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502 results for “natural populations”
Distribution. It ranges through temperate zone forests and paramos from the Cordillera Central in C Colombia through the Cordillera Oriental of Ecuador to the eastern Andean cloud forests in Peru, southward to Junin department. The exact range is unknown and there are obvious distributional gaps. One major natural gap is the dry forest south of the Huancabamba depression, which separates the northern population from the main Peruvian population. in Cervidae
Distribution. It ranges through temperate zone forests and paramos from the Cordillera Central in C Colombia through the Cordillera Oriental of Ecuador to the eastern Andean cloud forests in Peru, southward to Junin department. The exact range is unknown and there are obvious distributional gaps. One major natural gap is the dry forest south of the Huancabamba depression, which separates the northern population from the main Peruvian population.
Distribution. NE Madagascar from the Bemarivo River, near Sambava, S to the region of Mananara-Nord, including the Masoala Peninsula and possibly extending from Marojejy W into Tsaratanana; there are additional isolated and most likely introduced populations in the Betampona Strict Nature Reserve and on Nosy Mangabe and on Ile Roger (also called Aye-aye I) near the town of Mananara-Nord. The distribution S of Mananara needs to be clarified because significant hybridization with the Brown Lemur (FE. fulvus) occurs over a wide area. in Lemuridae
Distribution. NE Madagascar from the Bemarivo River, near Sambava, S to the region of Mananara-Nord, including the Masoala Peninsula and possibly extending from Marojejy W into Tsaratanana; there are additional isolated and most likely introduced populations in the Betampona Strict Nature Reserve and on Nosy Mangabe and on Ile Roger (also called Aye-aye I) near the town of Mananara-Nord. The distribution S of Mananara needs to be clarified because significant hybridization with the Brown Lemur (FE. fulvus) occurs over a wide area.
Distribution. Confined to a single population in Two Peoples Bay Nature Reserve (Mt Gardner), near Albany, in coastal far SW Western Australia. Successfully introduced to nearby Bald I. in Potoroidae
Distribution. Confined to a single population in Two Peoples Bay Nature Reserve (Mt Gardner), near Albany, in coastal far SW Western Australia. Successfully introduced to nearby Bald I.
Data for: Phenotypic senescence in a natural insect population
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst"><span>Senescence seems to be universal in living organisms and plays a major role in life-history strategies. <span>Phenotypic senescence, the decline of body condition and/or performance with age, is a largely understudied component of senescence in natural insect populations, although it would be important to understand how and why insects age under natural conditions</span>.</span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst"><span>We aimed (i) to investigate how body mass and thorax width change with age in a natural population of the univoltine Clouded Apollo butterfly (<em>Parnassius mnemosyne, </em>Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) and (ii) to assess the relationship of this change with sex and wing length.</span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span>We studied a population between 2014 and 2020 using mark-recapture during the whole flight period each year. Repeated measurements of body mass and thorax width and single measurements of wing length were performed on marked individuals. We analysed body mass and thorax width change with age (days since marking), wing length and the date of the first capture.</span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span>Both body mass and thorax width declined non-linearly with age. Individuals appearing earlier in the flight period had significantly higher initial body mass and thorax width and their body mass declined faster than later ones. Initial body sizes of females were higher, but males' body sizes decreased slower. Initial thorax width showed higher annual variation than body mass.</span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span>To our best knowledge, this is the first study that revealed phenotypic senescence in a natural butterfly population, using <em>in vivo</em> measurements. We found sexual differences in the rate of phenotypic senescence. Despite the annual variation of initial body sizes, the rate of senescence did not vary considerably across the years.</span></p>
Distribution. Endemic to Hainan I, China; once widespread, but today the only known population is restricted to Bawangling Nature Reserve in the W of the island. in Hylobatidae
Distribution. Endemic to Hainan I, China; once widespread, but today the only known population is restricted to Bawangling Nature Reserve in the W of the island.
