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FIGURES 14–15 in Two new sympatric troglobitic freshwater flatworms (Platyhelminthes: Dugesiidae) from a hotspot of subterranean biodiversity in the Neotropics

FIGURES 14–15. Girardia paucipunctata: (14) photograph of the preserved holotype in dorsal view; (15) photograph of preserved holotype in ventral view. Anterior to the left.

FIGURE 13 in Two new sympatric troglobitic freshwater flatworms (Platyhelminthes: Dugesiidae) from a hotspot of subterranean biodiversity in the Neotropics

FIGURE 13. Girardia arenicola. Sagittal composite reconstruction of the copulatory apparatus of the holotype. The arrow indicates the joining point of the ovovitelline ducts. Anterior to the left.

FIGURE 22 in Two new sympatric troglobitic freshwater flatworms (Platyhelminthes: Dugesiidae) from a hotspot of subterranean biodiversity in the Neotropics

FIGURE 22. Girardia paucipunctata. Sagittal composite reconstruction of the copulatory apparatus of the holotype. The arrow indicates the joining point of the ovovitelline ducts. Anterior to the left.

FIGURES 8–12 in Two new sympatric troglobitic freshwater flatworms (Platyhelminthes: Dugesiidae) from a hotspot of subterranean biodiversity in the Neotropics

FIGURES 8–12. Girardia arenicola, in sagittal section: (8) ventral surface of the body of the holotype; (9) testes of the holotype in the anterior region of the body; (10) lateral view of the male copulatory apparatus of the holotype, showing the distal section of a sperm duct close to its opening into the bulbar cavity; (11) copulatory bursa and proximal part of the bursal canal of paratype MZU PL. 00275; (12) general view of the copulatory apparatus of the holotype. Anterior to the left.

FIGURES 5–7 in Two new sympatric troglobitic freshwater flatworms (Platyhelminthes: Dugesiidae) from a hotspot of subterranean biodiversity in the Neotropics

FIGURES 5–7. Girardia arenicola: (5) photograph of a live specimen in dorsal view; (6) photograph of a preserved specimen (holotype) in dorsal view; (7) photograph of a preserved specimen (holotype) in ventral view. The tip of the pharynx is protruded (arrow) through the mouth. Scale bar for the fig. 5 not available. Anterior to the left.

FIGURES 1–4 in Two new sympatric troglobitic freshwater flatworms (Platyhelminthes: Dugesiidae) from a hotspot of subterranean biodiversity in the Neotropics

FIGURES 1–4. Type-locality of Girardia arenicola and Girardia paucipunctata in "Areias de Cima" cave, in the karst area of "Areias system", Iporanga, state of São Paulo, Brazil: (1) location of the cave in southern America (modified from Rodrigues et al., 2014); (2) location of the sampling site within the cave; (3) travertine rock pool from where flatworms were collected; (4) flatworms at the bottom of the travertine rock pool. The arrowhead indicates the cave entrance; arrows indicate the sampling site.

FIGURE 7. Pericelis genus-level partial 28S in Description of the snail-eating flatworm in marine aquaria, Pericelis tectivorum sp. nov. (Polycladida, Platyhelminthes)

FIGURE 7. Pericelis genus-level partial 28S rDNA phylogeny using Bayesian inference, rooted with Theama sp. Accession numbers shown after species names.

FIGURE 6 in Description of the snail-eating flatworm in marine aquaria, Pericelis tectivorum sp. nov. (Polycladida, Platyhelminthes)

FIGURE 6. Comparison of the genitals of P. tectivorum sp. nov. and P. byerleyana. A. Reconstruction of the genital of P. tectivorum sp. nov. B. Reconstruction of the genital of P. byerleyana after Meixner 1907. cg = cement glands; cp = cement pouch ed = ejaculatory duct; fa = female atrium; ma = male atrium; p = pharynx; pp = penis papilla; sb = spermiducal bulbs; sbe = spermiducal bulbs entrance; su = sucker; sv = seminal vesicle; uv = uterine vesicle; ute = uterine entrance; v = vagina; vd = vasa deferentia; vde = vasa deferentia entrance. Orientation: anterior to the left.

FIGURE 4 in Description of the snail-eating flatworm in marine aquaria, Pericelis tectivorum sp. nov. (Polycladida, Platyhelminthes)

FIGURE 4. Sagittal sections of male and female genitals, as well as of the sucker of P. tectivorum sp. nov. (paratype). A. Penis papilla and female genitals. B. Female genitals and sucker. C. Spherical seminal vesicle and penis papilla. cg = cement glands; cp = cement pouch, ed = ejaculatory duct; fa = female atrium; ma = male atrium; p = pharynx; pp = penis papilla; su = sucker; sv = seminal vesicle; uv = uterine vesicle; v = vagina. Orientation: anterior to the left. Scale 200 µm.

FIGURE 5 in Description of the snail-eating flatworm in marine aquaria, Pericelis tectivorum sp. nov. (Polycladida, Platyhelminthes)

FIGURE 5. Sagittal serial sections of the male genital of P. tectivorum sp. nov. (holotype). A–D. First spermiducal bulbs with entrance. E. Junction between spermiducal bulbs to seminal vesicle. F–J. Seminal vesicle. K–N. Penis papilla. O–R. Male atrium. S–W. Second spermiducal bulbs with entrance. ed = ejaculatory duct; ma = male atrium; mg = male gonopore; pp = penis papilla; sb = spermiducal bulbs; sbm = sperm bulb muscles; sbe = spermiducal bulbs entrance; sv = seminal vesicle. Orientation: anterior to the left. Scale A-V 200 µm, W 50 µm.

