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FIGURE 17 in A revision of the Pauropsalta annulata Goding & Froggatt species group (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) based on morphology, calling songs and ecology, with investigations into calling song structure, molecular phylogenetic relationships and a case of hybridisation between two subspecies

FIGURE 17. Waveform plots illustrating the lilting component of the male calling song of Pauropsalta notialis notialisxincitata hybrids from six different localities, including: (i) Upper Yarraman (26°54'S 151°54'E), (ii) Atkinsons Dam (27°26'S 152°27'E), (iii) Boonah (28°00'S 152°41'E), (iv) Woodford (26°56'S 152°46'E), (v) Cooyar (26°59'S 151°50'E), and (vi) Wuruma Dam Road (25°11'S 151°02'E). Mean phrase repetition rates (PRR) for each recording are provided to the right of each plot for reference. The Upper Yarraman recording (i) is a duet that includes the responses from a female, with each female wing-flick indicated by an arrow.

FIGURE 23 in A revision of the Pauropsalta annulata Goding & Froggatt species group (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) based on morphology, calling songs and ecology, with investigations into calling song structure, molecular phylogenetic relationships and a case of hybridisation between two subspecies

FIGURE 23. Male calling song structure of Pauropsalta blackdownensis sp. nov. illustrated in expanded waveform plots (explained in Fig. 8). The spectrogram at the bottom of the figure displays song frequency. This specimen was recorded in the field at Blackdown Tableland (23°44'S 149°07'E).

FIGURE 14 in A revision of the Pauropsalta annulata Goding & Froggatt species group (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) based on morphology, calling songs and ecology, with investigations into calling song structure, molecular phylogenetic relationships and a case of hybridisation between two subspecies

FIGURE 14. Male calling song structure of Pauropsalta notialis incitata subsp. nov. illustrated in expanded waveform plots (explained in Fig. 8), showing both buzzing and lilting components. The spectrogram at the bottom of the figure displays song frequency, which exhibits no modulation between the song components in this species. This specimen was recorded in the field at Goombungee (27°18'S 151°51'E).

FIGURE 11 in A revision of the Pauropsalta annulata Goding & Froggatt species group (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) based on morphology, calling songs and ecology, with investigations into calling song structure, molecular phylogenetic relationships and a case of hybridisation between two subspecies

FIGURE 11. Map of eastern Australia showing the geographical distribution of Pauropsalta notialis sp. nov. (including P. n. notialis subsp. nov. (solid circles), P. n. incitata subsp. nov. (solid triangles) and their hybrid P. n. notialisxincitata (crosses)). The large symbols represent specimen records (see type data and material examined), whereas small symbols represent aural records (some recorded).

FIGURE 22 in A revision of the Pauropsalta annulata Goding & Froggatt species group (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) based on morphology, calling songs and ecology, with investigations into calling song structure, molecular phylogenetic relationships and a case of hybridisation between two subspecies

FIGURE 22. Illustrations of male pygofer and internal genitalia, viewed ventrally (left) and laterally from left (right): (A) P. blackdownensis sp. nov., Blackdown Tableland (23°47'S 149°00'E); (B) P. simplex sp. nov., Atherton (17°16'S 145°29'E); (C) P. granitica sp. nov., Spear Creek via Palmer River (16°03'S 144°48'E); (D) P. subtropica sp. nov., 1km N. of Auburn River National Park (25°43'S 151°03'E); (E) P. torrensis sp. nov., 65km E. of Hughenden (20°50'S 144°48'E); (F) P. decora sp. nov., 82km N. of St George (27°23'S 148°52'E).

FIGURE 27 in A revision of the Pauropsalta annulata Goding & Froggatt species group (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) based on morphology, calling songs and ecology, with investigations into calling song structure, molecular phylogenetic relationships and a case of hybridisation between two subspecies

FIGURE 27. (A–B) Pauropsalta granitica sp. nov., 7km SE. of Mount Carbine (16°34'S 145°10'E), (A) male, (B) female; (C– D) P. subtropica sp. nov., 1km N. of Auburn River National Park (25°43'S 151°03'E). (C) male, (D) female; (E–F) P. torrensis sp. nov., Torrens Creek (20°47'S 145°01'E), (E) male, (F) female. Approximately 1.6x natural size.

