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Fig. 56 in Emergence and collapse of the Frasnian conodont and ammonoid communities in the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland

Fig. 56. Suture and growth lines and septal geometry of Frasnian goniatites from the Holy Cross Mountains. A, B. Acanthoclymenia genundewa (Clarke, 1898), suture lines of specimens ZPAL AmVII/1686 from Ściegnia and ZPAL AmVII/969 from Laskowa Góra (Kostomłoty).C–H. Koenenites lamellosus (Sandberger and Sandberger, 1856), suture lines and septum in lateral view of specimens ZPAL AmVII/1685 (also septal geometry, H) and 1687 from Ściegnia, ZPAL AmVII/970 from Laskowa, 1683 from Ściegnia, and ZPAL AmVII/1947 from Zamkowa Góra at Chęciny. I. Manticoceras lamed (Sandberger and Sandberger, 1850), specimen ZPAL AmVII/1558 from the lower cephalopod horizon at Płucki.J, K. Manticoceras adorfense (Wedekind, 1913) from the Upper Kellwasserkalk at Płucki, suture line and septal geometry of specimen ZPAL AmVII/1561 and growth line of ZPAL AmVII/1530.L, M. Archoceras varicosum (Drevermann, 1901) from the Upper Kellwasserkalk at Płucki, suture, growth line, and septal geometry of specimen ZPAL AmVII/1484. N–P. Aulatornoceras belgicum (Matern, 1931) from the Upper Kellwasserkalk at Płucki, suture, growth line, and septal geometry of specimens ZPAL AmVII/1504, 1512, and 1505.Q, R. Linguatornoceras sp. from the lower cephalopod horizon at Płucki, suture, growth line, and septal geometry of specimens ZPAL AmVII/1504, 1512, and 1505.S–U. Linguatornoceras sp. from the Upper Kellwasserkalk at Płucki, suture, growth lines and septal geometry of specimens ZPAL AmVII/1377, 1382, 1383, and 1523. V, X. Manticoceras drevermanni (Wedekind, 1913) from the Upper Kellwasserkalk at Płucki, suture, growth line, and septal geometry of specimens ZPALAmVII/1429, 610, and 1520. Y–AC. Crickites holzapfeli Wedekind, 1913 from the Upper Kellwasserkalk at Płucki, suture and growth lines of specimens ZPAL AmVII/1520, 1527, 606, and 1531 (also septal geometry). Scale given when suture was traced from single more or less complete septum, composite drawings out of scale.

Fig. 29 in Emergence and collapse of the Frasnian conodont and ammonoid communities in the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland

Fig. 29. Klapperina from the early Frasnian of the Holy Cross Mountains. A–E. Klapperina sp. from Wietrznia, sample Wtr−9, P1 (sp) elements ZPAL CXVI/1083, 1082, and 1081 (A–C), P2 (oz) element ZPAL CXVI/ 1093 (D), and S2 (pl) element ZPAL CXVI/ 1084 (E). F. Klapperina sp. indet. from Włochy, sample Wł−R/A1, P1 (sp) element ZPAL CXVI/916.

Fig. 10 in Emergence and collapse of the Frasnian conodont and ammonoid communities in the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland

Fig. 10. The Frasnian prioniodinid Pluckidina kielcensis sp. nov. from the early Frasnian of Wietrznia (sample Wtr−9), Holy Cross Mountains, P1 (sp) element ZPAL CXVI/1063 (A, holotype), P2 (oz) element ZPAL CXVI/1064 (B), S2 (pl) element ZPAL CXVI/1066 (C), S0 (tr) element ZPAL CXVI/1065 (D), S1 (lo) element ZPAL CXVI/1067 (E), S3 (ke) element ZPAL CXVI/1068 (F), S4 (hi) element ZPAL CXVI/1069 (G), and M (ne) element ZPAL CXVI/1070 (H).

