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FIGURE 3. Polycelis asiatica. A in Two species of Polycelis (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Planariidae) newly recorded for the Qinling Mountains and the Loess Plateau in China, with a comparative discussion on their karyotypes
FIGURE 3. Polycelis asiatica. A metaphase plate of diploid complement. B karyogram of diploid complement. C idiogram. Scale bar: 5 μm.
FIGURE 2 in Two species of Polycelis (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Planariidae) newly recorded for the Qinling Mountains and the Loess Plateau in China, with a comparative discussion on their karyotypes
FIGURE 2. Habitat and external appearance of Polycelis asiatica. A & B sampling site and habitat. C sexually mature, live individual. D Head with eyes, Scale bar: 500 μm.
FIGURE 4 in Two species of Polycelis (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Planariidae) newly recorded for the Qinling Mountains and the Loess Plateau in China, with a comparative discussion on their karyotypes
FIGURE 4. Polycelis asiatica. Photomicrographs of sagittal sections. A RMNH.VER.21595.2, showing pharyngeal musculature. B sagittal section of ZMHNU-GYS1, showing ovary and testes. C ZMHNU-GYS6, showing common oviduct and longitudinal muscles and circular muscles around bursal canal. D ZMHNU-GYS5, showing large copulatory bursa. Scale bars: 100 μm.
FIGURE 5. Polycelis asiatica. Photomicrographs. A in Two species of Polycelis (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Planariidae) newly recorded for the Qinling Mountains and the Loess Plateau in China, with a comparative discussion on their karyotypes
FIGURE 5. Polycelis asiatica. Photomicrographs. A sagittal section of RMNH.VER.21595.2, showing penis papilla, copulatory bursa, bursal canal, ejaculatory duct and seminal vesicle. B sagittal section of ZMHNU-GYS6, showing copulatory bursa, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct and seminal vesicle. C sagittal section of ZMHNU-GYS6, showing spermiducal vesicle, ejaculatory duct and seminal vesicle. D sagittal section of ZMHNU-GYS4, showing vas deferens, gonopore, ejaculatory duct and seminal vesicle. E transverse section of ZMHNU-GYS7, showing seminal vesicle, bursal canal and common oviduct. F horizontal section of ZMHNU-GYS8, showing ejaculatory duct and seminal vesicle. Scale bars: 100 μm.
FIGURE 9. Polycelis eudendrocoeloides. Photomicrographs. A in Two species of Polycelis (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Planariidae) newly recorded for the Qinling Mountains and the Loess Plateau in China, with a comparative discussion on their karyotypes
FIGURE 9. Polycelis eudendrocoeloides. Photomicrographs. A sagittal section of ZMHNU-JX8, showing pharyngeal musculature. B transverse section of ZMHNU-JX10, showing ovaries. C sagittal section of ZMHNU-JX8, showing common oviduct and longitudinal muscles and circular muscles around bursal canal. D transverse section of ZMHNU-JX10, showing longitudinal muscles and circular muscles around bursal canal. E sagittal section of ZMHNU-JX8, showing large copulatory bursa. F sagittal section of ZMHNU-JX8, showing testes. Scale bars: 100 μm.
FIGURE 11 in Two species of Polycelis (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Planariidae) newly recorded for the Qinling Mountains and the Loess Plateau in China, with a comparative discussion on their karyotypes
FIGURE 11. Polycelis eudendrocoeloides. Sagittal reconstruction of the copulatory apparatus of ZMHNU-JX8. Scale bar: 100 μm.
