between top and bottom collection units. The top collection unit captured considerably more individuals of Hymenoptera, Diptera, Lepidoptera, Neuroptera, Auchenorrhyncha and Thysanoptera than the bottom collection unit. In contrast, there were more individuals of Coleoptera, Heteroptera, Sternorrhyncha and Psocoptera in the bottom collection unit. Both collection units captured a highly distinct insect community and patterns were consistent throughout the season. These modified traps are suitable for collecting a broader range of flying insects compared to conventional window traps. The additional top unit is fast and easy to build and the traps require little maintenance while operating in the field. These characteristics make modified window traps with top and bottom collection units a promising tool for standardized and replicable biodiversity studies covering a broad range of insect taxa.
Data from: Identifying the critical climatic time window that affects trait expression
Identifying the critical time window during which climatic drivers affect the expression of phenological, behavioral, and demographic traits is crucial for predicting the impact of climate change on trait and population dynamics. Two widely used associative methods exist to identify critical climatic periods: sliding-window models and recursive operators in which the memory of past weather fades over time. Both approaches have different strong points, which we combine here into a single method. Our method uses flexible functions to differentially weight past weather, which can reflect competing hypotheses about time lags and the relative importance of recent and past weather for trait expression. Using a 22-year data set, we illustrate that the climatic window identified by our new method explains more of the phenological variation in a sexually selected trait than existing approaches. Our new method thus helps to better identify the critical time window and the causes of trait response to environmental variability.
Data from: Windows of opportunity for germination of riparian species after restoring water level fluctuations: a field experiment with controlled seed banks
1. Restoration activities aiming at increasing vegetation diversity often try to stimulate both dispersal and germination. In wetlands, dispersal and germination are coupled as water and water level fluctuations (WLF) simultaneously influence seed transport and germination conditions (soil moisture). Water regime shifts have been shown to affect vegetation composition. However, the interactions between WLF, dispersal and subsequent germination as drivers of such changes are still poorly understood, especially within the complexity of a field situation. 2. We tested the effect of soil moisture on ten riparian species in the greenhouse and sowed these species on 135 field locations in nine wetlands with recently restored WLF. We used quantile regressions to test the effects of WLF on the window of opportunity for germination from sown seeds and other seeds naturally dispersed to our plots, as well as on community diversity. 3. Soil moisture significantly affected germination both in the greenhouse and in the field. In the complexity of a field situation, a flooding depth just below the soil level, an intermediate flooding duration and a high flooding frequency provided the best opportunities for maximal germination. This was because these conditions enhanced germination from the seed bank as well as increasing germination from dispersed seeds. Seedling diversity showed identical patterns. 4. Other known (i.e., light conditions) and unknown factors played a role as we found low and variable germination, even under optimal conditions. We found evidence that WLF can affect vegetation zonation as flooded seedling communities contained more species with high moisture affinity. 5. Synthesis and applications. Water level fluctuations provide clear windows of opportunity for germination both from the seed bank and from dispersed seeds. Water regime changes are therefore likely to strongly affect recruitment opportunities and subsequent community assembly in riparian ecosystems, for instance through climate change or management. Water level fluctuations can be used as management tool to stimulate plant recruitment and seedling diversity in riparian wetlands.
