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244 results for “páramos”
Figure 8 from: Sylvester SP, Cuta-Alarcon LE, Bravo-Pedraza WJ, Soreng RJ (2020) Agrostis and Podagrostis (Agrostidinae, Poaceae) from páramos of Boyacá, Colombia: synoptic taxonomy including a key to Colombian species. PhytoKeys 151: 107-160. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.151.50538
Figure 8 Agrostis perennans s.l. A spikelet, glumes in lateral view, with floret in dorsal view, detached and raised slightly above the glumes B whole plant. Images of Vorontsova 2247 (FMB).
Figure 7 from: Sylvester SP, Cuta-Alarcon LE, Bravo-Pedraza WJ, Soreng RJ (2020) Agrostis and Podagrostis (Agrostidinae, Poaceae) from páramos of Boyacá, Colombia: synoptic taxonomy including a key to Colombian species. PhytoKeys 151: 107-160. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.151.50538
Figure 7 Agrostis mertensiiA spikelet, lateral view, with floret detached and raised above the glumes B whole plant. Images of Cuta-Alarcon 365 (FMB).
Figure 5 from: Sylvester SP, Cuta-Alarcon LE, Bravo-Pedraza WJ, Soreng RJ (2020) Agrostis and Podagrostis (Agrostidinae, Poaceae) from páramos of Boyacá, Colombia: synoptic taxonomy including a key to Colombian species. PhytoKeys 151: 107-160. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.151.50538
Figure 5 Agrostis foliataA whole plant B flag ligule and portion of inflorescence. Image A Sylvester 3151 (FMB) B Grubb 306 (US2304908).
Figure 6 from: Sylvester SP, Cuta-Alarcon LE, Bravo-Pedraza WJ, Soreng RJ (2020) Agrostis and Podagrostis (Agrostidinae, Poaceae) from páramos of Boyacá, Colombia: synoptic taxonomy including a key to Colombian species. PhytoKeys 151: 107-160. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.151.50538
Figure 6 Agrostis cf. imberbisA whole plant B flag ligule and portion of inflorescence C floret, lateral view D portion of inflorescence with close-up of spikelets. Images of Cleef 6821 (US2785719), courtesy of United States National Herbarium (US).
Figure 4 from: Sylvester SP, Cuta-Alarcon LE, Bravo-Pedraza WJ, Soreng RJ (2020) Agrostis and Podagrostis (Agrostidinae, Poaceae) from páramos of Boyacá, Colombia: synoptic taxonomy including a key to Colombian species. PhytoKeys 151: 107-160. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.151.50538
Figure 4 Agrostis capillarisA spikelet, lateral view, with floret detached and raised above the glumes B Whole plant. Images of Sylvester 3021 (FMB).
Figure 3 from: Sylvester SP, Cuta-Alarcon LE, Bravo-Pedraza WJ, Soreng RJ (2020) Agrostis and Podagrostis (Agrostidinae, Poaceae) from páramos of Boyacá, Colombia: synoptic taxonomy including a key to Colombian species. PhytoKeys 151: 107-160. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.151.50538
Figure 3 Agrostis breviculmisA spikelet, glumes in lateral view, floret in ventral view, detached and raised above the glumes B whole plant. Images of Cuta-Alarcon 364 (FMB).
Figure 2 from: Sylvester SP, Cuta-Alarcon LE, Bravo-Pedraza WJ, Soreng RJ (2020) Agrostis and Podagrostis (Agrostidinae, Poaceae) from páramos of Boyacá, Colombia: synoptic taxonomy including a key to Colombian species. PhytoKeys 151: 107-160. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.151.50538
Figure 2 Agrostis boyacensis, example of a specimen encountered in páramos of Boyacá outside of the Sierra Nevada del Cocuy A whole plant B spikelet, glumes lateral view and floret ventral view showing anthers C spikelet, glumes lateral view with floret detached and raised above the glumes showing ventral surface. Images of Sylvester 3017a (FMB).
Figure 1 from: Sylvester SP, Cuta-Alarcon LE, Bravo-Pedraza WJ, Soreng RJ (2020) Agrostis and Podagrostis (Agrostidinae, Poaceae) from páramos of Boyacá, Colombia: synoptic taxonomy including a key to Colombian species. PhytoKeys 151: 107-160. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.151.50538
Figure 1 Agrostis boyacensis, examples of specimens from páramo or superpáramo of the Sierra Nevada del Cocuy A whole plant B close-up of inflorescence C spikelet at anthesis, lateral view D upper culm blades and ligular area E floret, ventral view F floret, dorsal view. Images A, C, D, F: Cleef 8504 (US01247250) courtesy of United States National Herbarium (US); B, E: Cleef 5665 (US2785695). Scale bar of E also for F.