Figure 5 in Karyotype stasis but species-specific repetitive DNA patterns in Anguis lizards (Squamata: Anguidae), in the evolutionary framework of Anguiformes
Figure 5. Evolutionary trends and patterns of repeat distribution in the karyotype of Anguis and Pseudopus. The summary presents: the distribution pattern of interstitial telomeric repeats (ITRs) in macrochromosomes (red arrowheads), the presence of constitutive heterochromatin in the centromeric region of chromosome No. 2 (black arrowheads), and the number and topology of 18S rDNA sites (green signals). Phylogenetic relationships follow Gvoždík et al. (2023). Although all six species share 2n = 44 and macrochromosome morphology differs only subtly, several species-specific repeat accumulation patterns have been observed. A, The common ancestor of Anguis and Pseudopus had 10 macro- and 12 microchromosome pairs, and its metacentric chromosome No. 1 likely possessed ITRs in the centromeric region. B, Accumulation of ITRs on chromosomes Nos 2, 4, and 7, and heterochromatin on chromosome No. 2; translocation and accumulation of rDNA sites on microchromosomes in the Anguis ancestor. C, Accumulation (in A. cephallonica) or elimination (in the A. fragilis species complex ancestor) of ITRs on pair Nos 5 and 9 and of rDNA sites on one of the microchromosome pairs. An asterisk indicates two possible directions of chromosomal changes. D, Elimination of ITRs on pair No. 1 in the A. fragilis species complex ancestor. E, Elimination of ITRs on chromosomes Nos 2 and 7; elimination of heterochromatin on chromosome No. 2 in the common ancestor of A. colchica and A. graeca. F, Accumulation of ITRs on chromosome No. 3 in the ancestor of A. fragilis and A. veronensis. Anguis veronensis represents a composite ITR pattern of A. cephallonica and A. fragilis, providing support for the hypothesis of past contact between Italian and Peloponnese slow worms (Gvoždík et al. 2023), with remnants of these interactions likely persisting. An alternative hypothesis proposes a shared repeat pattern among all Anguis species, wherein the detection of ITRs depends on the repeat abundance and reveals accumulations only above the detection limit.
Figure 2 in Karyotype stasis but species-specific repetitive DNA patterns in Anguis lizards (Squamata: Anguidae), in the evolutionary framework of Anguiformes
Figure 2. Distribution of constitutive heterochromatin (first column from the less side), GC/AT-positive regions (second column), telomeres and ITRs (third column), and 18S rDNA gene clusters (fourth column) in Anguis and Pseudopus (males, UN for unknown sex). First column (A, E, I, M, Q, U): presence (full arrowhead) and absence (empty arrowhead) of centromeric heterochromatin in chromosome pair No. 2. Second column (B, F, J, N, R, V): diffused GC+ pattern in distal part of pair No. 2 (empty arrowhead) or strong signal (full arrowhead) in the telomeric region of pair No. 1. Third column (C, G, K, O, S, W): ITRs (full arrowhead). Fourth column (D, H, L, P, T, X): hybridization of 18S rDNA on three pairs of microchromosomes (full arrowheads) and additional weak signal on another microchromosome pair (empty arrowheads). Where available, females do not differ from males and are shown in Supporting Information (Fig. S3).
Figure 4 in Karyotype stasis but species-specific repetitive DNA patterns in Anguis lizards (Squamata: Anguidae), in the evolutionary framework of Anguiformes
Figure 4. Chromosome painting with Varanus komodoensis (VKO) macrochromosome probes on Anguis fragilis (AFR) and Pseudopus apodus (PAP) chromosomes. The probe identity is indicated (number and letter correspond to VKO chromosome and flow-sorted peak, respectively). Arrowheads mark the hybridization signal on the AFR (A–E) and PAP (F) homeologous chromosomes. Note that each of the probes VKO 1, 2, and 3 marks two different pairs of chromosomes, whereas the probes VKO 6 + 7 and 8 + 7 mark different arms of the same chromosome pair. The hybridization signal of the probes VKO 6 + 7 and 8 + 7 does not clearly overlap in Anguis, but it marks chromosome pair No. 7 in Pseudopus.
Figure 3 in Karyotype stasis but species-specific repetitive DNA patterns in Anguis lizards (Squamata: Anguidae), in the evolutionary framework of Anguiformes
Figure 3. Male (A, C, E, G) and female (B, D, F, H) comparative genomic hybridization in four Anguis species. Male-specific DNA is labelled with fluorescein d-UTP (green), and female-specific DNA with Cy3 d-UTP (red). The yellow regions reflect regions of accumulated repetitive elements existing in equilibrium in the male and female genomes. Slightly reddish (E, F) or greenish (G, H) regions indicate certain enrichment of the repetitive fraction in the genome of one of the individuals.
Figure 1 in Karyotype stasis but species-specific repetitive DNA patterns in Anguis lizards (Squamata: Anguidae), in the evolutionary framework of Anguiformes
Figure 1. Karyograms of Anguis and Pseudopus. Male karyograms are shown, the karyograms of A. veronensis and P. apodus are from a juvenile of unknown sex. All tested individuals including females share the karyotype of 2n = 44 consisting of 20 macrochromosomes and 24 microchromosomes. Where available, karyograms of both sexes are shown in Supporting Information Figure S1. Scale bar = 10 µm. Photos on the right, not to scale.
