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opennotspecifiedDec 2012View details →

Fig. 3 in Limited effects of dominant ants on assemblage species richness in three Amazon forests.

Fig. 3. The percentage of better-fit linear, asymptotic, and quadratic models applied to data from 1000 spatially-structured randomisations for each subsample, using baiting, pitfall trap, Winkler data, and for a subset of subordinate species that are more prone to interact with dominant ants. The subset of subordinate species used data from pitfall and Winkler sampling techniques combined. The subsamples were distributed along 225 m and spaced 25 m apart.

opennotspecifiedDec 2012View details →

Fig. 2 in Limited effects of dominant ants on assemblage species richness in three Amazon forests.

Fig. 2. The relationship between the abundance of dominant ants and the number of subordinate species across three sites at Central Amazonia, using baits, pitfalls, Winkler data, and a subset of subordinate species that are more prone to interact with dominant ants. The subset of subordinate species used data from pitfall and Winkler sampling techniques combined. Grey circles represent Viruá transects, black circles Maracá transects, and open circles Ducke transects.

opennotspecifiedDec 2012View details →

Fig. 1 in Limited effects of dominant ants on assemblage species richness in three Amazon forests.

Fig. 1. Map of the study region. Squares represent the three sites sampled. In the detailed figure, the black circles represent the 250 - m transects spatially arranged in a 5 × 5 km square grid.

opennotspecifiedJan 2013View details →

Fig. 3 Neochromadora aff. poecilosoma, a in Nematode succession at deep-sea hydrothermal vents after a recent volcanic eruption with the description of two dominant species

Fig. 3 Neochromadora aff. poecilosoma, a female, specimen no.7, reproductive system; b female, no. 7 total view; c male, no. 1, cuticle on the level of the pharynx; d male, no. 1, cuticle on the level of the midbody; e male, no.1, cuticle on the level of the tail. Scale in μm

opennotspecifiedJan 2013View details →

Fig. 2 Neochromadora aff. poecilosoma, a in Nematode succession at deep-sea hydrothermal vents after a recent volcanic eruption with the description of two dominant species

Fig. 2 Neochromadora aff. poecilosoma, a male, specimen no.1, head region; b male, specimen no. 2; c male, no.1, anterior end; d female, specimen no. 6; e male, no. 1, posterior end; f male, no.1, spicule. Scale in μm

opennotspecifiedJan 2013View details →

Fig. 1 in Nematode succession at deep-sea hydrothermal vents after a recent volcanic eruption with the description of two dominant species

Fig. 1 Examples of habitat types analyzed in this study. a Newly established active vent site colonized by the tubeworm foundation species Tevnia jerichonana and a few large Riftia pachyptila tubeworms at P-Vent in 2007. b Old inactive vent at the site East Wall showing empty tubeworm tubes and mussel shells in 2007. c Newly bare basalt adjacent to the vent site Tica in 2007. In each habitat artificial settlement devices (referred to as "sponge;" see Fig. 1c) were deployed

opencc-zeroJun 2021View details →

Habitat alteration facilitates the dominance of invasive species through disrupting niche partitioning in floodplain wetlands

Aim: Exotic species invasion often leads to declines in local and regional biodiversity, particularly in freshwater ecosystems. This biodiversity loss is generally facilitated by human activities such as land cover change and hydrological alternation. Recent advances in stable isotope analysis (SIA) have been highlighted in many studies addressing fundamental issues in invasion ecology, especially in quantifying competition for resources between native and exotic species. However, how anthropogenic disturbance influences trophic relationships among invasive and native species remains poorly understood. Location: Middle-lower Yangtze River region, China Methods: To investigate the effects of human disturbance on interspecific trophic interactions, this study compared isotopic niche space and overlap of the introduced red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) and the native oriental river shrimp (Macrobrachium nipponense) and freshwater snail (Bellamya aeruginosa) in natural and modified wetlands. Results: Based on carbon and nitrogen SIA, we found ubiquitous niche shifts in macroinvertebrates with increased competition, which might lead to significant niche contraction in modified habitats at both community and population scales. Moreover, the isotopic niche width of the exotic crayfish was twice as larger as that of natives at both habitats, suggesting that the exotic P. clarkii had great competitive superiority over the native species. However, the effects of habitat modification on niche overlap were inconsistent. While the niche overlap between crayfish and shrimp was significantly higher in modified habitats than in natural open waters, niche overlap between crayfish and the snail was significantly reduced. Main conclusions: Collectively, our findings highlight that the competitive outcomes of interspecific trophic interactions can be dependent on the prey availability and diversity, which embraces both the classic optimal foraging theory and competition theory to understand how environmental change, such as habitat alternation, affects the biological invasion processes.

