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333 results for “diversity gradients”
How does variation in total and relative abundance contribute to gradients of species diversity?
Patterns of biodiversity provide insights into the processes that shape biological communities around the world. Variation in species diversity along biogeographical or ecological gradients, such as latitude or precipitation, can be attributed to variation in different components of biodiversity: changes in the total abundance (i.e. more-individual effects) and changes in the regional species abundance distribution (SAD). Rarefaction curves can provide a tool to partition these sources of variation on diversity, but first must be converted to a common unit of measurement. Here, we partition species diversity gradients into components of the SAD and abundance using the effective number of species (ENS) transformation of the individual-based rarefaction curve. Because the ENS curve is unconstrained by sample size, it can act as a standardized unit of measurement when comparing effect sizes among different components of biodiversity change. We illustrate the utility of the approach using two datasets spanning latitudinal diversity gradients in trees and marine reef fish, and find contrasting results. Whereas the diversity gradient of fish was mostly associated with variation in abundance (86%), the tree diversity gradient was mostly associated with variation in the SAD (59%). These results suggest that local fish diversity may be limited by energy through the more-individuals effect, while species pool effects are the larger determinant of tree diversity. We suggest that the framework of the ENS-curve has the potential to quantify the underlying factors influencing most aspects of diversity change. --
Hierarchy of the factors influencing the broad-scale waterbirds functional diversity gradients in temperate China
<p>Geographical gradients in species diversity have long fascinated biogeographers and ecologists. However, the extent and generality of the positive/negative effects of the important factors governing functional diversity (FD) patterns are still debated, especially for the freshwater domain. We examined lake productivity and functional richness (FRic) of waterbirds sampled from 35 lakes and reservoirs in northern China with a geographic coverage of over 5 million km2. We used structural equation modelling (SEM) to explore the causal relationships between geographic position, climate, lake productivity and waterbirds FRic. We found unambiguous altitudinal and longitudinal gradients in lake productivity and waterbirds FD, which were strongly mediated by local environmental factors. Specifically, we found 1) lake productivity increased northeast but decreased with altitude, and the observed gradients were driven by climate and nutrient availability, with 93% of variation explained in the individual SEM; 2) waterbirds FD showed similar geographic and elevational gradients.; the environmental factors which had direct and/or indirect effects on these geographic and elevational gradients included climate, lake productivity and morphology, which collectively explained more than 56% of the variation in waterbirds FD; and 3) a significant (P = 0.029) causality between lake productivity and waterbirds FD was confirmed. Nevertheless, the causality link was relatively weak in comparison with climate and lake area (standardized path coefficient was 0.65, 0.21, and 0.17 for climate, area, and productivity, respectively). Through articulating the dominant causality paths, our results could contribute to the mechanistic explanations underlying the observed broad–scale biodiversity gradients.</p>
High diversity of Cetiocyon beetles (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae) along an elevational gradient on Mt. Wilhelm, New Guinea, with new records from the Bird´s Head Peninsula
<p>This dataset contains the data used for phylogenetic analyses, the electronic supplement to the paper, and the full set of original unedited photographs and SEM micrographs used for the study.</p>
Ancient tropical extinctions contributed to the latitudinal diversity gradient
<p>Appendix 1 includes the results of the biogeographical reconstruction of Testudines, Crocodilia and Squamata inferred from a Lagrange dispersal–extinction–cladogenesis (DEC) under three different models; unconstrained, Unc.; soft fossil constraint, SFC; and hard fossil constraint model, HFC (see methods). The uncertainty associated with these reconstructions is provided in additional .txt files for each group/model. For each reconstruction, ancestral scenarios are indicated with letters that correspond with our three operational areas: Holarctic (a), equator (b), southern temperate regions (c). In the ancestral scenarios, the symbol “|” splits the ranges inherited by each descendant lineage. Node numbers could be found on the tree supplied.</p> <p> </p>
Supporting data and code for "Benthic habitats do show a significant latitudinal diversity gradient: a comment on Kinlock et al. (2018)".