Figure 6 in Karyotype stasis but species-specific repetitive DNA patterns in Anguis lizards (Squamata: Anguidae), in the evolutionary framework of Anguiformes
Figure 6. Schematic illustration of the homeology of the Varanus and Anguis + Pseudopus macrochromosomes with respect to the putative toxicoferan ancestor. The simplified arrangement of the macrochromosomes of the toxicoferan ancestor follows the hypothesis of Deakin and Ezaz (2019). Based on the fission(s) leading to Varanus and Anguis, we can assume that both lizards exhibit a derived stage of macrochromosome organization rather than variants of the putative ancestral arrangement of their common anguiform ancestor. The homeology of VKO 5 and AFR 6 (red and white hatched) is tentative and requires further evidence. The colour code depicts the chromosome homeology.
One of the first cryptic mammal species discovered, when it was separated from the morphologically similar R. tumida (= R. bickhami) based on karyological studies. Karyotype of 2n = 42 of R. genowaysi is identical to that observed in R. velilla, but these species are genetically distinct; their ranges do not overlap. R. genowaysi is morphologically very similar to other species within the R. tumida complex and is sympatric with R. bickhami (2n = 34). Monotypic. Distribution. Two nearby localities in Pacific lowlands of S Chiapas, S Mexico. in Vespertilionidae
One of the first cryptic mammal species discovered, when it was separated from the morphologically similar R. tumida (= R. bickhami) based on karyological studies. Karyotype of 2n = 42 of R. genowaysi is identical to that observed in R. velilla, but these species are genetically distinct; their ranges do not overlap. R. genowaysi is morphologically very similar to other species within the R. tumida complex and is sympatric with R. bickhami (2n = 34). Monotypic. Distribution. Two nearby localities in Pacific lowlands of S Chiapas, S Mexico.
Distribution. NE Egypt (coastal region of Sinai), S Israel (Negev Desert), and Palestine. Descriptive notes. Head-body 130-170 mm, tail 120-180 mm, ear 17-22 mm, hindfoot 30-41 mm; weight 125-275 g. A medium-sized jird, Buxton's Jird has tail of about same length as head-body length and partially hairy soles of hindfeet. Bicolored tail ends with well-developed pencil of black hairs. Dorsal pelage is reddish sandy, diffusely speckled with black hairs, and ventral is white. Enlarged tympanic bullae project over back of skull and represent c.35-37% ofskull length. Karyotype 2n = 46. in Muridae
Distribution. NE Egypt (coastal region of Sinai), S Israel (Negev Desert), and Palestine. Descriptive notes. Head-body 130-170 mm, tail 120-180 mm, ear 17-22 mm, hindfoot 30-41 mm; weight 125-275 g. A medium-sized jird, Buxton's Jird has tail of about same length as head-body length and partially hairy soles of hindfeet. Bicolored tail ends with well-developed pencil of black hairs. Dorsal pelage is reddish sandy, diffusely speckled with black hairs, and ventral is white. Enlarged tympanic bullae project over back of skull and represent c.35-37% ofskull length. Karyotype 2n = 46.
Rusia, Lake Rudolf, Ethiopia. Taxonomic status and constitution of G. pulvinatus have been disputed by some authors, but D. M. Lay in 1983, G. G. Musser and M. D. Carleton in 2005, D. C. D. Happold in 2013, and A. Monadjem and colleagues in 2015 considered it valid. Standard karyotype was provided by B. Hubert in 1978. Monotypic. Distribution. Djibouti, SW Ethiopia, and NW Kenya; it may occur in extreme SE South Sudan. in Muridae
Rusia, Lake Rudolf, Ethiopia. Taxonomic status and constitution of G. pulvinatus have been disputed by some authors, but D. M. Lay in 1983, G. G. Musser and M. D. Carleton in 2005, D. C. D. Happold in 2013, and A. Monadjem and colleagues in 2015 considered it valid. Standard karyotype was provided by B. Hubert in 1978. Monotypic. Distribution. Djibouti, SW Ethiopia, and NW Kenya; it may occur in extreme SE South Sudan.
