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FIGURE 1 in Hygrophorus parvirussula sp. nov., a new edible mushroom from southwestern China

FIGURE 1. Phylogram of Hygrophorus parvirussula inferred from ITS sequences using Bayesian inference and RAxML. RAxML Likelihood bootstraps (BP ≥ 50%) and Bayesian Posterior Probabilities (PP ≥ 0.90) are shown above the branches.

FIGURE 2 in Hygrophorus parvirussula sp. nov., a new edible mushroom from southwestern China

FIGURE 2. Basidiomata of Hygrophorus parvirussula. a, d from MHKMU N.K. Zeng 2878; b, e from MHKMU L.P. Tang 1691; c, f from MHKMU S.D. Yang 434 (a, d photos by N.K. Zeng; b, e photos by L.P. Tang; c, f photos by S.D. Yang). Bars =1 cm.

FIGURE 3 in Species clarification of the locally famous mushroom Suillus placidus from the south of China with description of S. huapi sp. nov.

FIGURE 3. Microscopic features of Suillus huapi (FHMU 837, holotype). a. Basidia. b. Basidiospores. c. Pleurocystidia. d. Cheilocystidia. e. Pileipellis. f. Stipitipellis. Bars = 10 μm. Drawings by R. Xue.

FIGURE 2 in Species clarification of the locally famous mushroom Suillus placidus from the south of China with description of S. huapi sp. nov.

FIGURE 2. Basidiomata of Suillus huapi (a from FHMU 2805; b from FHMU 837, holotype; c from FHMU 838; d–f from FHMU 2806). Photos by N.K. Zeng.

FIGURE 1 in Species clarification of the locally famous mushroom Suillus placidus from the south of China with description of S. huapi sp. nov.

FIGURE 1. Phylogenetic placement of Suillus huapi within the /granulatus clade defined by Nguyen et al. (2016) inferred from an ITS dataset using RAxML and Bayesian inference. BS ≥ 70 % and PP ≥ 0.95 are indicated above the branches as RAxML BS/PP.

FIGURE 4 in Hygrophorus deliciosus (Hygrophoraceae, Agaricales), a popular edible mushroom of the H. russula-complex from southwestern China

FIGURE 4. Fresh (A–D) and dry (E–F) basidiomata of waxcaps from China. A–B. Hygrophorus parvirussula (GDGM45208), C. Hygrophorus russula (GDGM25922), D. Hygrophorus russula (GDGM41951), E. Hygrophorus deliciosus (GDGM79208, Holotype), F. Hygrophorus deliciosus (GDGM79236), G. Hygrophorus parvirussula (HMAS280756), H. Hygrophorus russula (GDGM41951). Photos: A–B by Ming Zhang, C by Tai-Hui Li, D–F by Chao-Qun Wang.

FIGURE 1 in Hygrophorus deliciosus (Hygrophoraceae, Agaricales), a popular edible mushroom of the H. russula-complex from southwestern China

FIGURE 1. Phylogenetic relationship of the Hygrophorus russula-complex inferred from ITS sequences using ML method. Newly generated sequences in this study are in bold. Bootstrap values more than 50% are indicated around the branch. The tree scale indicates the number of substitutions per site.

FIGURE 3 in Hygrophorus deliciosus (Hygrophoraceae, Agaricales), a popular edible mushroom of the H. russula-complex from southwestern China

FIGURE 3. Line drawings of microscopic features of Hygrophorus deliciosus. A. Basidiospores (GDGM79208, Holotype), B. Basidiospores (GDGM73208), C. Basidiospores (GDGM79208, Holotype), D. Basidia (GDGM73208), E. Terminal cells of pileipellis (GDGM79208, Holotype), F. Lamellar trama hyphae (GDGM79208, Holotype). Drawings by: Chao-Qun Wang.

FIGURE 2 in Hygrophorus deliciosus (Hygrophoraceae, Agaricales), a popular edible mushroom of the H. russula-complex from southwestern China

FIGURE 2. Basidiomata of Hygrophorus deliciosus. A: LJW1779, B: XHW6125, C–D: GDGM43345, E: GDGM79208 (Holotype), F: GDGM79227. Photos: A by Jian-Wei Liu, B by Xiang-Hua Wang, C–F by Chao-Qun Wang.

opencc-by-4.0Nov 2024View details →

Supplementary material for: Cytotoxic properties of free and nano-encapsulated methanolic extracts of Ganoderma mushrooms

These are data and supplementary materials for the manuscript "Cytotoxic properties of free and nano-encapsulated methanolic extracts of Ganoderma mushrooms"

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2021View details →

Effects of Application of Recycled Chicken Manure and Spent Mushroom Substrate on Organic Matter, Acidity, and Hydraulic Properties of Sandy Soils