Distribution. Bangladesh and NE India (states of Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Meghalaya, Manipur, Mizoram, and Tripura) between the Brahmaputra and Salween rivers, and to the S of the Brahmaputra and E of the Dibang rivers, extending into NW Myanmar, W of the Chindwin River. W. Bleisch has reported an isolated population of gibbons to the N, in the Medog Nature Reserve in SE Xizang Autonomous Region (= Tibet), across the border from Arunachal Pradesh, but their identity has not been established. in Hylobatidae
Distribution. Bangladesh and NE India (states of Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Meghalaya, Manipur, Mizoram, and Tripura) between the Brahmaputra and Salween rivers, and to the S of the Brahmaputra and E of the Dibang rivers, extending into NW Myanmar, W of the Chindwin River. W. Bleisch has reported an isolated population of gibbons to the N, in the Medog Nature Reserve in SE Xizang Autonomous Region (= Tibet), across the border from Arunachal Pradesh, but their identity has not been established.
Data from: Effective population size of natural populations of Drosophila buzzatii, with a comparative evaluation of nine methods of estimation
Allozyme and microsatellite data from numerous populations of Drosophila buzzatii have been used (i) to determine to what degree Ne varies among generations within populations, and among populations, and (ii) to evaluate the congruence of four temporal and five single sample estimators of Ne. Effective size of different populations varied over two orders of magnitude, most populations are not temporally stable in genetic composition, and Ne showed large variation over generations in some populations. Short term Ne estimates from the temporal methods were highly correlated, but the smallest estimates were the most precise for all four methods, and the most consistent across methods. Except for one population, Ne estimates were lower when assuming gene flow than when assuming populations were closed. However, attempts to jointly estimate Ne and immigration rate were of little value because the source of migrants was unknown. Correlations among the estimates from the single sample methods generally were not significant although, as for the temporal methods, estimates were most consistent when they were small. These single sample estimates of current Ne are generally smaller than the short term temporal estimates. Nevertheless, population genetic variation is not being depleted, presumably due to past or ongoing migration. A clearer picture of current and short term effective population sizes will only follow with better knowledge of migration rates between populations. Different methods are not necessarily estimating the same Ne, they are subject to different bias, and the biology, demography and history of the population(s) may affect different estimators differently.
Data from: Identification of candidate loci for adaptive phenotypic plasticity in natural populations of spadefoot toads
<p>Phenotypic plasticity allows organisms to alter their phenotype in direct response to changes in the environment. Despite growing recognition of plasticity's role in ecology and evolution, few studies have probed plasticity's molecular bases—especially using natural populations. We investigated the genetic basis of phenotypic plasticity in natural populations of spadefoot toads (<i>Spea multiplicata</i>). <i>Spea</i> tadpoles normally develop into an 'omnivore' morph that is favored in long-lasting, low-density ponds. However, if tadpoles consume freshwater shrimp or other tadpoles, they can develop (via plasticity) into a 'carnivore' morph that is favored in shallow, high-density ponds. By combining natural variation in pond ecology and morph production with population genetic approaches, we identified candidate loci associated with morph (carnivores versus omnivores) and loci associated with adaptive phenotypic plasticity (adaptive versus maladaptive morph choice). Our candidate morph loci mapped to two genes, whereas our candidate plasticity loci mapped to 12 genes. In both cases, the identified genes tended to have functions related to their putative role in spadefoot tadpole biology. Our results thereby form the basis for future studies into the molecular mechanisms that mediate plasticity in spadefoots. More generally, these results illustrate how diverse loci might be deployed to mediate adaptive plasticity.</p>
Spatio-temporal dynamics of genetic variation at the quantitative and molecular levels within a natural Arabidopsis thaliana population
