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298 results for “plant richness”
Microbial community from species rich meadow supports plant specialists during meadow restoration
<p>Soil properties and soil microbial communities can greatly affect plant communities, especially in disturbed ecosystems. However, their relative contribution to the final effect on plants has rarely been assessed.</p> <p>We manipulated the soil microbial community in microcosms by inoculating sterilized soils originating from preserved species-rich meadow and a restored meadow with a high and low diversity of microbial inoculum (manipulated by dilution of microbial community extract) from those soils in full factorial manner, yielding eight treatments (2 soil origins × 2 inoculum sources × 2 levels of inoculum diversity).</p> <p>In general, the biomass of plant meadow specialists (Filipendula vulgaris, Phleum phleoides, and Prunella grandiflora) was greater with the preserved meadow inoculum than with the restored meadow inoculum but tended to be greater in the restored meadow soil than in the preserved meadow soil. Two meadow generalists (Festuca rubra, and Centaurea jacea) were not significantly affected by soil origin, inoculum source, or inoculum diversity, but third generalist Plantago media produced greater biomass in the preserved meadow soil than in the restored meadow soil.</p> <p>Total aboveground biomass was not affected by the treatments, but total belowground biomass was greater with microbial inoculum from the preserved meadow than from the restored meadow, and this increase was greater in the restored meadow soil than in the preserved meadow soil.</p> <p>Our results indicate strong responses of the preserved meadow specialists to the soil microbial community, which may explain why they are rare in the meadows that were restored following agricultural use.</p>
Richness, not evenness, of invasive plant species promotes invasion success into native plant communities via selection effects
<p>Native plant communities are often invaded by multiple alien species. It is still unclear how increasing diversity of alien invasive species suppresses the growth of native species and thus contributes to invasion success. In the subtropical monsoon region of Southeast China, we experimentally created a native plant community with 18 herbaceous species. One week later, we let it be invaded by either zero (controls without invasion), one, two, four or eight alien plant species, with either high or low species evenness. After a four-month growth period we harvested the aboveground biomass of each species. We found that increasing invasive species richness significantly increased invasive plant biomass, the biomass of all invasive and native plant species within the community, and invasion success (the ratio of invasive plant biomass to the biomass of all native and invasive plants), but it did not significantly reduce native plant biomass. Experimentally manipulating invasive species evenness did not influence invasion success and did not show any differential suppression effects on native plants. One invasive species, Sesbania cannabina, became dominant in terms of plant biomass, irrespective of its proportion in the alien plant mixtures. Throughout this experiment, effects of invasive species richness on invasion success were mainly due to such selection effects among the invasive species. On the other hand, the unchanged biomass of native species under increasing invasive plant richness suggests the presence of at least partly complementary resource niches between invasive and native species.</p>
Data from: Plant species richness and sunlight exposure increase pollinator attraction to pollinator gardens
<p>Evidence documenting the decline of insect populations is accumulating. Efforts have increased to mitigate pollinator losses by establishing gardens to support pollinator diversity. However, knowledge of the specific garden characteristics, landscape features and environmental factors that affect pollinator diversity and abundance is limited, particularly in biodiverse regions in North America. In order to better understand how garden characteristics affect pollinator attraction, we compared pollinator composition across 16 pollinator gardens in the Appalachian ecoregion in North America. We evaluated the effects of garden characteristics (e.g., plant richness, flower abundance, garden size, proportion of native species), landscape features (land-use type, distance to forest) and environmental factors (sunlight exposure) on pollinator richness, overall visitation rate and visitation rate by defined pollinator groups (i.e., solitary native bees, bumblebees, honeybees, lepidopterans and other insects). Solitary bees (i.e., native bees besides Bombus) were the most frequent visitors (61%). We found differences in pollinator species composition between urban and rural gardens. Moreover, plant richness had a positive effect on pollinator richness and an increase in flower abundance increased pollinator visitation rate. Flower abundance, plant richness and high sunlight exposure increased visitation rate of solitary bees. Visitation rate of solitary bees however, decreased with increasing proportion of native plants. Overall, our results indicate that garden characteristics, landscape and environmental factors all are important mediators of pollinator diversity and abundance. Solitary bees were most affected by garden (i.e., plant richness, number of flowers, proportion of native plants) and environmental factors (i.e., sunlight exposure). However, we also identified differential effects of garden and environmental factors across pollinator groups. We suggest that an integrated management approach that considers multiple garden and environmental characteristics could help improve the effectiveness of pollinator garden as a conservation tool and help preserve this key ecosystem service.</p>