This study aimed at examining the effects of long-term application of chicken manure (CM) and spent mushroom substrate (SMS) on organic matter accumulation, acidity, and hydraulic properties of soil. Two podzol soils with sandy texture in Podlasie Region (Poland) were enriched with recycled CM (10 Mg ha􀀀1) and SMS (20 Mg ha􀀀1), respectively, every 1–2 years for 20 years. The application of CM and SMS increased soil organic matter content at the depths of 0–20, 20–40, and 40–60 cm, especially at 0–20 cm (by 102–201%). The initial soil pH increased in the CM- and SMS-amended soil by 1.7–2.0 units and 1.0–1.2 units, respectively. Soil bulk density at comparable depths increased and decreased following the addition of CM and SMS, respectively. The addition of CM increased field water capacity (at –100 hPa) in the range from 45.8 to 117.8% depending on the depth within the 0–60 cm layer. In the case of the SMS addition, the value of the parameter was in the range of 42.4–48.5% at two depths within 0–40 cm. Depending on the depth, CM reduced the content of transmission pores (>50 m) in the range from 46.3 to 82.3% and increased the level of residual pores (<0.5 m) by 91.0–198.6%. SMS increased the content of residual pores at the successive depths by 121.8, 251.0, and 30.3% and decreased or increased the content of transmission and storage pores. Additionally, it significantly reduced the saturated hydraulic conductivity at two depths within 0–40 cm. The fitted unsaturated hydraulic conductivity at two depths within the 0–40 cm layer increased and decreased in the CM- and SMS-amended soils, respectively. The results provide a novel insight into the application of recycled organic materials to sequester soil organic matter and improve crop productivity by increasing soil water retention capacity and decreasing acidity. This is of particular importance in the case of the studied low-productivity sandy acidic soils that have to be used in agriculture due to limited global land resources and rising food demand.

FIGURE 3. Auricularia heimuer. A–D cultivated basidiomata. E in Species clarification of the most important and cultivated Auricularia mushroom "Heimuer": evidence from morphological and molecular data

FIGURE 3. Auricularia heimuer. A–D cultivated basidiomata. E wild basidiomata (holotype). Scale bars: B = 10 cm, D–E = 5 cm.

FIGURE 2 in Species clarification of the most important and cultivated Auricularia mushroom "Heimuer": evidence from morphological and molecular data

FIGURE 2. Maximum parsimony strict consensus tree illustrating the phylogeny of Auricularia based on ITS+nLSU sequences. Branches are labeled with parsimony bootstrap proportions (before slanting line) higher than 50% and Bayesian posterior probabilities (after slanting line) more than 0.95.

FIGURE 1 in Species clarification of the most important and cultivated Auricularia mushroom "Heimuer": evidence from morphological and molecular data

FIGURE 1. Maximum parsimony strict consensus tree illustrating the phylogeny of Auricularia based on ITS sequences. Branches are labeled with parsimony bootstrap proportions (before slanting line) higher than 50% and Bayesian posterior probabilities (after slanting line) more than 0.95.

FIGURE 4 in Species clarification of the most important and cultivated Auricularia mushroom "Heimuer": evidence from morphological and molecular data

FIGURE 4. Microscopic structures of Auricularia heimuer (photographed from the holotype). A Cross-section displaying medulla. B abhymenial hairs. C–D Basidia (indicated by a). E–F Basidiospores. Bars: A = 100 μm; B = 10 µm; C = 20 µm; D–E = 10 μm; F = 5 µm.

opencc-zeroAug 2021View details →

dryad32/100

Data from: Age-related mushroom body expansion in male sweat bees and bumble bees

A well-documented phenomenon among social insects is that brain changes occur prior to or at the onset of certain experiences, potentially serving to prime the brain for specific tasks. This insight comes almost exclusively from studies considering developmental maturation in females. As a result, it is unclear whether age-related brain plasticity is consistent across sexes, and to what extent developmental patterns differ. Using confocal microscopy and volumetric analyses, we investigated age-related brain changes coinciding with sexual maturation in the males of the facultatively eusocial sweat bee, Megalopta genalis, and the obligately eusocial bumble bee, Bombus impatiens. We compared volumetric measurements between newly eclosed and reproductively mature males kept isolated in the lab. We found expansion of the mushroom bodies—brain regions associated with learning and memory—with maturation, which were consistent across both species. This age-related plasticity may, therefore, play a functionally-relevant role in preparing male bees for mating, and suggests that developmentally-driven neural restructuring can occur in males, even in species where it is absent in females.

opennotspecifiedJun 2008View details →

Figures 20–22. Coptorhina spp., distribution map. 20, C in Revision of the obligate mushroom-feeding African ''dung beetle'' genus Coptorhina Hope (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae)

Figures 20–22. Coptorhina spp., distribution map. 20, C. auspicata; 21, C. excavata sp. n.; 22, C. nitefacta.

opennotspecifiedJun 2008View details →

Figures 15–17. Coptorhina spp., general view. 15, C in Revision of the obligate mushroom-feeding African ''dung beetle'' genus Coptorhina Hope (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae)

Figures 15–17. Coptorhina spp., general view. 15, C. auspicata, Cinergy Game farm, RSA; 16, C. excavata sp. n., holotype; 17, C. nitidipennis, Cinergy Game farm, RSA.