<p>R code and dataset for: Menegotto A., Kurtz M.N. & Lana P.C. 2019. Benthic habitats do show a significant latitudinal diversity gradient: a comment on Kinlock et al. (2018). Global Ecology and Biogeography, 28, 1712-1717.</p>
Fish Diversity and Assemblages along the Altitudinal Gradients of Ghamot National Park Forest Streams the State Biosphere-Reserve Neelum Valley, Pakistan
<p>Fish Diversity and Assemblages along the Altitudinal Gradients of <br>Ghamot National Park Forest Streams the State Biosphere-Reserve <br>Neelum Valley, Pakistan </p>
Data from: Multiple facets of stream macroinvertebrate alpha diversity are driven by different ecological factors across an extensive altitudinal gradient
Environmental filtering and spatial structuring are important ecological processes for the generation and maintenance of biodiversity. However, the relative importance of these ecological drivers for multiple facets of diversity is still poorly understood in highland streams. Here, we examined the responses of three facets of stream macroinvertebrate alpha diversity to local environmental, landscape-climate and spatial factors in a near-pristine highland riverine ecosystem. Taxonomic (species richness, Shannon diversity and evenness), functional (functional richness, evenness, divergence and Rao's Quadratic entropy) and a proxy of phylogenetic alpha diversity (taxonomic distinctness and variation in taxonomic distinctness) were calculated for macroinvertebrate assemblages in 55 stream sites. Then Pearson correlation coefficient was used to explore congruence of indices within and across the three diversity facets. Finally, multiple linear regression models and variation partitioning were employed to identify the relative importance of different ecological drivers of biodiversity. We found most correlations between the diversity indices within the same facet, and between functional richness and species richness were relatively strong. The two phylogenetic diversity indices were quite independent from taxonomic diversity but correlated with functional diversity indices to some extent. Taxonomic and functional diversity were more strongly determined by environmental variables, while phylogenetic diversity was better explained by spatial factors. In terms of environmental variables, habitat-scale variables describing habitat complexity and water physical features played the primary role in determining the diversity patterns of all three facets, whereas landscape factors appeared less influential. Our findings indicated that both environmental and spatial factors are important ecological drivers for biodiversity patterns of macroinvertebrates in Tibetan streams, although their relative importance was contingent on different facets of diversity. Such findings verified the complementary roles of taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic diversity, and highlighted the importance of comprehensively considering multiple ecological drivers for different facets of diversity in biodiversity assessment.
Data from: Dispersal versus environmental filtering in a dynamic system: drivers of vegetation patterns and diversity along stream riparian gradients
1. Both environmental filtering and dispersal filtering are known to influence plant species distribution patterns and biodiversity. Particularly in dynamic habitats, however, it remains unclear whether environmental filtering (stimulated by stressful conditions) or dispersal filtering (during re-colonization events) dominates in community assembly, or how they interact. Such a fundamental understanding of community assembly is critical to the design of biodiversity conservation and restoration strategies. 2. Stream riparian zones are species-rich dynamic habitats. They are characterized by steep hydrological gradients likely to promote environmental filtering, and by spatiotemporal variation in the arrival of propagules likely to promote dispersal filtering. We quantified the contributions of both filters by monitoring natural seed arrival (dispersal filter) and experimentally assessing germination, seedling survival and growth of 17 riparian plant species (environmental filter) along riparian gradients of three lowland streams that were excavated to bare substrate for restoration. Subsequently, we related spatial patterns in each process to species distribution and diversity patterns after 1 and 2 years of succession. 3. Patterns in initial seed arrival were very clearly reflected in species distribution patterns in the developing vegetation and were more significant than environmental filtering. However, environmental filtering intensified towards the wet end of the riparian gradient, particularly through effects of flooding on survival and growth, which strongly affected community diversity and generated a gradient in the vegetation. Strikingly, patterns in seed arrival foreshadowed the gradient that developed in the vegetation; seeds of species with adult optima at wetter conditions dominated seed arrival at low elevations along the riparian gradient while seeds of species with drier optima arrived higher up. Despite previous assertions suggesting a dominance of environmental filtering, our results demonstrate that nonrandom dispersal may be an important driver of early successional riparian vegetation zonation and biodiversity patterns as well. 4. Synthesis: Our results demonstrate (and quantify) the strong roles of both environmental and dispersal filtering in determining plant community assemblies in early successional dynamic habitats. Furthermore, we demonstrate that dispersal filtering can already initiate vegetation gradients, a mechanism that may have been overlooked along many environmental gradients where interspecific interactions are (temporarily) reduced.
Data from: Fungal disease incidence along tree diversity gradients depends on latitude in European forests
European forests host a diversity of tree species that are increasingly threatened by fungal pathogens, which may have cascading consequences for forest ecosystems and their functioning. Previous experimental studies suggest that foliar and root pathogen abundance and disease severity decrease with increasing tree species diversity, but evidences from natural forests are rare. Here, we tested whether foliar fungal disease incidence was negatively affected by tree species diversity in different forest types across Europe. We measured the foliar fungal disease incidence on 16 different tree species in 209 plots in six European countries, representing a forest-type gradient from the Mediterranean to boreal forests. Forest plots of single species (monoculture plots) and those with different combinations of two to five tree species (mixed species plots) were compared. Specifically, we analyzed the influence of tree species richness, functional type (conifer vs. broadleaved) and phylogenetic diversity on overall fungal disease incidence. The effect of tree species richness on disease incidence varied with latitude and functional type. Disease incidence tended to increase with tree diversity, in particular in northern latitudes. Disease incidence decreased with tree species richness in conifers, but not in broadleaved trees. However, for specific damage symptoms, no tree species richness effects were observed. Although the patterns were weak, susceptibility of forests to disease appears to depend on the forest site and tree type.