Data from: The species richness pattern of vascular plants along a tropical elevational gradient and the test of elevational Rapoport's rule depend on different life‐forms and phytogeographic affinities
The research about species richness pattern and elevational Rapoport's rule (ERR) have been carried out mostly in the temperate regions in the recent years and scarcely in the tropical mountains; meanwhile, it is unclear whether the ERR is consistent among different life‐forms and phytogeographic affinities. Here, we compiled a database of plant species of Mount Kenya, a tropical mountain of East Africa, and divided these species into twelve groups depending on the life‐form and phytogeographic affinity of each species. We inspected the species richness pattern of each group along the elevation gradient and also tested ERR of each group using Stevens' method. Our results showed that species richness of the total species showed a positively skewed (hump‐shaped) pattern along the elevation gradient and different life‐forms and phytogeographic affinities showed similar hump‐shaped patterns as the total species. The average elevation range size of the total species and herbaceous species showed increasing patterns along the elevation gradient, while lycophytes and ferns, and woody species showed an obvious downward trend after peaking in the high elevation regions. We concluded that the widely distributed herbaceous species which also have broad elevation range sizes are more applicable to ERR, while the narrowly distributed woody species with small elevation range sizes occurring in the higher elevations could reverse ERR. Therefore, we concluded that the ERR is not consistent among different organisms in the same region.
Data from: Plant species richness negatively affects root decomposition in grasslands
Plant diversity enhances many ecosystem functions, including root biomass production, which drives soil carbon input. Although root decomposition accounts for a large proportion of carbon input for soil, little is known about plant diversity effect on this process. Plant diversity may affect root decomposition in two non-exclusive ways: by providing roots of different substrate quality (e.g. root chemistry) and/or by altering the soil environment (e.g. microclimate). To disentangle these two pathways, we conducted three decomposition experiments using a litter-bag approach in a grassland biodiversity experiment. We hypothesized that: (i) plant species richness negatively affects substrate quality (indicated by increased C:N ratios), which we tested by decomposing roots collected from each experimental plot in one common plot; (ii) plant species richness positively affects soil environment (indicated by increased soil water content), which we tested by decomposing standardized roots in all experimental plots; (iii) the overall effect of plant species richness on root decomposition, due to the contrast between quality and environmental effects, is neutral, which we tested by decomposing community roots in their 'home' plots. Plant species richness negatively affected root decomposition in all three experiments. The negative effect of plant species richness on substrate quality was largely explained by increased root C:N ratios along the diversity gradient. Functional group presence explained more variance in substrate quality than species richness. Here, the presence of grasses negatively affected substrate quality and root C:N ratios, while the presence of legumes and small herbs had positive effects. Plant species richness had a negative effect on soil environment despite its positive effect on soil water content which is known to stimulate decomposition. We argue that – instead of soil water content – a combined effect of soil temperature and seasonality might drive environmental effect of plant diversity on decomposition in our plant communities, but this remains to be tested. Synthesis. Our results demonstrate that both substrate quality and soil environment contribute to the net negative effect of plant diversity on root decomposition. This study promotes our mechanistic understanding of increased soil carbon accumulation in more diverse grassland plant communities.
Figure 2 in Multi-scale patterns in the host specificity of plant-dwelling arthropods: the influence of host plant and temporal variation on species richness and assemblage composition of true bugs (Hemiptera)
Figure 2. Non-metric multi-dimensional scaling (MDS) ordination showing hemipteran composition for all sampling periods with selected plant species superimposed.
Figure 5 in Multi-scale patterns in the host specificity of plant-dwelling arthropods: the influence of host plant and temporal variation on species richness and assemblage composition of true bugs (Hemiptera)
Figure 5. Annual cyclic pattern of the proportion of the effectively specialized fauna (squares) and singleton species (circles) for the total number of hemipteran species from each sampling period.
Figure 3 in Multi-scale patterns in the host specificity of plant-dwelling arthropods: the influence of host plant and temporal variation on species richness and assemblage composition of true bugs (Hemiptera)
Figure 3. Mean number of individuals (from SIMPER analysis) of dominant hemipteran species, during each sampling period, for most plant species.
Figure 1 in Multi-scale patterns in the host specificity of plant-dwelling arthropods: the influence of host plant and temporal variation on species richness and assemblage composition of true bugs (Hemiptera)
Figure 1. Interactions between plant species sampled and sampling period for (A) abundance (number of individuals) per plant and (B) species richness per plant (standard error bars are shown).