Fig. 9 in Emergence and collapse of the Frasnian conodont and ammonoid communities in the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland

Fig. 9. The prioniodinid Dyminodina gen. nov. from the Frasnian of the Holy Cross Mountains. A–I, O–Q. Dyminodina planidentata sp. nov. A–I. Lower cephalopod limestone at Płucki population (sample Pł−22), P1 (sp) element ZPAL CXVI/598 (A), P2 (oz) element ZPAL CXVI/599 (B), S0 (tr) element ZPAL CXVI/601 (C), S2 (pl) element ZPAL CXVI/604 (D), S1 (lo) element ZPAL CXVI/602 (E), S4 (hi) element ZPAL CXVI/603 (F), and M (ne) element ZPAL CXVI/606 (G; holotype). O–Q. Early Frasnian population from Wietrznia (sample Wtr−5), S4 element ZPAL CXVI/712 (P), and M (ne) element ZPAL CXVI/713 (Q). H–J. Dyminodina anterodenticulata sp. nov. from the Upper Kellwasserkalk at Płucki (sample Pł−391), P1 element ZPAL CXVI/391 (H), M (ne) elements ZPAL CXVI/390 (I; holotype), and P2 element ZPAL CXVI/402 (J). K–Q. Dyminodina kovalensis sp. nov. from the topmost Frasnian at the Kowala Quarry, sample Ko−151, P1 element ZPAL CXVI/1191 (K), P2 element ZPAL CXVI/1192 (L), S4 (hi) element ZPAL CXVI/1196 (M), S2 element ZPAL CXVI/1194 (N), S0 (tr) element ZPAL CXVI/1193 (O), S2 (pl) element ZPAL CXVI/1195 (P), M element ZPAL CXVI/ 1197 (Q; holotype).

Fig. 54 in Emergence and collapse of the Frasnian conodont and ammonoid communities in the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland

Fig. 54. Non−gephuroceratid goniatites from the Upper Kellwasserkalk at Płucki. A–H. Archoceras varicosum (Drevermann, 1901), specimens ZPAL AmVII/1471, 626, 1478, 1477, 1479, 1473, 617, and unnumbered SEM picture. I–M. Aulatornoceras belgicum (Matern, 1931), specimens ZPALAmVII/616, 1510, 1505, 1506, and 628; note variation in conch proportions and ontogenetic changes in conch evoluteness. N–S. Linguatornoceras sp., specimens ZPAL AmVII/1380, 1727, 1725, 1374, 1376, and 1403; note variation in relative conch width. All × 2, except for H which is × 20 and P which is × 1.5.

Fig. 7. The prioniodinid Ligonodina pectinata Bassler, 1925 in Emergence and collapse of the Frasnian conodont and ammonoid communities in the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland

Fig. 7. The prioniodinid Ligonodina pectinata Bassler, 1925 from the Frasnian of the Holy Cross Mountains. A, C, H, I. Late Frasnian population from the lower cephalopod limestone at Płucki (sample Pł−22); P1 (sp) element ZPAL CXVI/ 621 (A), S0 (tr) elements ZPAL CXVI/618 and 617 (C, I), and S4 (hi) element ZPAL CXVI/622 (H). B, E, F, I, J. Population from the mid−Frasnian of Wietrznia (sample Wtr−5), S1 (lo) element ZPAL CXVI/698 (B, I), P2 (oz) element ZPAL CXVI/695 (E), S2 (pl) element ZPAL CXVI/704 (F), and S4 element ZPAL CXVI/699 (J). D, L. Population from the mid−Frasnian of Wietrznia (sample Wtr−13), S2 element ZPAL CXVI/830 (D) and M (ne) element ZPAL CXVI/832 (L). G, K. Population from the early Frasnian of Włochy (sample Wł R/A1), S0 element ZPAL CXVI/866 (G) and M (ne) element ZPAL CXVI/870 (K).