Functional diversity response to geographic and experimental precipitation gradients varies with plant community type
<p><span>Precipitation is a primary determinant of plant community structure in drylands. However, the empirical evidence and predictions are lacking for how plant functional diversity in desert and steppe communities respond to altered precipitation regimes. </span></p> <p><span>We examined how precipitation changes along the natural and experimental gradients affect different components of functional diversity in desert-shrub and steppe-grass communities. We compared the associations of precipitation changes with community-weighted means (CWM) of six traits, functional divergence (FDvar) of each single-trait, and multi-trait functional richness (FRic) and dispersion (FDis) for shrub and grass communities along the natural and experimental gradients. We also disentangle the roles of species turnover and intraspecific variations in affecting the responses of different functional diversity to precipitation changes. </span></p> <p><span>We found that in general, the similar responses of functional traits or diversity to both the natural and experimental precipitation gradient were dependent on plant community type. Across both two gradients, precipitation was positively associated with CWM of plant height and negatively associated with the CWM of specific leaf area and leaf thickness in grass community, while positively associated with FDvar of four traits and FDis in shrub communities. Both species turnover and intraspecific variations contributed to the responses of grass community traits to precipitation changes across both two gradients, and to functional divergence of traits and FDis in shrub community along the natural gradient. In contrast, species turnover variations contributed to functional divergence of traits and FDis in shrub community in experiment. </span></p> <p><span>These results suggest that there is better concordance between the effects of naturally and experimentally increased precipitation on functional diversity of plant communities, but different mechanisms behind the relationship of functional diversity-precipitation between shrub and grass communities. Grass communities can adapt to precipitation changes by average trait differences, while shrub communities persist through the functional divergence of single-trait and multi-trait dispersion, thus highlighting the important differences in adaptive strategies between shrub and grass communities. Our findings demonstrate that the short-term responses of plant communities to manipulative precipitation changes can reflect long-term shifts at spatial scales depending on the specific functional trait and diversity.</span></p>
Data from: BIOVERA-Tree: tree diversity, community composition, forest structure and functional traits along gradients of forest-use intensity and elevation in Veracruz, Mexico
<p>Here, we describe BIOVERA-Tree, a database on tree diversity, community composition, forest structure, and functional traits collected in 120 forest plots distributed along an extensive elevational gradient in Veracruz State, Mexico. BIOVERA-Tree includes information on forest structure from three levels of forest-use intensity, namely old-growth, degraded, and secondary forest, replicated across eight elevations from sea-level to near the tree line at 3500 m and on size and location of 4549 tree individuals with a diameter at breast height ≥ 5 cm belonging to 216 species, 154 genera, and 80 families. We also report measurements of eight functional traits, namely wood density for 143 species, maximum height for 216 species and leaf traits including: specific leaf area, lamina density, leaf thickness, chlorophyll content, and leaf area for 148 species and leaf dry matter content for 145 species.</p>
FIGURE 3 in Oribatid mite diversity in Rhododendron ponticum L. canopy along an altitudinal gradient in Mtirala National Park
FIGURE 3: Abundance graph of four dominant canopy species along the altitudinal gradient in MNP.