FIGURE 3 in Description of the snail-eating flatworm in marine aquaria, Pericelis tectivorum sp. nov. (Polycladida, Platyhelminthes)

FIGURE 3. Sagittal sections of male and female genitals, as well as of the sucker of P. tectivorum sp. nov. (holotype). A. Female genitals and sucker. B. Penis papilla and female genitals. C. Spherical seminal vesicle and penis papilla. cg = cement glands; cp = cement pouch, ed = ejaculatory duct; fa = female atrium; ma = male atrium; p = pharynx; pp = penis papilla; sbe = spermiducal bulb entrance; su = sucker; sv = seminal vesicle; uv = uterine vesicle; v = vagina. Orientation: anterior to the left. Scale 200 µm.

FIGURE 2 in Description of the snail-eating flatworm in marine aquaria, Pericelis tectivorum sp. nov. (Polycladida, Platyhelminthes)

FIGURE 2. Drawing of the eye configuration of P. tectivorum sp. nov. ce = cerebral eyes; fe = frontal eyes; me = marginal eyes; te = tentacle eyes. Orientation: anterior to the left.

FIGURE 1 in Description of the snail-eating flatworm in marine aquaria, Pericelis tectivorum sp. nov. (Polycladida, Platyhelminthes)

FIGURE 1. Live images of P. tectivorum sp. nov. A. Dorsal view. B. Detailed view of the tentacles. C. Detailed view of the cerebral and anteriorly extending frontal eyes. D. Dorsal view. E. Detailed view of the sucker. br = brain; ce = cerebral eyes; fe = anteriorly extending frontal eyes; su = sucker; t = tentacle. Orientation: anterior directed upwards.

FIGURE 9 in Two new species of marine flatworm from southern China facilitate determination of the phylogenetic position of the genus Nerpa Marcus, 1948 and the histochemical structure of the nervous system in the genus Paucumara Sluys, 1989 (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Maricola)

FIGURE 9. Paucumara falcata. Photomicrographs: (A) PLA-Pa002, testes; (B–C) PLA-Pa002, penis and musculoparenchymatic organ; (D) PLA-Pa002, female reproductive system; (E) PLA-Pa001, oviducts and bursal canal. Scale bar: 20 µm.

FIGURE 8 in Two new species of marine flatworm from southern China facilitate determination of the phylogenetic position of the genus Nerpa Marcus, 1948 and the histochemical structure of the nervous system in the genus Paucumara Sluys, 1989 (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Maricola)

FIGURE 8. Paucumara falcata. Whole mounts. (A) PLA-N004, entire animal; (B) PLA-N004, testes and ovaries; (C) PLA- N006, penis and musculo-parenchymatic organ; (D) PLA-N005, musculo-parenchymatic organ. Scale bar: A–B = 200 µm, C– D = 50 µm.

FIGURE 6 in Two new species of marine flatworm from southern China facilitate determination of the phylogenetic position of the genus Nerpa Marcus, 1948 and the histochemical structure of the nervous system in the genus Paucumara Sluys, 1989 (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Maricola)

FIGURE 6. Nerpa fistulata. (A) diagrammatic horizontal reconstruction of entire animal, based on examination of several specimens; (B) diagrammatic sagittal reconstruction of the copulatory apparatus, based on examination of several specimens.

FIGURE 5 in Two new species of marine flatworm from southern China facilitate determination of the phylogenetic position of the genus Nerpa Marcus, 1948 and the histochemical structure of the nervous system in the genus Paucumara Sluys, 1989 (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Maricola)

FIGURE 5. Nerpa fistulata. Photomicrographs of sagittal sections. (A–B) PLA-N003, ovaries; (C) PLA-N003, copulatory apparatus; (D) PLA-N003, lateral bursa; (E) PLA-N001, oviduct. Scale bar: 20 µm.

FIGURE 4. Nerpa fistulata. PLA-N004 in Two new species of marine flatworm from southern China facilitate determination of the phylogenetic position of the genus Nerpa Marcus, 1948 and the histochemical structure of the nervous system in the genus Paucumara Sluys, 1989 (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Maricola)

FIGURE 4. Nerpa fistulata. PLA-N004, photomicrographs of horizontal sections. (A) anterior end; (B–F) copulatory apparatus. Scale bar: 20 µm.

FIGURE 11 in Two new species of marine flatworm from southern China facilitate determination of the phylogenetic position of the genus Nerpa Marcus, 1948 and the histochemical structure of the nervous system in the genus Paucumara Sluys, 1989 (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Maricola)

FIGURE 11. Paucumara falcata. (A) diagrammatic reconstruction of the copulatory apparatus, based on examination of several specimens; (B) two animals in copulation. Scale bar: 500 µm.

FIGURE 1 in Two new species of marine flatworm from southern China facilitate determination of the phylogenetic position of the genus Nerpa Marcus, 1948 and the histochemical structure of the nervous system in the genus Paucumara Sluys, 1989 (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Maricola)

FIGURE 1. Bayesian inference phylogenetic tree topology based on 18S rDNA dataset. Numbers on branches indicate support values (posterior probability/bootstrap).