Fig. 3 in Emergence and collapse of the Frasnian conodont and ammonoid communities in the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland

Fig. 3. Ammonoids from the Skały Formation cropping out in an abandoned quarry near old water mill at Śniadka (exposure 6a of Sobolew 1909), 1 m below sample Sn−1. A–J. Holzapfeloceras sp. aff. H. croyi House, 1978; restored conch proportions (A), sutures (B, C; based on specimens ZPAL AmVII/97 and 487, respectively), growth lines (D; based on ZPAL AmVII/490), shell preserved three−dimensionally in concretion (E; ZPAL AmVII/485), crushed specimens showing partially preserved suture (F; ZPAL AmVII/484) and growth lines (G, H; ZPAL AmVII/490 and 488), and phragmocone fragments with preserved septa (I, J; ZPAL AmVII/487 and 79); all × 2 except for J which is × 3. K–M. Agoniatites sp., possibly A. vanuxemi (Hall, 1879); specimen ZPAL AmVII/483; restored cross section (K), suture (L), and actual specimen (M), × 2.

Fig. 4 in Emergence and collapse of the Frasnian conodont and ammonoid communities in the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland

Fig. 4. Correlation of studied sections of the Frasnian in the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland and position of conodont samples and ammonoid−bearing horizons. Note that the complete section of the Płucki main trench (extreme left) is drawn in different scale; samples between Pł−25 and Pł−18 come from small trenches. Above is a map of the Wietrznia quarries with locations of the sampled sections; the basal part of the section, with Ancyrodella soluta, has not been sampled because of low frequency of conodont elements (see Racki 1993); provisional zonation based on other Ancyrodella species is shown. Kowala section was measured at the eastern end of the quarry, the highest exploitation level. A. Wietrznia 1d of Racki et al. (1993; Racki and Bultynck 1993). B. Wietrznia 1e. C. Wietrznia block D of Szulczewski (1989). D. Wietrznia II.

Fig. 47 in Emergence and collapse of the Frasnian conodont and ammonoid communities in the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland

Fig. 47. Succession of the earliest Famennian Klapperilepis gen. nov. populations at Płucki (see also Fig. 46). Aratio of the relative extent of the free carina (C/L) to the caudal lobe proclination angle is plotted for P1 (sp) elements. All measurable palmatolepidid platform elements from each sample are included (shape of the platform alone does not allow to discriminate species; they differ also in their more or less flat appearance). The number of species changes from one (Pł−20 and Pł−16) to two (Pł−42) to three (Pł−32). The pattern of variability of K. praetriangularis in the first Famennian sample Pł−20 (where it occurs alone as the only palmatolepidid) is indistinguishable from that in the latest Frasnian. Note increase of variability in sample Pł−16 which may be an effect of released competition from other palmatolepidids and character displacement in Pł−42, where the lineage of K. clarki appears, documented both by the diagnostic M (ne) elements and bimodal frequency distribution of P1 elements morphs. Subsequent changes resulted from a combination of immigration events and a phyletic evolution at the site.

Fig. 53 in Emergence and collapse of the Frasnian conodont and ammonoid communities in the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland

Fig. 53. Silicified goniatites from the topmost Frasnian strata at Kowala Quarry. Specimens rarely preserve suture, species identification is thus in many cases based on pressumed conspecifity with better preserved specimens from nearby coeval cephalopod limestone of Płucki; all × 2. A. Archoceras varicosum (Drevermann, 1901), sample Ko−134, specimen ZPAL AmVII/1667. B–E. Manticoceras adorfense (Wedekind, 1913), samples Ko−134 (B) Ko−142 (C, D) and Ko−159 (E), specimens ZPAL AmVII/1610, 1717, 1713, and 963.F–H. Involute Manticoceras? sp. sample Ko−159, specimens ZPAL AmVII/964, 962, and 960. I, J. Manticoceras drevermanni (Wedekind, 1913), sample Ko−142 (I) and Ko−134, specimens ZPAL AmVII/1714 and 1675. K–N. Linguatornoceras sp. aff L. clausum (Glenister, 1958), samples Ko−142 (K, M, N) and Ko−134 (L), specimens ZPAL AmVII/1716, 1671, 1715, and 1718. O. Crickites holzapfeli Wedekind, 1913 (or perhaps Sphaeromanticoceras sp.), sample Ko−159, specimen ZPAL AmVII/958.P–R. Aulatornoceras belgicum (Matern, 1931), samples Ko−142 (P, R) and Ko−134 (Q), specimens ZPAL AmVII/1719, 1668, and 1714.