FIGURE. FISH karyotype pattern diagram of 8 diploid hyacinth cultivars a.'Gypsy Queen'; b.'Purple sensation' c.'Pink pearl' d.'Gypsy princess' e.'Blue pearl' f.'Odysseus' g.'Yellowstone' h.'Red pearl' Red point: 45S rDNA loci; Green point: 45S rDNA loci; Yellow point: ITR sites in Physical mapping of 45S and 5S rDNA and telomeric repeat loci in eight diploid hyacinth cultivars
FIGURE. FISH karyotype pattern diagram of 8 diploid hyacinth cultivars a.'Gypsy Queen'; b.'Purple sensation' c.'Pink pearl' d.'Gypsy princess' e.'Blue pearl' f.'Odysseus' g.'Yellowstone' h.'Red pearl' Red point: 45S rDNA loci; Green point: 45S rDNA loci; Yellow point: ITR sites
FIGURE. Results of FISH physical mapping on metaphase chromosomes of hyacinth 1. The distribution of 45S rDNA (red arrow) and 5S rDNA (green arrow) signals on the chromosomes; 2. The distribution of telomeric repeats signals on the chromosomes; 3. Chromosome karyotype with 45S rDNA and 5S rDNA; 4. Chromosome karyotype with telomeric repeats. A. 'Gypsy Queen' B.'Purple sensation' C.'Pink pearl' D.'Gypsy princess' E.'Blue pearl' F.'Odysseus' G.'Yellow stone' H.'Red pearl' in Physical mapping of 45S and 5S rDNA and telomeric repeat loci in eight diploid hyacinth cultivars
FIGURE. Results of FISH physical mapping on metaphase chromosomes of hyacinth 1. The distribution of 45S rDNA (red arrow) and 5S rDNA (green arrow) signals on the chromosomes; 2. The distribution of telomeric repeats signals on the chromosomes; 3. Chromosome karyotype with 45S rDNA and 5S rDNA; 4. Chromosome karyotype with telomeric repeats. A. 'Gypsy Queen' B.'Purple sensation' C.'Pink pearl' D.'Gypsy princess' E.'Blue pearl' F.'Odysseus' G.'Yellow stone' H.'Red pearl'
Figure 2 in Tracking the trends of karyotype differentiation in the phylogenetic context of Gint, a scorpion genus endemic to the Horn of Africa (Scorpiones: Buthidae)
Figure 2. Post-pachytene cells of Gint species after Giemsa staining (A, C, E, G, I, K, M, O) and FISH with 18S rDNA (red signals) (B, D, F, H, J, L, N, P). A, B, G. banfasae cytotype I (2 n = 18 – 7II + IV). C, D, G. banfasae cytotype II (2n= 18 – 6II + VI). E, F, G. banfasae cytotype III (2n = 19 – 5II + III + VI). G, H, G. dabakalo cytotype I (2n = 23 – 9II + V). I, J, G. dabakalo cytotype II (2n = 24 – 8II + III + V). K, L, G. dabakalo cytotype III (2n = 27 – 8II + 2III + V). M, N, G. gaitako (2n = 30 – 13II + IV). O, P, G. maidensis (2n = 34). Abbreviations: II, bivalent; III, trivalent; IV, quadrivalent; V, pentavalent; VI, hexavalent. Arrowheads indicate the position of 18S rDNA. Scale bar = 10 µm.
Figure 7 in Tracking the trends of karyotype differentiation in the phylogenetic context of Gint, a scorpion genus endemic to the Horn of Africa (Scorpiones: Buthidae)
Figure 7. Types of meiotic multivalent associations in Gint spp. with schemes of hypothesized intra- or interchromosomal rearrangements leading to observed multivalent formation.A,G. dabakalo – a trivalent arising from fission of the chromosome. B, G. dabakalo – a pentavalent originating from three independent fusion events. C, G. gaitako – a quadrivalent resulting from reciprocal translocation. D, G. banfasae – a quadrivalent as a result of reciprocal translocation. E, G. banfasae – a hexavalent arising through two independent events: (1) a fission of chromosome 1 involved in quadrivalent; (2) subsequent fusion of an emerging chromosome fragment with another chromosome. F, G. amoudensis – a quadrivalent arising from the reciprocal translocation. G, G. amoudensis – a hexavalent originated from the reciprocal translocation of the chromosome involved in the quadrivalent and another chromosome.
Figure 6 in Tracking the trends of karyotype differentiation in the phylogenetic context of Gint, a scorpion genus endemic to the Horn of Africa (Scorpiones: Buthidae)
Figure 6. Ancestral state reconstruction analyses based on the Bayesian tree from this study, depicting: A, number of chromosomes; B, position of 18S rDNA. Results of maximum parsimony analysis reconstructing ancestral states for both cytogenetic characters are visualized by colours of the circles. Arrowheads indicate hypothetical inversion on 18S rDNAbearing chromosomes.
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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