opencc-zeroJul 2021View details →

Data from: Long-term and interactive effects of different mammalian consumers on growth, survival and recruitment of dominant tree species

Throughout the world, numerous tree species are reported to be in decline, either due to increased mortality of established trees or reduced recruitment. The situation appears especially acute for oaks, which are dominant features of many landscapes in the northern hemisphere. Although numerous factors have been hypothesized to explain reductions in tree performance, vertebrate herbivores and granivores may serve as important drivers of these changes. Here, using data from 8- and 14-year-old exclosure experiments, we evaluated the individual and interactive effects of large and small mammalian herbivores on the performance of three widespread oak species in California – coast live oak (Quercus agrifolia), California black oak (Q. kelloggii) and Oregon white oak (Q. garryana). Although impacts varied somewhat by species and experiment, herbivory by black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus) reduced the height and survival of juvenile coast live oaks and altered their architecture, as well as reduced the abundance of black oak seedlings, the richness of woody species and the cover of non-oak woody species. Small mammals (Microtus californicus and Peromyscus maniculatus) had even more widespread effects, reducing the abundance of black oak seedlings and the height and cover of all three oak species. We also detected numerous interactions between small mammals and deer, with one herbivore having positive or negative effects on oak abundance and cover when the other herbivore was either present or absent. For example, deer often had negative effects on seedling abundance only when, or even more so when, small mammals were present. In summary, mammalian consumers play crucial roles in limiting oak recruitment by reducing seedling abundance, maintaining trees in stunted states and preventing them from reaching sapling stages and becoming reproductive. Interactions between large and small mammals can also alter the intensity and direction of their effects on trees.

opencc-zeroJul 2021View details →

Fitness consequences of hybridization in a predominantly selfing species: insights into the role of dominance and epistatic incompatibilities

Studying the consequences of hybridization on plant performance is insightful to understand the adaptive potential of populations, notably at local scales. Due to reduced effective recombination, predominantly selfing species are organized in highly homozygous multi-locus-genotypes (or lines) that accumulate genetic differentiation both among- and within-populations. This high level of homozygosity facilitates the dissection of the genetic basis of hybrid performance in highly selfing species, which gives insights into the mechanisms of reproductive isolation between lines. Here, we explored the fitness consequences of hybridization events between natural inbred lines of the predominantly selfing species Medicago truncatula, at both within- and among-populations scales. We found that hybridization has opposite effects pending on studied fitness proxies, with dry mass showing heterosis, and seed production showing outbreeding depression. Although we found significant patterns of heterosis and outbreeding depression, they did not differ significantly for within- compared to among-population crosses. Family-based analyses allowed us to determine that hybrid differentiation was mostly due to dominance and epistasis. Dominance and/or dominant epistatic interactions increased dry mass, while decreasing seed production, and recessive epistatic interactions mostly had a positive effect on both fitness proxies. Our results illustrate how genetic incompatibilities can accumulate at a very local scale among multi-locus-genotypes, and how non-additive genetic effects contributes to heterosis and outbreeding depression.

opencc-zeroJul 2021View details →

A trait‐based approach predicting community assembly and dominance of microbial invasive species