Data from: A population genetic window into the past and future of the walleye Sander vitreus: Relation to historic walleye and the extinct "blue pike" S. v. "glaucus"
Background: Conserving genetic diversity and local adaptations are management priorities for wild populations of exploited species, which increasingly are subject to climate change, habitat loss, and pollution. These constitute growing concerns for the walleye Sander vitreus, an ecologically and economically valuable North American temperate fish with large Laurentian Great Lakes' fisheries. This study compares genetic diversity and divergence patterns across its widespread native range using mitochondrial (mt) DNA control region sequences and nine nuclear DNA microsatellite (μsat) loci, examining historic and contemporary influences. We analyze the genetic and morphological characters of a putative endemic variant– "blue pike" S. v. "glaucus" –described from Lakes Erie and Ontario, which became extinct. Walleye with turquoise-colored mucus are evaluated, since some have questioned whether these are related to the "blue pike". Results: Walleye populations are distinguished by significant considerable genetic divergence (mean FST mtDNA=0.32±0.01, μsat=0.13±0.00) and substantial diversity across their range (mean heterozygosity mtDNA=0.53±0.02, μsat=0.68±0.03). Southern populations markedly differ, possessing unique haplotypes and alleles, especially the . The Ohio/New River population that housespossesses the most pronounced divergence and the oldest haplotype. Northerly formerly glaciated populations have greatest diversity in Lake Erie (mean heterozygosity mtDNA=0.79±0.00, μsat=0.72±0.01). Genetic diversity was much less in historic Lake Erie samples from 1923–1949 (mean heterozygosity mtDNA=0.05±0.01, μsat=0.47±0.06) than today. The historic "blue pike" had no unique haplotypes/alleles and there is no evidence that it comprised a separate taxon from walleye. Turquoise mucus walleye also show no genetic differentiation from other sympatric walleye and no correspondence to the "blue pike". Conclusions: Contemporary walleye populations possess high levels of genetic diversity and divergence, despite habitat degradation and exploitation. Genetic and previously published tagging data indicate that natal homing and spawning site philopatry led to population structure. Population patterns were shaped by climate change and drainage connections, with northern ones tracing to post-glacial recolonization. Southerly populations possess unique alleles and may provide an important future genetic reservoir. Allelic frequencies of Lake Erie walleye from ~70–90 years ago significantly differed from today, suggesting population recovery after extensive habitat loss, pollution, and exploitation. The historic "blue pike" was indistinguishable from walleye, indicating that taxonomic designation is not warranted.
medieval windows Rue de la Tête d'Or 1 Brussels
Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Medieval Window (Yr1 FMP)
Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
16th-17th C Window, Chateau de la Roche-Guyon
Cross-shaped window frame documented at the Chateau de la Roche-Guyon, France during the summer of 2018. Documentation done with Sony A7III and processed in Reality Capture from 439 photos. GDH ID Cross Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
FIGURE 4 in Cyrtosathe gen. n.: the first nonscenopinine window fly from sub Saharan Africa (Diptera: Scenopinidae)
FIGURE 4. Cyrtosathe kirkspriggsi gen. et sp. nov.: Female genitalia: A, Genitalia in contacted position, posterolateral; B, detail of same with acanthophorites slightly relaxed posteriorly, lateral; C, same, showing distal reproductive system (tergite 8 cut away and vestiture removed), dorsal. Scale lines: 0.1 mm. Abbreviations: A1, acanthophorite macrosetae; ag, accessory gland duct (gland cut away); f, furca; ss, spermathecal sac; s, spermatheca; sd, spermathecal duct; s8, sternite 8; s10, sternite 10; t8t10, tergites 8 to 10.
FIGURE 1 in Cyrtosathe gen. n.: the first nonscenopinine window fly from sub Saharan Africa (Diptera: Scenopinidae)
FIGURE 1. Cyrtosathe kirkspriggsi gen. et sp. nov.: Male: A, head, lateral; B, same anterior. Female: C, head lateral; D, same anterior; E, antenna, right lateral. F, abdominal tergite 2 sensory setae patch (enlarged at right). Scale lines: 0.1 mm.
FIGURE 3 in Cyrtosathe gen. n.: the first nonscenopinine window fly from sub Saharan Africa (Diptera: Scenopinidae)
FIGURE 3. Cyrtosathe kirkspriggsi gen. et sp. nov.: Male genitalia: A. Epandrium, dorsal; B, aedeagus and gonocoxites (epandrium and vestiture removed), dorsolateral view; C, same, lateral; D, detail of basal portion of aedeagus, lateral; E, aedeagus and gonocoxites, dorsal; F, detail of gonocoxites. lateral, Scale line: 0.1 mm. Abbreviations: c, cercus; d, distiphallus; da, dorsal apodeme of parameral sheath; e, epandrium; ea, ejaculatory apodeme; g, gonocoxite; ga, gonocoxal apodeme; gs, gonostylus; h, hypandrium; hy, hypoproct.