<p><span>Evolutionary change begins at the population scale. Therefore, understanding adaptive variation requires the identification of the factors maintaining and shaping standing genetic variation at the within-population level. Spatial and temporal environmental heterogeneity represent ecological drivers of within-population genetic variation, determining the evolutionary trajectory of populations along with random processes. Here, we focused on the effects of </span><span>spatio-temporal heterogeneity on quantitative and molecular variation in a natural population of the annual plant <em>Arabidopsis thaliana</em>.</span></p> <p><span>We sampled 1,093 individuals from a Spanish <em>A. thaliana </em>population across an area of 7.4 ha for 10 years (2012-2021). Based on a sample of 279 maternal lines, we estimated spatio-temporal variation in life-history traits and fitness from a common garden experiment. We genotyped 884 individuals with nuclear microsatellites to estimate spatio-temporal variation in genetic diversity. We assessed spatial patterns by estimating spatial autocorrelation of traits and fine-scale genetic structure. We analyzed the relationships between phenotypic variation, geographic location and genetic relatedness, as well as the effects of environmental suitability and genetic rarity on phenotypic variation. </span></p> <p><span>The common garden experiment indicated that there was more temporal than spatial variation in life-history traits and fitness. Despite the differences among years, genetic distance in ecologically relevant traits (e.g. flowering time) tended to be positively correlated to genetic distance among maternal lines, whilst isolation by distance was less important. Genetic diversity exhibited significant spatial structure at short distances, which were consistent among years. Finally, genetic rarity, and not environmental suitability, accounted for genetic variation in life-history traits.</span></p> <p><span>Synthesis. Our study highlighted the importance of repeated sampling to detect the large amount of genetic diversity at the quantitative and molecular levels that a single <em>A. thaliana</em> population can harbor. Overall, population genetic attributes estimated from our long-term monitoring scheme (genetic relatedness and genetic rarity), rather than biological (dispersal) or ecological (vegetation types and environmental suitability) factors, emerged as the most important drivers of within-population structure of phenotypic variation in <em>A. thaliana.</em></span></p>
Supplementary material 3 from: Astuti G, Roma-Marzio F, D'Antraccoli M, Bedini G, Carta A, Sebastiani F, Bruschi P, Peruzzi L (2017) Conservation biology of the last Italian population of Cistus laurifolius (Cistaceae): demographic structure, reproductive success and population genetics. Nature Conservation 22: 169-190. https://doi.org/10.3897/natureconservation.22.19809
Supplementary material 3 from: Astuti G, Roma-Marzio F, D'Antraccoli M, Bedini G, Carta A, Sebastiani F, Bruschi P, Peruzzi L (2017) Conservation biology of the last Italian population of Cistus laurifolius (Cistaceae): demographic structure, reproductive success and population genetics. Nature Conservation 22: 169-190. https://doi.org/10.3897/natureconservation.22.19809
Supplementary material 2 from: Astuti G, Roma-Marzio F, D'Antraccoli M, Bedini G, Carta A, Sebastiani F, Bruschi P, Peruzzi L (2017) Conservation biology of the last Italian population of Cistus laurifolius (Cistaceae): demographic structure, reproductive success and population genetics. Nature Conservation 22: 169-190. https://doi.org/10.3897/natureconservation.22.19809
Supplementary material 2 from: Astuti G, Roma-Marzio F, D'Antraccoli M, Bedini G, Carta A, Sebastiani F, Bruschi P, Peruzzi L (2017) Conservation biology of the last Italian population of Cistus laurifolius (Cistaceae): demographic structure, reproductive success and population genetics. Nature Conservation 22: 169-190. https://doi.org/10.3897/natureconservation.22.19809
Supplementary material 1 from: Astuti G, Roma-Marzio F, D'Antraccoli M, Bedini G, Carta A, Sebastiani F, Bruschi P, Peruzzi L (2017) Conservation biology of the last Italian population of Cistus laurifolius (Cistaceae): demographic structure, reproductive success and population genetics. Nature Conservation 22: 169-190. https://doi.org/10.3897/natureconservation.22.19809
Supplementary material 1 from: Astuti G, Roma-Marzio F, D'Antraccoli M, Bedini G, Carta A, Sebastiani F, Bruschi P, Peruzzi L (2017) Conservation biology of the last Italian population of Cistus laurifolius (Cistaceae): demographic structure, reproductive success and population genetics. Nature Conservation 22: 169-190. https://doi.org/10.3897/natureconservation.22.19809
FIG. 3 in Rates of Alloparental Care by Male Stickleback in Natural Lake Populations
FIG. 3. Relationships between mismatch proportion and presence or absence of vegetation within 1 m of male stickleback nests across all lakes (n ¼ 15). Bold lines indicate significant lake trends (P, 0.05).