Understanding the mechanisms underlying community assembly helps to define success and susceptibility to biological invasions. A methodological approach to this aim is to use trait-based approaches. Under the hypothesis that the morphology-based functional groups (MBFG) clusters species with similar niche we analyse how trait-related differences in fitness influence the outcome of invasion. The invasive dinoflagellate Ceratium furcoides (CF) can be used as the model species considering its morphological (e.g. volume) and physiological traits (e.g. growth rates) comparing with species from the same (MBFG V) and different (MBFG VII: colonial cyanobacteria) MBFG. Here we present the information needed to apply this approach with similar or different questions including information from two aquatic environments from South America: the first one located in Argentina (Miní flood-plain Lake) and the second one in Uruguay (Salto Grande Reservoir). Phytoplankton morphological traits measured from field samples, along with richness, abundance, biovolume and environmental variables are presented. Phytoplankton individuals and species are classified in terms of MBFG and focus on the invasive species Ceratium furcoides. The literature derived information includes growth rates with temperature for phytoplankton species classified in MBFG V including Ceratium furcoides.

opencc-zeroSep 2021View details →

Data from: Species loss drives ecosystem function in experiments, but in nature the importance of species loss depends on dominance

Aim: Decades of experimental research have conclusively shown a positive relationship between species richness and ecosystem function. However, authoritative reviews find no consensus on how species loss affects function in natural communities. We analyse experimental and observational data in an identical way and test whether they produce similar results. Location: North America and Europe (experimental communities); global (natural communities). Time period: Experimental communities: 1998–2013; natural communities: 1982–2018. Major taxa studied: Experimental communities: temperate grassland plants; natural communities: temperate grassland plants, tropical forest trees, kelp forest producers and native bees. Methods: We used an approach inspired by the Price equation to analyse 129 datasets from experimental and natural communities worldwide. We tested how the effects of species loss on ecosystem function varied with dominance and the nonrandomness of species loss and, in turn, how these two factors differed between experiments and observations. Results: Studies carried out in experimental and natural communities reached different conclusions regarding the effects of species loss. First, species loss had greater effects on ecosystem function in experiments than in nature. Second, the importance of species loss was negatively correlated with dominance in nature because as dominance increased, lost species were increasingly those contributing little to ecosystem function. Although experimental and natural communities exhibited similar levels of dominance, an analogous relationship was not possible in experiments because the order of species loss was randomized by design. Main conclusions: Species loss was sometimes, but not always, the major driver of loss of function in nature. Variation in the importance of species loss was not messy and context dependent; instead, it was predicted by functional dominance. Although results from experimental and natural communities were similar in several key ways, they differed in that species loss was a consistent predictor of ecosystem function in experiments and not in nature.

opencc-zeroSep 2021View details →

Aedes albopictus has not become the dominant species in artificial container habitats in a temperate forest more than a decade after establishment

Aedes albopictus (Skuse) is one of the most invasive species globally, and has led to rapid declines and local extirpations of resident mosquitoes where it becomes established. A potential mechanism behind these displacements is the superior competitive ability of Ae. albopictus in larval habitats. Research on the context-dependent nature of competitive displacement predicts that Ae. albopictus will not replace native Aedes triseriatus (Say) in treeholes but could do so in artificial container habitats. Ae. albopictus remains rare in temperate treeholes but less is known about how Ae. albopictus fares in artificial containers in forests. Tyson Research Center (TRC) is a field station composed of mostly oak-hickory forest located outside Saint Louis, MO. The container community has been studied regularly at TRC since 2007 with permanently established artificial containers on the property since 2013. Ae. albopictus was detected each year these communities were sampled; however, its abundance remains low and it fails to numerically dominate other species in these communities. We present data that show Ae. albopictus numbers have not increased in the last decade. We compare egg counts from 2007 and 2016 and combine larval sample data from 2012-2017.We present average larval densities and prevalence of Ae. albopictus and two competitors, Ae. triseriatus and Aedes japonicus (Theobald) as well as monthly averages by year. These data highlight a circumstance in which Ae. albopictus fails to dominate the Aedes community despite it doing so in more human-impacted habitats. We present hypotheses for these patterns based upon abiotic and biotic environmental conditions.

opencc-zeroDec 2022View details →

The dominant plant species Solidago canadensis structures multiple trophic levels in an old-field ecosystem

Dominant plant species are locally abundant and have large impacts on ecological communities via a variety of mechanisms. However, few studies have evaluated the influence of a dominant plant species both within and among trophic levels and on key ecosystem functions such as productivity. In this study, we evaluated the effect of the dominant plant species Solidago canadensis on plant and arthropod communities in an old-field ecosystem in southeastern Michigan. We found that S. canadensis negatively correlated with the richness and combined biomass of all other plant species in the community, likely by reducing light availability. In turn, less biomass of all other plant species led to lower arthropod abundance. Specifically, detritivore and predator arthropod abundance was lower with less biomass of all plant species excluding S. canadensis, but herbivore and omnivore abundance was unaffected. Our results highlight the significant role of dominant plants in determining plant diversity and ecosystem function, and further suggest that the effect of a dominant plant species on a community is observed at higher trophic levels.