FIGURE 12 in A revision of the Pauropsalta annulata Goding & Froggatt species group (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) based on morphology, calling songs and ecology, with investigations into calling song structure, molecular phylogenetic relationships and a case of hybridisation between two subspecies

FIGURE 12. Male calling song structure of Pauropsalta notialis notialis subsp. nov. illustrated in expanded waveform plots (explained in Fig. 8), showing both buzzing and lilting components. The spectrogram at the bottom of the figure displays song frequency, which exhibits no modulation between the song components in this species. This specimen was recorded in the field at Concord (33°51'S 151°06'E).

Figure 12 in Alpine-Himalayan orogeny drove correlated morphological, molecular, and ecological diversification in the Persian dwarf snake (Squamata: Serpentes: Eirenis persicus)

Figure 12. Response curve of the maximum entropy (Maxent) model. A, response curves of the precipitation of the coldest quarter, used to calculate the western operational taxonomic unit (OTU) Maxent model of the Eirenis persicus species group; B, response curves of the minimum temperature of the coldest month (°C), used to calculate the nigrofasciatus and eastern OTU Maxent model of the E. persicus species group. The logistic prediction values changed as each environmental variable was varied one by one whilst keeping all other environmental variables at their average sample value. In (A), boxplots represent the precipitation of the coldest quarter in the habitat of E. persicus specimens in southwestern Iran (SW-IR), Turkey and western Iran (TK, W-IR), and northern Iran (N-IR); in (B), boxplots represent the minimum temperature of the coldest month (°C) in the habitat of E. persicus specimens of the nigrofasciatus OTU (nig), eastern Iran and Turkmenistan sub-OTU (E-IR, TM), north-eastern Pakistan sub-OTU (NE-PK), and specimens referred to Eirenis mcmahoni (mc).

Figure 11. Predicted suitable habitat for the Eirenis persicus species group. A in Alpine-Himalayan orogeny drove correlated morphological, molecular, and ecological diversification in the Persian dwarf snake (Squamata: Serpentes: Eirenis persicus)

Figure 11. Predicted suitable habitat for the Eirenis persicus species group. A, western operational taxonomic unit (OTU) specimens; B, eastern and nigrofasciatus OTUs. The model was reclassified into ten equal probability classes. Only classes with probabilities greater than 60% are presented here. Maximum training sensitivity plus specificity logistic threshold (dark grey) is equal to 15.7% in (A) and 23% in (B). In (A), circles indicate the south-western Iran sub-OTU, ◆ indicate the south-eastern Turkey and western Iran sub-OTU, and plus symbols indicate the northern Iran specimens. In (B), circles indicate specimens of the nigrofasciatus OTU, triangles indicate the eastern Iran and Turkmenistan sub-OTU, plus symbols indicate the north-eastern Pakistan sub-OTU, and stars indicate the localities of the specimens referred to Eirenis mcmahoni.

Figure 10 in Alpine-Himalayan orogeny drove correlated morphological, molecular, and ecological diversification in the Persian dwarf snake (Squamata: Serpentes: Eirenis persicus)

Figure 10. Median joining network of Eirenis persicus cytochrome b haplotypes. Abbreviations: PE, E. persicus specimens with persicus morph with bases of their anterior dorsal scales are darker, PW, persicus morph with unicoloured dorsal scales; W, walteri morph; nigrofasciatus, nigrofasciatus morph. Numbers indicate the number of nucleotide substitutions.

Figure 9 in Alpine-Himalayan orogeny drove correlated morphological, molecular, and ecological diversification in the Persian dwarf snake (Squamata: Serpentes: Eirenis persicus)

Figure 9. Maximum likelihood chronogram representing the evolution of the genus Eirenis and its immediate ancestors, as well as the hypothetical ancestral distribution of Eirenis persicus over the Eurasia plate. A, divergence of E. persicus (vertical line) from the Eirenis lineage (square) 16–18 Mya. B, divergence of E. persicus into the western and eastern clades 10–13 Mya. Abbreviations: Pleis., Pleistocene; Plioc., Pliocene.

Figure 8 in Alpine-Himalayan orogeny drove correlated morphological, molecular, and ecological diversification in the Persian dwarf snake (Squamata: Serpentes: Eirenis persicus)

Figure 8. Bayesian inference tree of the members of the Eirenis persicus species group and their relatives. Branch support measures are Bayesian posterior probabilities (×100)/maximum likelihood bootstrap support (the latter value presented only for the E. persicus species group). Abbreviations: PE, E. persicus specimens of the persicus morph with bases of their anterior dorsal scales are darker than the rest of scales; PW, persicus morph with unicoloured dorsal scales; W, walteri morph; nigrofasciatus, nigrofasciatus morph. The scale bar shows the length of branch that represents 3% genetic divergence.