Fig. 7 in Description, life cycle, and development of the myxozoan Myxobolus rasmusseni n. sp. in fathead minnows, Pimephales promelas: A possible emerging pathogen in southern Alberta, Canada

Fig. 7. Coronal histological section of the anterior head region of a Myxobolus rasmusseni n. sp. infected fathead minnow. Approximately 8 myxospore-filled plasmodia are located between the two optic lobes in the anterior-dorsal region of the head cavity. Plasmodia demarcated from adjacent host tissue by a thin fibrocytic membrane that also encircles Ornithodiplostomum ptychocheilus metacercariae. 100X magnification. Op = Ornithodiplostomum ptychocheilus metacercariae, Olb: Optic lobe of the minnow brain, Ps: Plasmodia of Myxobolus rasmusseni n. sp. Inset demonstrates distribution of numerous stained and unstained myxospores located within plasmodia.

Fig. 8 in Description, life cycle, and development of the myxozoan Myxobolus rasmusseni n. sp. in fathead minnows, Pimephales promelas: A possible emerging pathogen in southern Alberta, Canada

Fig. 8. Size-frequency distributions of fathead minnows collected from two wetlands in southern Alberta. The left-hand triplet of graphs (A, B, C) indicates size distributions of the 2020 cohort of fathead minnows assessed in Sept. 2020, June 2021, and Sept. 2021 at McQuillan Reservoir. The right-hand triplet (D, E, F) indicates size distributions assessed at the same times for Coalhurst Stormwater Pond. Dark bars indicate minnows with M. rasmusseni n. sp. lesions.

Fig. 6 in Description, life cycle, and development of the myxozoan Myxobolus rasmusseni n. sp. in fathead minnows, Pimephales promelas: A possible emerging pathogen in southern Alberta, Canada

Fig. 6. Coronal histological section through the dorsal head region along the frontal plane of a fathead minnow that contained multiple, various-sized plasmodia of Myxobolus rasmusseni n. sp. 1.25X magnification. Rt - Retina of the eye, Ps - Plasmodia, Br - Brain, Ls - Lens of the eye, Ns - Nares, Of – Opercular flap.

Fig. 5 in Description, life cycle, and development of the myxozoan Myxobolus rasmusseni n. sp. in fathead minnows, Pimephales promelas: A possible emerging pathogen in southern Alberta, Canada

Fig. 5. Phylogenetic tree produced by Bayesian analysis of aligned partial 18S rDNA gene sequences of M. rasmusseni n. sp. and other Myxobolus spp. infecting cyprinid fishes in Canada, Europe, and Asia. The tree is rooted with Ceratonova shasta (AF001579.1). Nodes are denoted with bootstrap probabilities generated by Bayesian analyses. Species in taxa in groups I-III are highlighted in the pairwise percent identity matrix in Supplementary Table 1.

Fig. 4 in Description, life cycle, and development of the myxozoan Myxobolus rasmusseni n. sp. in fathead minnows, Pimephales promelas: A possible emerging pathogen in southern Alberta, Canada

Fig. 4. Transmission electron micrographs of plasmodia that contain M. rasmusseni n. sp. myxospores. Sections are from lesioned tissue (see inset in A) located in the circumorbital cavity of a fathead minnow. A. Side-on view of a couplet of Myxobolus rasmusseni n. sp. myxospores at 2500X magnification. Sp - Sporoplasm, Iv - Iodinophilous vacuole, Pc - Polar capsule, Pf - Polar filament; Black arrowheads indicate nuclei, orange arrowheads indicate sutural ridge along the midline of myxospore; blue arrowheads indicate posterior projections on the myxospore. B. Myxospores sectioned in various orientations with adjacent rodlet cells at 2000X magnification. Rc - Rodlet cell, Ms: myxospore.