Figure 11 from: Sylvester SP, Cuta-Alarcon LE, Bravo-Pedraza WJ, Soreng RJ (2020) Agrostis and Podagrostis (Agrostidinae, Poaceae) from páramos of Boyacá, Colombia: synoptic taxonomy including a key to Colombian species. PhytoKeys 151: 107-160. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.151.50538
Figure 11 Podagrostis trichodesA spikelet, lateral view with floret detached and raised above the glumes, rachilla prolongation indicated by an arrow B floret, lateral view, rachilla prolongation indicated by an arrow C whole plant. Images: A, B Rodríguez (UPTC 22204), C Cuta-Alarcon 362 (FMB).
Figure 10 from: Sylvester SP, Cuta-Alarcon LE, Bravo-Pedraza WJ, Soreng RJ (2020) Agrostis and Podagrostis (Agrostidinae, Poaceae) from páramos of Boyacá, Colombia: synoptic taxonomy including a key to Colombian species. PhytoKeys 151: 107-160. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.151.50538
Figure 10 Agrostis tolucensisA spikelet, glumes in lateral view, floret in dorsal view, detached and raised above the glumes B whole plant. Images of Cuta-Alarcon 376 (FMB).
Climate vulnerability assessment of the Espeletia complex on Páramo sky islands in the northern Andes
<p>Some of the largest impacts of climate change are expected in the environmentally heterogeneous and species rich high mountain ecosystems. Among those, the Neotropical alpine grassland above the tree line (c. 2,800 m), known as Páramo, is the fastest evolving biodiversity hotspot on earth, and one of the most threatened. Yet, predicting climate responses of typically slow-growing, long-lived plant linages in this unique high mountain ecosystem remains challenging. Here we coupled climate sensitivity modeling and adaptive potential inferences to efficiently assess climate vulnerability of Espeletia, Páramo's most iconic, predominant and rapidly evolving plant complex. In order to estimate climate sensitivity, we first modeled the distribution of 28 Espeletia taxa under a niche conservatism scenario using altitude and five current (1970-2000) and future (2050 RCP 8.5) bioclimatic variables across 36 different Páramo complexes in the northern Andes (49 % of the world's Páramo area). As an alternative to range shifts via migration, we also computed the adaptive capacity of these Páramo complexes by considering three enhancing factors of the biodiversity's adaptive potential as well as three environmental limiting factors of the populations' plastic response. These predictors showed that diverse Páramos in the Eastern Cordillera were more vulnerable likely because the counteracting effects of the adaptive potential (r = -0.93 ± 0.01) were not sufficient to buffer higher distribution losses (r = 0.39 ± 0.01). Agriculture (r = -0.48 ± 0.01), mining (r = -0.36 ± 0.01), and rural population density (r = -0.23 ± 0.01) also weakened the adaptive capacity. These results speak for a limited persistence via migration in the short-term responses of Espeletia to climate change, even though the past population dynamics in concert with glacial cycling is indicative of a predominant role of range shifts. Furthermore, changing climate, together with a general inability to adapt, may eventually constrain the rapid diversification in the Espeletia complex. Our integrative modeling illustrates how future climate may impact plant populations in a mega diverse and highly threatened ecosystem such as the Páramo, and encourages carrying out similar estimates in diverse plant complexes across other high mountain and island-like ecosystems.</p>
FIGURE 29 in Leaf-mining Nepticulidae (Lepidoptera) from record high altitudes: documenting an entire new fauna in the Andean páramo and puna
FIGURE 29. Morphology of male genitalia of high-Andean Stigmella, Nepticulidae.
FIGURE 10 in Páramo de Belmira as an important centre of endemism in the northern Colombian Andes: new evidence from Pronophilina butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Satyrinae, Satyrini)
FIGURE 10. Female genitalia of Panyapedaliodes rojasi n. sp. (paratype), lateral view.
FIGURE 5 in Páramo de Belmira as an important centre of endemism in the northern Colombian Andes: new evidence from Pronophilina butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Satyrinae, Satyrini)
FIGURE 5. Eggs of Lymanopoda casneri n. sp.