Figure 3 in Alpine-Himalayan orogeny drove correlated morphological, molecular, and ecological diversification in the Persian dwarf snake (Squamata: Serpentes: Eirenis persicus)

Figure 3. Geographical positions of the different operational taxonomic units (OTUs): eastern OTU (dotted line), western OTU (dashed line), nigrofasciatus OTU (solid line), novum OTU (stars).

Figure 2 in Alpine-Himalayan orogeny drove correlated morphological, molecular, and ecological diversification in the Persian dwarf snake (Squamata: Serpentes: Eirenis persicus)

Figure 2. All available distribution records of the Eirenis persicus species group. Circles indicate the E. persicus specimens, with the persicus morph bearing unicoloured dorsal scales; squires indicate specimens from eastern Iran, southern Turkmenistan, and southern and western Pakistan, having both persicus morph that base of their anterior dorsal scales are darker, and walteri morph; stars indicate specimens referred to Eirenis mcmahoni (Wall, 1911); plus symbols indicate specimens in north-eastern Pakistan, having both persicus morphs that base of their anterior dorsal scales are darker, and with walteri morph; asterisks indicate specimens with the novum pattern; triangles indicate specimens of the nigrofasciatus morph. Circle 29 indicates the type locality of Cyclophis persicus Anderson, 1872; squire 2 indicates the type locality of Pseudocyclophis walteri Boettger, 1888; squire 7 indicates the type locality of Contia zebrina Wall, 1923; triangle 6 indicates the type locality of Contia persica var. nigrofasciata Nikolsky, 1907; star 3 indicates the type locality of Contia angusticeps Boulenger, 1894; plus symbols 2–5 indicate the type series localities of Contia mcmahoni Wall, 1911. For more details, see Appendix 1.

Figure 1 in Alpine-Himalayan orogeny drove correlated morphological, molecular, and ecological diversification in the Persian dwarf snake (Squamata: Serpentes: Eirenis persicus)

Figure 1. Different morphs of the Eirenis persicus species group: A, persicus morph from Dasht-e Arjan, Fars province, south-western Iran (photo by F. Hidary); B, walteri morph from Dehbakri, Kerman province, south-eastern Iran (photo by R. Nazarov); C, new morph from Sisakht, Yasuj province, central Zagros mountains, Iran (photo by H. Esmaeili); D, persicus morph from Kafir Kot, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province, Pakistan (photo by R. Masroor); E, nigrofasciatus morph from Dezful, Khuzestan province, south-western Iran (photo by F. Hidary).

Figure 14 in Alpine-Himalayan orogeny drove correlated morphological, molecular, and ecological diversification in the Persian dwarf snake (Squamata: Serpentes: Eirenis persicus)

Figure 14. Dorsal body (A), dorsal head (B), and lateral head (C) view of the holotype of Eirenis (Pseudocyclophis) occidentalis sp. nov.

Figure 3 in The flightless marine midge Pontomyia (Diptera: Chironomidae): ecology, distribution, and molecular phylogeny

Figure 3. Maximum likelihood tree from four-gene analysis as performed in GARLI. The three values on each branch represent: (1) maximum likelihood bootstrap support; (2) Bayesian posterior probability (PP); and (3) maximum parsimony bootstrap support. Key: *bootstrap value> 98 or PP of 1; #maximum likelihood and maximum parsimony bootstrap values> 98 and PP of 1.

Figure 2 in The flightless marine midge Pontomyia (Diptera: Chironomidae): ecology, distribution, and molecular phylogeny

Figure 2. Photomicrographs showing the male hypogium of each Pontomyia species. A, Pontomyia natans from type series. B, Pontomyia pacifica P06 from Palau. C, Pontomyia cottoni from type series. D, Pontomyia oceana P25 from Taiwan. The scale bar at the bottom right applies to all panels.

Figure 4 in The flightless marine midge Pontomyia (Diptera: Chironomidae): ecology, distribution, and molecular phylogeny

Figure 4. Species tree obtained from BEST analysis of multilocus data. The value on each branch represents the Bayesian posterior probability.

Figure 1 in The flightless marine midge Pontomyia (Diptera: Chironomidae): ecology, distribution, and molecular phylogeny

Figure 1. Map showing the known collection sites of Pontomyia species:, Pontomyia natans; Δ, Pontomyia pacifica; Z, Pontomyia cottoni; O, Pontomyia oceana;, Atlantic Pontomyia sp. (filled symbols indicate type localities). Note that P. natans co-occur with P. pacifica at the type locality of the latter, whereas P. natans and P. oceana co-occur in southern Taiwan.