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379 results for “helminths”
Figure 1 in Current knowledge of helminth parasites in Australian Anatidae species
Figure 1. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2009 flow diagram of the systematic review process used for this study detailing the selection process of parasite reports in Anatidae (Moher et al. 2009). Abbreviations: National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS), Australian Helminthological Collection (AHC).
Data from: The effects of phylogeny, habitat, and host characteristics on the thermal sensitivity of helminth development
<p>Helminth parasites are part of almost every ecosystem, with more than 300 000 species worldwide. Helminth infection dynamics are expected to be altered by climate change, but predicting future changes is difficult due to lacking thermal sensitivity data for greater than 99.9% of helminth species. Here, we compiled the largest dataset to date on helminth temperature sensitivities and used the Metabolic Theory of Ecology to estimate activation energies (AEs) for parasite developmental rates. The median AE for 129 thermal performance curves was 0.67, similar to non-parasitic animals. Although exceptions existed, related species tended to have similar thermal sensitivities, suggesting some helminth taxa are inherently more affected by rising temperatures than others. Developmental rates were more temperature-sensitive for species from colder habitats than those from warmer habitats, and more temperature sensitive for species in terrestrial than aquatic habitats. AEs did not depend on whether helminth life stages were free-living or within hosts, whether the species infected plants or animals, or whether the species had an endotherm host in its life cycle. The phylogenetic conservatism of AE may facilitate predicting how temperature change affects the development of helminth species for which empirical data are lacking or difficult to obtain.Helminth parasites are part of almost every ecosystem, with more than 300 000 species worldwide. Helminth infection dynamics are expected to be altered by climate change, but predicting future changes is difficult due to lacking thermal sensitivity data for greater than 99.9% of helminth species. Here, we compiled the largest dataset to date on helminth temperature sensitivities and used the Metabolic Theory of Ecology to estimate activation energies (AEs) for parasite developmental rates. The median AE for 129 thermal performance curves was 0.67, similar to non-parasitic animals. Although exceptions existed, related species tended to have similar thermal sensitivities, suggesting some helminth taxa are inherently more affected by rising temperatures than others. Developmental rates were more temperature-sensitive for species from colder habitats than those from warmer habitats, and more temperature sensitive for species in terrestrial than aquatic habitats. AEs did not depend on whether helminth life stages were free-living or within hosts, whether the species infected plants or animals, or whether the species had an endotherm host in its life cycle. The phylogenetic conservatism of AE may facilitate predicting how temperature change affects the development of helminth species for which empirical data are lacking or difficult to obtain.</p>
FIGURE 6. A in Morphological and molecular data on helminths of Didelphis virginiana and Philander vossi (Mammalia: Didelphidae) from the Yucatán Peninsula, southeast Mexico
FIGURE 6. A. Posterior end of male Trichuris minuta from Didelphis virginiana showing the cilindrical spicular sheath, lateral view. B. Esophagus-intestine junction, and vulva of female Trichuris sp. from Philander vossi, lateral view. C. SEM micrograph of female proboscis of Oligacanthorhynchus microcephalus, lateral view. Abbreviations: egg (e), hook (h), proboscis (p), spicule (s), trunk (t), vulva (v), spicule sheath (ss), distal cloacal tube (dct).
FIGURE 2 in Morphological and molecular data on helminths of Didelphis virginiana and Philander vossi (Mammalia: Didelphidae) from the Yucatán Peninsula, southeast Mexico
FIGURE 2. Mathevotaenia sp. from Didelphis virginiana. A. SEM micrograph of scolex in lateral view. B. Mature proglottid in dorsal view. Abbreviations: sucker (s), cirrus sac (cs), ovary (o), testis (t), vitelline gland (vg).
FIGURE 1 in Morphological and molecular data on helminths of Didelphis virginiana and Philander vossi (Mammalia: Didelphidae) from the Yucatán Peninsula, southeast Mexico
FIGURE 1. Brachylaima sp. and Platynosomum illiciens from Didelphis virginiana. A. Adult specimen of Brachylaima sp., ventral view. B. SEM micrograph of Brachylaima sp. anterior end, ventral view. C. Adult specimen of Platynosomum illiciens ventral view. Abbreviations: oral sucker (os), ventral sucker (vs), testis (t), vitellaria (v), ovary (o), genital pore (gp).
FIGURE 9 in Morphological and molecular data on helminths of Didelphis virginiana and Philander vossi (Mammalia: Didelphidae) from the Yucatán Peninsula, southeast Mexico
FIGURE 9. Maximum-likelihood (ML) phylogenetic tree of Trichostrongylidea inferred with 28S rRNA sequence data using the GTR + G model (ln likelihood -6392.437537). GenBank accession numbers precede species name, followed by host name. Bootstrap support values for ML are provided at the nodes. The new sequences of the present study are in bold.