FIG. 1 in Rates of Alloparental Care by Male Stickleback in Natural Lake Populations
FIG. 1. Frequency of alloparenting across lakes. Rates of mismatch (filled symbols) and 95% confidence intervals are shown with the total number of eggs tested for mismatch. Lakes are ordered from smallest to largest in surface area.
FIG. 2 in Rates of Alloparental Care by Male Stickleback in Natural Lake Populations
FIG. 2. Mismatch probability based on male Z-d13C (a measure of diet, standardized to remove among-lake variation in mean and variance). Higher (less negative) values of Z- d13C indicate a more benthic diet; a bean plot shows the distribution while the tick marks represent individual data points.
Data from: Natural selection on gall size: variable contributions of individual host plants to population-wide patterns
Studies that provide estimates of the form and magnitude of selection on herbivore traits at the level of individual plants in natural populations represent a vital step in understanding the interaction of selection and gene flow among host-affiliated insect populations when individual plants equate to differing selective regimes. We analyzed phenotypic selection on the trait gall size for a host-specific gall former at both the individual host plant and population level (across host plants) in each of two years. Linear and nonlinear selection and the fitness function relating gall size to the probability of survivorship in the absence of natural enemies were estimated for each level and year. Selection imposed by the host plant was observed in 19 of the 22 subpopulations monitored. At the population level, linear and nonlinear selection were evident each year. However, population-level estimates masked the significant heterogeneity in the form and direction of selection evident among plants each year. Heterogeneity among gall-former subpopulations is emphasized by our findings that selection varied from directional to stabilizing among plants and the majority of selection gradients estimated for individual plants did not fall within the 95% CIs of the population-level estimates.
Data from: Genetic structure of a naturally regenerating post-fire seedling population: Pinus halepensis as a case study
To study the effects of wildfire on population genetics of a wind pollinated and wind dispersed tree, we have analyzed the genetic structure of a post-fire, naturally regenerating seedling population of Pinus halepensis Miller, on Mt. Carmel, Israel. We tested the existence of spatial genetic structure, which is expected due to the special spatial demographic structure of the post-fire seedling and sapling populations of this species. Explicitly, we asked whether or not seedlings that germinated under large, burned, dead pine trees are also their offspring. The results revealed that the post-fire seedling population is polymorphic, diverse, and reflects the pre-fire random mating system. In contrast to our prediction, we found no division of the post-fire seedling population to distinct sub-populations. Furthermore, as a result of post-fire seed dispersal to longer range than the average pre-fire inter-tree distance, seedlings found under individual burned trees were not necessarily their sole offspring. Although the population as a whole showed a Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, significant excess of heterozygotes was found within each tallest seedlings group growing under single, large, burned pine trees. Our finding indicates the possible existence of intense natural selection for the most vigorous heterozygous genotypes that are best adapted to the special post-fire regeneration niche, which is the thick ash bed under large, dead, pine trees.
Data from: Landscape genomics of Populus trichocarpa: the role of hybridization, limited gene flow and natural selection in shaping patterns of population structure
Populus trichocarpa is an ecologically important tree across western North America. We used a large population sample of 498 accessions over a wide geographical area genotyped with a 34K Populus SNP array to quantify geographical patterns of genetic variation in this species (landscape genomics). We present evidence that three processes contribute to the observed patterns: (1) introgression from the sister species P. balsamifera (2) isolation-by-distance and (3) natural selection. Introgression was detected only at the margins of the species' distribution. Isolation-by-distance was significant across the sampled area as a whole, but no evidence of restricted gene flow was detected in a core of drainages from southern British Columbia. We identified a large number of FST outliers. GO analyses revealed that FST outliers are overrepresented in genes involved in circadian rhythm and response to red/far-red light when the entire dataset is considered, while in southern British Columbia heat response genes are overrepresented. We also identified strong correlations between geoclimate variables and allele frequencies at FST outlier loci that provide clues regarding the selective pressures acting at these loci.