FIGURE 5 in Anticyphon gen. nov., a new genus of Scirtidae (Coleoptera: Scirtoidea) inhabiting high altitude Andean cloud forests and páramo formation
FIGURE 5. Anticyphon oyonensis sp. nov., abdomen. A) male, B) female.
FIGURE 27 in Leaf-mining Nepticulidae (Lepidoptera) from record high altitudes: documenting an entire new fauna in the Andean páramo and puna
FIGURE 27. Distribution map of the high-Andean Nepticulidae with height records.
FIGURE 28 in Leaf-mining Nepticulidae (Lepidoptera) from record high altitudes: documenting an entire new fauna in the Andean páramo and puna
FIGURE 28. Details of adult morphology of high-Andean Stigmella, Nepticulidae.
Mapping the páramo land cover in the Northern Andes: Figure S4 Expert land-cover classification of the Andean páramo and distribution according to three groups: natural vegetation, natural abiotic and anthropogenic, and 12 classes
<p>The Andean páramo is a biodiverse and vulnerable tropical high-mountain region, whose spatio-ecological patterns remain understudied. The lack of general characterization of its overall extent, land-cover classes, and treeline spatial features hinders our capacity to understand its responses to human impacts and predict future land-system changes. To address this knowledge gap, we classified the land-cover of the páramo in the northern Andes. Moreover, we estimated 1) the páramo's total extent and distribution among countries, 2) the relative extent of 12 of its main land-cover classes, categorized into <i>natural vegetation, natural abiotic</i> and <i>anthropogenic </i>groups, and 3) the preliminary position and anthropogenic influence of its bordering treeline. Relying on Landsat 8 imagery, we performed hybrid manual-automated classifications using the Maximum Likelihood and Random Forest algorithms. The two resulting <i>final classifications</i> were manually checked for errors compared to Google Earth and VegPáramo data, and used to produce the <i>expert classification</i>. Finally, we delimited the treeline based on regional forest connectivity, and applied it to the expert classification to evaluate páramo elevations, surface areas and land-cover classes above the treeline. The páramo extent was estimated at 24,301 km<sup>2</sup>, distributed between Ecuador (47%), Colombia (43%), Venezuela (8%) and Peru (2%). Natural vegetation, especially shrublands, rosette plant communities and grasslands were dominant (altogether, 65%), whereas classes reflecting intense land-use covered 12% overall. The average treeline reached 3546 m and was bordered uphill at 16% with anthropogenic land-cover classes. The páramo's extent is smaller than previously suggested. It remains a (semi-) natural region, yet crop and pasture expansion towards high elevations is a critical concern for long-term sustainability. Future research can build on our findings to predict land-system changes and assess priority areas for conservation. We recommend for future research to focus on remnant forest patches and treeline connectivity in priority.</p>
Fig. 1.- Humedal H-110 in Presencia de Coenagrion mercuriale (Charpentier, 1840) en la Zona Especial de Conservación (ZEC) Vegas, cuestas y páramos del sureste de Madrid (Odonata: Zygoptera: Coenagrionidae) (Comunidad Autónoma de Madrid, España).
Fig. 1.- Humedal H-110, Casa del Congosto, situado en el término municipal de Rivas-Vaciamadrid. a.- Manantial Casa del Congosto. b.- Tramo en donde vive Coenagrion mercuriale (Charpentier, 1840) en el arroyo del manantial Casa del Congosto. c.- El manantial y su arroyo pertenecen al curso del denominado Arroyo de Valdemingómez (la imagen muestra la parte anterior al manantial). d.- Suelo fangoso en la zona del manantial.
Figure 3 from: Sylvester SP, Soreng RJ, Bravo-Pedraza WJ, Cuta-Alarcon LE, Giraldo-Cañas D, Aguilar-Cano J, Peterson PM (2019) Páramo Calamagrostis s.l. (Poaceae): An updated list and key to the species known or likely to occur in páramos of NW South America and southern Central America including two new species, one new variety and five new records for Colombia. PhytoKeys 122: 29-78. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.122.33032
Figure 3 Deschampsiapodophoravar.mutica. A whole plant B anther C spikelet at maturity with anthers D lemma, abaxial view E palea, abaxial view F upper glume, abaxial view G lower glume, abaxial view H floret I spikelet and pedicel, lateral view J ligule; drawn by Juliet Beentje from the isotype, J.R.I. Wood 5033 (K).
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