FIGURE 4. A in Morphological and molecular data on helminths of Didelphis virginiana and Philander vossi (Mammalia: Didelphidae) from the Yucatán Peninsula, southeast Mexico
FIGURE 4. A. Male caudal bursa of Viannaia arriguensis from Philander vossi, ventral view. B. Male caudal bursa of Viannaia sp. from Didelphis virginiana, ventral view. C. Cross section at midbody showing features of the synlophe of male Travassostrongylus sp. from Didelphis virginiana. D. Male caudal bursa of Travassostrongylus sp. from Didelphis virginiana, ventral view. E. Anterior end of female Strongyloides sp. from Philander vossi, ventral view. F. Female tail of Strongyloides sp. from Philander vossi showing the anus, lateral view. G. Vulva of Strongyloides sp. from Philander vossi, lateral view. Abbreviations: anus (a), egg (e), intestine (i), spicule (s), vulva (v), dorsal ray (dr), esophagus (es).
FIGURE 8 in Morphological and molecular data on helminths of Didelphis virginiana and Philander vossi (Mammalia: Didelphidae) from the Yucatán Peninsula, southeast Mexico
FIGURE 8. Maximum-likelihood (ML) phylogenetic tree of Anoplocephalidae inferred with 28S rRNA sequence data using the GTR + G model (ln likelihood -10764.655700). GenBank accession numbers precede species name, followed by host name. Bootstrap support values for ML are provided at the nodes. The new sequences of the present study are in bold.
FIGURE 7 in Morphological and molecular data on helminths of Didelphis virginiana and Philander vossi (Mammalia: Didelphidae) from the Yucatán Peninsula, southeast Mexico
FIGURE 7. Maximum-likelihood (ML) phylogenetic tree of Brachylaimidea inferred with 28S rRNA sequence data using the TVM + G (ln likelihood -4739.195144). GenBank accession numbers precede species name, followed by host name. Bootstrap support values for ML are provided at the nodes. The new sequences of the present study are in bold.
FIGURE 3 in Morphological and molecular data on helminths of Didelphis virginiana and Philander vossi (Mammalia: Didelphidae) from the Yucatán Peninsula, southeast Mexico
FIGURE 3. Males of Cruzia americana and Cruzia tentaculata from Didelphis virginiana. A. SEM micrograph of C. americana anterior end, apical view. B. SEM micrograph of internal structures of pharynx (columnar structures of cuticular lamellae) of C. americana, longitudinal section. C. SEM micrograph of C. americana posterior end, lateral view. D. Cruzia americana posterior end, ventral view. E. Gubernaculum of C. americana, ventral view. F. Internal structures of pharynx (columnar structures of cuticular lamellae) of C. tentaculata, longitudinal section. G. Gubernaculum of C. tentaculata, ventral view. Abbreviations: amphid (a), dorsal lip (dl), ventral lip (vl), papillae (p), pharyngeal lamellae (pl), paracloacal papillae (pac), precloacal papillae (pec), poscloacal papillae (poc), single precloacal papilla (spec), teeth (t).
FIGURE 5 in Morphological and molecular data on helminths of Didelphis virginiana and Philander vossi (Mammalia: Didelphidae) from the Yucatán Peninsula, southeast Mexico
FIGURE 5. Turgida turgida from Didelphis virginiana. SEM micrograph of male cephalic region, apical view. B. SEM micrograph of male posterior end, ventral view. C. Uterus with nine uterine branches, ventral view. Abbreviations: amphid (a), external tooth (et), externolateral papillae (elp), precloacal papillae (pcp), postcloacal papillae (pop), phasmids (ph), spongelike area (sa), tripartite tooth (tt), uterine branch (ub).
FIGURE S2 in Morphological and molecular data on helminths of Didelphis virginiana and Philander vossi (Mammalia: Didelphidae) from the Yucatán Peninsula, southeast Mexico
FIGURE S2. Maximum-likelihood (ML) phylogenetic tree of Physalopteridae inferred with 28S rRNA sequence data using the GTR + G model (ln likelihood -5866.434194). GenBank accession numbers precede species name, followed by host name. Bootstrap support values for ML are provided at the nodes. The new sequences of the present study are in bold.
FIGURE S1 in Morphological and molecular data on helminths of Didelphis virginiana and Philander vossi (Mammalia: Didelphidae) from the Yucatán Peninsula, southeast Mexico
FIGURE S1. Maximum-likelihood (ML) phylogenetic tree of Kathlaniidae inferred with 28S rRNA sequence data using the GTR + G model (ln likelihood -4273.141975). GenBank accession numbers precede species name, followed by host name. Bootstrap support values for ML are provided at the nodes. The new sequences of the present study are in bold.