WingMarks2 Windows 64b executable app
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Titanic's Officer's mess windows
Officer's mess windows asset of titanic ship. #props4 Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Window to the Stars 2.13 on Raspberry Pi OS for Raspberry Pi 4B (arm64)
<p>Window to the Stars 2.13 on Raspberry Pi (amd64)</p><p><a href="http://personal.ph.surrey.ac.uk/~ri0005/window.html">http://personal.ph.surrey.ac.uk/~ri0005/window.html</a></p><p>Username/password: wtts/wtts</p><p>Please use the latest upload. Others are left here for the interested.</p><p>Note that the first time you boot, the Pi will do some work to decompress some things and expand the filesystem. Be patient! Just let the Pi do its thing for a few minutes and you'll be fine. Hopefully :) Whatever you do, do not just power off the Pi!</p><p> </p><p>This version has the latest WTTS also with <a href="https://binary_c.gitlab.io/">binary_c</a> (<a href="https://gitlab.com/binary_c">code</a>).</p>
Data/code for Mlawer et al. 2024 (A more transparent infrared window)
<p>Compressed file includes:</p> <ul> <li>LBLRTM input text files for both the SGP and MAO sites (TAPE5_inputs_SGP/ and TAPE5_inputs_MAO/ respectively) -- file names consist of date (YYYYMMDD) and radiosonde time in UTC (HHMMSS)</li> <li>netCDF data files with TROPoe retrieved aerosol AOD for SGP site (aerosol_data/*.nc), which input data for retrieval were taken from IMPROVE campaign (Downloaded from <a href="https://views.cira.colostate.edu//fed/QueryWizard/Default.aspx" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://views.cira.colostate.edu//fed/QueryWizard/Default.aspx</a> on 3 March 2024) -- file names consist of aerosol type, date (YYYYMMDD) and time in UTC (HHMMSS)</li> <li>A .csv file with retrieved aerosol AOD data provided by Connor Flynn (aerosol_data/Flynn_aod_data.csv)</li> <li>Miscellaneous data (misc_data/): <ul> <li>netCDF of data used as inputs for 3-variable retrieval script (IRwindow_SGP_daveRetrievals2_inputs.cdf)</li> <li>IDL .sav file of trace gas sensitivity analysis results (IRwindow_SGP_traceGasSensitivityThreshold_0.075thershold.sav)</li> <li>IDL .sav file of Otsu wavenumber analysis results (IRwindow_wavenumbers_that_passed_spectral_test_0bad1good_750-1290wOzone.sav)</li> <li>Excel file with three tabs containing other studies' datasets for: self, foreign, and self temperature dependence (supporting_data.xlsx)</li> </ul> </li> <li>Python example script of 3-variable retrieval (IRwindow_3varRetrieval_revised.py)</li> </ul>
Ventilation cooling/heating performance of a PCM enhanced ventilated window - an experimental study
<p>The dataset includes the published data in the article Ventilation cooling/heating performance of a PCM enhanced ventilated window - an experimental study. For the details of the data description please refer to the paper.</p>
Ventilation Pre-heating Effectiveness of a PCM Solar Air Collector with Ventilated Window System
<p>The dataset includes the published data in the article Ventilation Pre-heating Effectiveness of a PCM Solar Air Collector with Ventilated Window System. Dataset including experimental data and data for numerical validation. For the details of the data description please refer to the paper.</p>
Performance and control strategy development of a PCM enhanced ventilated window system by a combined experimental and numerical study
<p>The dataset includes the published data in the article Performance and control strategy development of a PCM enhanced<br> ventilated window system by a combined experimental and numerical study. Dataset including experimental data and data for numerical validation. For the details of the data description please refer to the paper.</p>
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