FIGURES 95–98 in Dominant Species Of The Genus Protoperidinium Bergh (Peridiniales: Protoperidiniaceae) In The Black Sea

FIGURES 95–98. Global distribution maps of some Protoperidinium species. 95—P. oblongum; 96—P. solidicorne; 97—P. steinii; 98—P. subinerme.

FIGURES 86–94 in Dominant Species Of The Genus Protoperidinium Bergh (Peridiniales: Protoperidiniaceae) In The Black Sea

FIGURES 86–94. Global distribution maps of some Protoperidinium species. 86—P. excentricum; 87—P. granii; 88—P. knipowitschii (Krakhmalnyi, 2011); 89—P. leonis; 90—P. mediterraneum; 91—P. pallidum; 92—P. pellucidum; 93—P. pentagonum; 94—P. pyriforme.

FIGURES 35–46 in Dominant Species Of The Genus Protoperidinium Bergh (Peridiniales: Protoperidiniaceae) In The Black Sea

FIGURES 35–46. Protoperidinium of the Black Sea. 35–43—P. pallidum; 44–46—P. leonis. Designations: 1ʹ—first apical plate, 2a—second intercalary plate. Hypothecal pore in plate 1ʹʹʹ is marked with an arrow (35, 36, 38). 38–40—DIC; 35–37, 45—epifluorescence; 41–43—FE-SEM; 44, 46—transmitted light. Scale bars: 20 µm.

FIGURES 1–10 in Dominant Species Of The Genus Protoperidinium Bergh (Peridiniales: Protoperidiniaceae) In The Black Sea

FIGURES 1–10. Protoperidinium of the Black Sea. 1–2—P. achromaticum; 3–4, 7—P. brevipes; 5, 10—P. quadrioblongum; 6, 8–9—P. excentricum. Designations: 1ʹ—first apical plate, 2a—second intercalary plate. 4, 6–9—epifluorescence; 5, 10— transmitted light. Scale bars: 10 µm.

FIGURES 77–85 in Dominant Species Of The Genus Protoperidinium Bergh (Peridiniales: Protoperidiniaceae) In The Black Sea

FIGURES 77–85. Global distribution maps of some Protoperidinium species. 77—Protoperidinium achromaticum; 78—P. bipes; 79—P. brevipes; 80—P. brochii; 81—P. claudicans; 82—P. conicum; 83—P. crassipes; 84—P. depressum; 85—P. divergens.

FIGURES 65–76 in Dominant Species Of The Genus Protoperidinium Bergh (Peridiniales: Protoperidiniaceae) In The Black Sea

FIGURES 65–76. Protoperidinium of the Black Sea. 65–76—P. steinii. Designations: 1ʹ—first apical plate, 2a—second intercalary plate. 66–68—DIC; 69–76—epifluorescence; 65—transmitted light. Scale bars: 20 µm.

FIGURES 47–58 in Dominant Species Of The Genus Protoperidinium Bergh (Peridiniales: Protoperidiniaceae) In The Black Sea

FIGURES 47–58. Protoperidinium of the Black Sea. 47–52—P. pellucidum; 53–54—P. subinerme; 55—P. solidicorne; 56– 57—P. pyriforme; 58—P. pentagonum. Designations: 1ʹ—first apical plate, 2a—second intercalary plate. Hypothecal pore in plate 1ʹʹʹ is marked with an arrow (47, 50). 47–49—DIC; 50–52, 56–58—epifluorescence; 53–55—transmitted light. Scale bars: 47–54 = 10 µm; 55–58 = 20 µm.