FIGURE S3 in Morphological and molecular data on helminths of Didelphis virginiana and Philander vossi (Mammalia: Didelphidae) from the Yucatán Peninsula, southeast Mexico
FIGURE S3. Maximum-likelihood (ML) phylogenetic tree of Oligacanthorhynchidae inferred with 28S rRNA sequence data using the GTR + G model (ln likelihood -6392.437537). GenBank accession numbers precede species name, followed by host name. Bootstrap support values for ML are provided at the nodes. The new sequences of the present study are in bold.
Data from: Global patterns in helminth host specificity: phylogenetic and functional diversity of regional host species pools matter
Host specificity has a major influence on a parasite's ability to shift between human and animal host species. Yet there is a dearth of quantitative approaches to explore variation in host specificity across biogeographical scales, particularly in response to the varying community compositions of potential hosts. We built a global dataset of intermediate host associations for nine of the world's most widespread helminth parasites (all of which infect humans). Using hierarchical models, we asked if realised parasite host specificity varied in response to regional variation in the phylogenetic and functional diversities of potential host species. Parasites were recorded in 4-10 zoogeographical regions, with some showing considerable geographical variation in observed versus expected host specificity. Parasites generally exhibited the lowest phylogenetic host specificity in regions with the greatest variation in prospective host phylogenetic diversity, namely the Neotropical, Saharo-Arabian and Australian regions. Globally, we uncovered notable variation in parasite host shifting potential. Observed host assemblages for Hydatigera taeniaeformis and Hymenolepis diminuta were less phylogenetically diverse than expected, suggesting limited potential to spillover into unrelated hosts. Host assemblages for Echinococcus granulosus, Mesocestoides lineatus and Trichinella spiralis were less functionally diverse than expected, suggesting limited potential to shift across host ecological niches. By contrast, Hydatigera taeniaeformis infected a higher functional diversity of hosts than expected, indicating strong potential to shift across hosts with different ecological niches. We show that the realised phylogenetic and functional diversities of infected hosts are determined by biogeographical gradients in prospective host species pools. These findings emphasise the need to account for underlying species diversity when assessing parasite host specificity. Our framework to identify variation in realised host specificity is broadly applicable to other host-parasite systems and will provide key insights into parasite invasion potential at regional and global scales.
FIGURE 1 in Checklist of helminth parasites of freshwater fishes from Mexico
FIGURE 1. Mexico, showing main drainage basins from which hosts have been collected and the boundary between the Neotropical and Nearctic biogeographical areas.
FIGURE 8–13. Cosmocerca acanthurum n in Cosmocerca acanthurum n. sp. (Nematoda: Cosmocercidae) in Pseudoeurycea leprosa and Chiropterotriton orculus from the Transmexican Volcanic Belt, Central Mexico, with a checklist of the helminth parasites of plethodontid salamanders
FIGURE 8–13. Cosmocerca acanthurum n. sp. 8) Anterior end, ventral view. (9) Anterior end, mouth with three small V-shaped lips. (10) Detail of posterior end of male, ventral view. (11) Detail of rosette-like papillae. (12) Tip of tail trifurcate, posterior end of female. (13) Cuticular spines at the middle-level of tail of female, bifurcated.
FIGURE 2–7. Cosmocerca acanthurum n in Cosmocerca acanthurum n. sp. (Nematoda: Cosmocercidae) in Pseudoeurycea leprosa and Chiropterotriton orculus from the Transmexican Volcanic Belt, Central Mexico, with a checklist of the helminth parasites of plethodontid salamanders
FIGURE 2–7. Cosmocerca acanthurum n. sp. (2) Male. (3) Female. (4) Excretory pore at level of oesophageal bulb, male. (5) Posterior end of male, lateral view. (6) Detail of posterior end of male, arragement of caudal papillae. (7) Posterior end of female. scale-bar: 0.1 mm.
FIGURE 1 in Cosmocerca acanthurum n. sp. (Nematoda: Cosmocercidae) in Pseudoeurycea leprosa and Chiropterotriton orculus from the Transmexican Volcanic Belt, Central Mexico, with a checklist of the helminth parasites of plethodontid salamanders
FIGURE 1. Map of México showing the localities where plethodontid salamanders were sampled: Texcalyacac, Estado de México; Llano Grande, Estado de México; Tlaxco, Tlaxcala.
Figure 2 in Helminths of some tree frogs of the families Hylidae and Phyllomedusidae in an Atlantic rainforest fragment, Brazil
Figure 2. Rarefaction curve of the component community richness of tree frogs from an Atlantic Rainforest fragment, north-east Brazil, June 2015 to February 2016.
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