FIG. 4 in Species richness, functional diversity and assemblage structure of insectivorous bats along an elevational gradient in tropical West Africa
FIG. 4. Mean pairwise distances (MPD) of multivariate traits (A and B), forearm length (C and D), greatest skull length (E and F), narrowest breadth of skull (G and H), ear length (I and J) and tail length (K and L) of insectivorous bat assemblages along the Mount Nimba elevational gradient. Observed MPD for each elevation is represented by the blue dots. A blue line of best fit is shown for significant relationships between observed MPD and elevation. The red dots indicate the expected MPD as calculated by 999 randomized community shuffles for figures on the left, and trait shuffles for figures on the right. A red line of best fit is shown for significant relationships between expected MPD and elevation. Instances where observed MPD differs significantly from the expected MPD are indicated by black rings
FIG. 2 in Species richness, functional diversity and assemblage structure of insectivorous bats along an elevational gradient in tropical West Africa
FIG. 2. Quadratic linear regression of species richness of assemblages versus elevation (P = 0.008; species richness = 34.32 - 7.893*elevation + 0.4881*elevation2)
FIG. 5 in Species richness, functional diversity and assemblage structure of insectivorous bats along an elevational gradient in tropical West Africa
FIG. 5. Mean nearest taxon distances (MNTD) of multivariate traits (A and B), forearm length (C and D), greatest skull length (E and F), narrowest breadth of skull (G and H), ear length (I and J) and tail length (K and L) of insectivorous bats along the Mount Nimba elevational gradient. Observed MNTD for each elevation is represented by the green dots. A green line of best fit is shown for significant relationships between observed MNTD and elevation. The red dots indicate the expected MNTD as calculated by 999 randomized community shuffles for figures on the left, and trait shuffles for figures on the right. A red line of best fit is shown for significant relationships between expected MNTD and elevation. Instances where observed MNTD differs significantly from the expected MNTD are indicated by black rings
FIG. 3 in Species richness, functional diversity and assemblage structure of insectivorous bats along an elevational gradient in tropical West Africa
FIG. 3. Dendrogram of bat functional groups present on Mount Nimba. Eight functional groups were identified, each represented by a different colour. See Supplementary Table S1 for full species names
FIG. 1 in Species richness, functional diversity and assemblage structure of insectivorous bats along an elevational gradient in tropical West Africa
FIG. 1. Study sites in Liberia and Guinea (Google Earth, 2015) and their assignment to the eight elevation belts. Key for site colours: red: <500 m; green: 500–600 m; yellow: 601–800 m; blue: 801–900 m; purple: 901–1100 m; black: 1101–1200 m; orange: 1201– 1400 m; white: 1401–1600 m
Patterns and drivers of soil surface-dwelling Oribatida diversity along an altitudinal gradient on the Changbai Mountain, China
<p>Distribution patterns of biodiversity and environmental interactions are dominant themes in ecology. In montane ecosystems, biodiversity is closely associated with altitudinal gradients. However, studies of biodiversity in montane ecosystems is focused on plants and vertebrates, with relatively less on invertebrates. Here, the present study used a Vortis arthropod suction sampler to explore the biodiversity patterns of soil surface-dwelling Oribatida and their drivers along an altitudinal gradient (600 m, 800 m, 1600 m, 2000 m, and 2300 m) from typically temperate forests, evergreen coniferous forests, subalpine birch forests to alpine tundra on the north slope of Changbai Mountain, Northeast China. <em>Trichoribates berlesei, Platynothrus peltifer,</em> and <em>Oribatula tibialis</em> were the dominant soil surface-dwelling species on Changbai Mountain. Generally, alpha diversity and beta diversity of soil surface-dwelling Oribatida decreased with the rising altitude, with a peaking density value at 2000 m. The result of beta diversity showed that the structuring of the community was more influenced by the species turnover component than the nestedness component. Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) ordination showed that the community structure of soil surface-dwelling Oribatida varied significantly along the altitudinal gradient. The variance partitioning showed that the elevation and climatic conditions determined the soil surface-dwelling Oribatida community. Spatial filtering represented by geographic and elevation distances was particularly associated with soil surface-dwelling Oribatida community variation between altitudes on Changbai Mountain. However, the variation of the Oribatida community between adjacent altitudes was only associated with geographic distance. Our study provides supportive evidence for the biodiversity analyzing of soil surface-dwelling Oribatida in montane ecosystems along an altitudinal gradient.</p>
Fig. 5 in Evidence of altitudinal gradient modifying genomic and chemical diversity in populations of Lychnophora pinaster Mart.
Fig. 5. Dendrogram and heatmap analysis for Lychnophora pinaster populations located at the North (North 01, North 02, and North 03), Metropolitan region of Belo Horizonte (MrBH, MrBH 01 and MrBH 02), and Campos das Vertentes (CV 01, CV 02, and CV 03) regions based on the fixation index (FST) of Wright's Fstatistics expressed by the full set of SNP markers.
Fig. 6 in Evidence of altitudinal gradient modifying genomic and chemical diversity in populations of Lychnophora pinaster Mart.
Fig. 6. The population structure of Lychnophora pinaster populations. Populations structure is based on the total SNP set (A), neutral SNP set (B), and positive SNP set (C). The selection of neutral and positive SNP sets was performed by BayeScan analysis. North: North region; Met. Reg. Belo Horizonte: Metropolitan region of Belo Horizonte; MrBH 01 and MrBH 02: populations of L. pinaster found on Metropolitan region of Belo Horizonte.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
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The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
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