Fig. 1 in Description, life cycle, and development of the myxozoan Myxobolus rasmusseni n. sp. in fathead minnows, Pimephales promelas: A possible emerging pathogen in southern Alberta, Canada

Fig. 1. Disfiguring lesions on the heads of 1-yr old fathead minnows infected with Myxobolus rasmusseni n. sp. Minnows were live-trapped from University Pond, Lethbridge, Ab in summer, 2022, placed into a single aquarium in the laboratory, then photographed with a digital camera. A) Unilateral exopthalmia of the right eye. B) Bilateral exopthalmia with additional lesions on dorsal surface of circumorbital cavity and on surface of left nares. C) Asymmetric exopthalmia of the left dorsal circumorbital cavity; hemorrhage within left vitreous humour, D) Severe hemorrhage of the right eye. E) Pathology of the epidermis of the left posterior circumorbital cavity and surface of left operculum.

Fig. 3. A in Description, life cycle, and development of the myxozoan Myxobolus rasmusseni n. sp. in fathead minnows, Pimephales promelas: A possible emerging pathogen in southern Alberta, Canada

Fig. 3. A. Myxospores of Myxobolus rasmusseni n. sp. prepared from a wet mount of a plasmodia-packed lesion located in the circumorbital cavity of an infected fathead minnow. A. Myxospores imaged with differential interference contrast microscope. Thin mucus coat envelopes posterior two thirds of myxospores. B. Composite line drawing of a Myxobolus rasmusseni n. sp. myxospore; PC – polar capsule; PF – polar filament; MC – mucus coat; SP – sporoplasm; IV – iodinophilous vacuole; N – nucleus.

Fig. 2 in Description, life cycle, and development of the myxozoan Myxobolus rasmusseni n. sp. in fathead minnows, Pimephales promelas: A possible emerging pathogen in southern Alberta, Canada

Fig. 2. In situ image of a school of surfacing 1-yr old fathead minnows in University Pond, Lethbridge, Ab. Each minnow has bilateral or unilateral exopthalmia associated with infection of myxospore-containing plasmodia of Myxobolus rasmusseni n. sp. Note additional large, whitish lesions located on the anterior epidermal surface of some minnows.

Fig. 6. A–C in Emergence and extinction of the Givetian to Frasnian bryozoan faunas in the Kostomłoty facies zone, Holy Cross Mountains, Poland

Fig. 6. A–C. Eostenopora nimia Morozova and Weis, sp. nov. Tangential section (A), transverse section (B), longitudinal section (C) of the holotype PIN 4873/1 from Givetian of Górno, Józefka Hill, Laskowa Góra Beds. D–G. Primorella nitida Morozova and Weis, sp. nov. Tangential section (D), longitudinal section (E), transverse section (F) of the holotype PIN 4873/11 from Givetian of Górno, Józefka Hill, Laskowa Góra Beds, tangential section (G) of the paratype PIN 4873/12; locality and age are the same. H–J. Primorella indigena Morozova and Weis, sp. nov. Tangential section (H), longitudinal section (I), transverse section (J) of the holotype PIN 4873/16 from Frasnian of Górno, Józefka Hill, Wietrznia Beds. Scale bars 1 mm.

Fig. 5. A–C in Emergence and extinction of the Givetian to Frasnian bryozoan faunas in the Kostomłoty facies zone, Holy Cross Mountains, Poland

Fig. 5. A–C. Eridotrypella arguta Morozova and Weis, sp. nov. Tangential section with capillaries indicated with arrows (A), oblique longitudinal section (B), transverse section (C) of the holotype PIN 4873/5 from Frasnian of Górno, Józefka Hill, Wietrznia Beds. D–H. Eridotrypella exserta Morozova and Weis, sp. nov. Tangential section (D), oblique tangential section with exilazooecia forming small accumulations in macula (E), transverse section of the main stem (F), longitudinal section of a lateral branch (G), longitudinal section of the main stem (H) of the holotype PIN 4873/20 from Frasnian of Górno, Józefka Hill, Wietrznia Beds. Scale bars 1 mm.