Data from: Population genomics of the introduced and cultivated Pacific kelp Undaria pinnatifida: marinas — not farms — drive regional connectivity and establishment in natural rocky reefs
Ports and farms are well-known primary introduction hotspots for marine non-indigenous species (NIS). The extent to which these anthropogenic habitats are sustainable sources of propagules and influence the evolution of NIS in natural habitats was examined in the edible seaweed Undaria pinnatifida, native to Asia and introduced to Europe in the 1970s. Following its deliberate introduction 40 years ago along the French coast of the English Channel, this kelp is found in three contrasting habitat types: farms, marinas, and natural rocky reefs. In light of the continuous spread of this NIS, it is imperative to better understand the processes behind its sustainable establishment in the wild. In addition, developing effective management plans to curtail the spread of U. pinnatifida requires determining how the three types of populations interact with one another. In addition to an analysis using microsatellites, we developed, for the first time in a kelp, a ddRAD-sequencing technique to genotype 738 individuals sampled in 11 rocky reefs, 12 marinas, and 2 farms located along ca. 1000 km of coastline. As expected, the RAD-seq panel showed more power than the microsatellite panel for identifying fine-grained patterns. However, both panels demonstrated habitat-specific properties of the study populations. In particular, farms displayed very low genetic diversity and no inbreeding conversely to populations in marinas and natural rocky reefs. In addition, strong, but chaotic regional genetic structure, was revealed, consistent with human-mediated dispersal (e.g., leisure boating). We also uncovered a tight relationship between populations in rocky reefs and those in nearby marinas, but not with nearby farms, suggesting spill-over from marinas into the wild. Finally, a temporal survey (20 generations) showed that wild populations are self-sustaining, without local adaptation to any of the three habitats. These findings highlight that limiting the spread of U. pinnatifida requires management policies that also target marinas.
Data from: Coffee berry borer (Hypothenemus hampei) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) development across an elevational gradient on Hawai'i Island: applying laboratory degree-day predictions to natural field populations
Coffee berry borer (CBB, Hypothenemus hampei) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) is the most destructive pest of coffee worldwide. Information on CBB development times can be used to predict the initiation of new infestation cycles early in the coffee-growing season and thus inform the timing of insecticide applications. While laboratory estimates of CBB development under constant conditions exist, they have not been applied under the heterogeneous environmental conditions that characterize many coffee-growing regions. We measured CBB development times and abundance in commercial coffee farms across an elevational gradient on Hawai'i Island and applied thermal accumulation models from previous laboratory studies to test their fit to field data. Artificial lures were used to infest coffee berries at five farms ranging in elevation from 279-792 m, and weather variables were monitored at macro (farm-level) and micro (branch-level) scales. CBB development was followed in the field from the time of initial berry infestation by the founding female through the development of F1 mature adults. Mean development time from egg to adult across all sites was 38.5 ± 3.46 days, while the mean time required for the completion of a full life cycle (from time of infestation to presence of mature F1 females) was 50.9 ± 3.35 days. Development time increased with increasing elevation and decreasing temperature. Using macro-scale temperature data and two different estimates for the lower temperature threshold (14.9°C and 13.9°C), we estimated a mean requirement of 332 ± 14 degree-days and 386 ± 16 degree-days, respectively, from the time of berry infestation to the initiation of a new reproductive cycle in mature coffee berries. Similar estimates were obtained using micro-scale temperature data, indicating that macro-scale temperature monitoring is sufficient for life-cycle prediction. We also present a model relating elevation to number of CBB generations per month. Our findings suggest that CBB development times from laboratory studies are generally applicable to field conditions on Hawai'i Island and can be used as a decision support tool to improve IPM strategies for this worldwide pest of coffee.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.