Figure 6 in Multi-scale patterns in the host specificity of plant-dwelling arthropods: the influence of host plant and temporal variation on species richness and assemblage composition of true bugs (Hemiptera)
Figure 6. Relationship between the effectively specialized fauna (squares) and singleton species (circles) for the number of hemipteran species from each sampling period and for the entire collection. An exponential decay equation is fitted for effectively specialized fauna, y = 2.973∗ exp (−0.00575∗ x) + (−1.478), R2 = 0.7598, and for singleton species, y = 22.53∗exp (−0.08466∗x) + 0.2614, R2 = 0.9873.
Data for: Mechanisms of fire-maintained plant species diversity in species-rich wet pine savannas
<p><span>Temperate savannas and grasslands maintained by frequent, low-intensity disturbances such as fire contain among the most species-rich plant communities in the world. Precisely how these disturbances maintain such high fine-scale diversity is poorly understood. This study examined the effects of the frequency of simulated fire (clipping combined with litter removal) and the relative importance of recruitment and survival on species diversity and trait and species composition at each of two pine savannas in southeastern Mississippi (USA) that had not been recently burned. Ten 2 </span><span>×</span><span> 2 m plots at each site were clipped/cleared annually from 2014 to 2019 and again in spring 2021 (annual frequency). The other 10 clipping plots were not clipped from 2018 to 2020 (reduced frequency). Vegetation in small subplots in annual frequency and reduced frequency plots was compared in August 2021 to test the effects of a short period without clipping on diversity and composition. To test the relative importance of recruitment and survival on diversity and composition, four 0.25 </span><span>×</span><span> 0.25 m quarter plots were established within each of 10 annual-frequency plots per site following a clipping treatment in fall 2019 and assigned a 2 </span><span>×</span><span> 2 factorial arrangement of transplantation of sods from long-unburned areas and herbicide application. Reducing the frequency of clipping reduced plant diversity and altered composition at both sites. A comparison of diversity and trait composition responses to transplant and herbicide treatments revealed how recruitment and survival combined to affect species diversity. Partial or complete recovery of diversity following clipping and litter removal at both sites was driven by rapid increases in short-lived, resilient species that show fire-stimulated emergence from a seed bank and the persistence of long-lived species capable of surviving the prolonged period without fire or clipping. Species with reduced resilience and persistence were more likely to be lost in the reduced frequency treatment. Results are consistent with a model of short-term coexistence of maximum species diversity maintained by the most frequent fire regimes fuels will permit.</span></p>
Data from: Nitrogen addition and warming modulate the pathogen impact on plant biomass by shifting intraspecific functional traits and reducing species richness
<p><span>1. </span><span>Foliar fungal pathogens can substantially reduce plant biomass. This effect can be modulated by environment conditions, such as soil nitrogen availability and air temperature. The ongoing global changes are altering these variables and thus interact with pathogens to influence plant biomass, but experimental test of their interactions is scarce. </span></p> <p><span>2. </span><span>We conducted a 4-year field experiment in a Tibetan alpine meadow to examine the interactive effects of nitrogen addition, warming and foliar pathogens (via fungicide application) on plant biomass. We also measured plant functional traits, species richness and abundance to test the possible mechanisms underlying these interactions. </span></p> <p><span>3. </span><span>Our results showed that foliar fungal pathogens reduced plant community biomass under nitrogen addition, which in turn weakened the positive nitrogen effect on community biomass. Mechanistically, nitrogen addition shifted the plant communities towards fast-growing traits; this happened predominantly because of changes in within-species trait values, including an increase in specific leaf area and height. These trait changes resulted in greater suppression of plant biomass by pathogens, likely because of the trade-offs associated with the allocation of resources to plant growth and defense. Moreover, the reduction in species richness amplified the pathogen effect under nitrogen addition due to the increased density and susceptibility of the most dominant species (i.e. Kobresia capillifolia). Furthermore, warming did not interact with pathogens and nitrogen addition to influence plant community biomass, but their three-way interaction modified the biomass of K. capillifolia. Specifically, warming enhanced the positive effect of nitrogen addition on the biomass of K. capillifolia in the fungicide, low infection plots, while it weakened the nitrogen effect in the no fungicide, high infection plots.</span></p> <p><span>4. </span><span>Synthesis:</span> <span>Our results demonstrate how pathogens interact with nitrogen addition and warming to influence the biomass of dominant species and the whole plant community. Our study highlights the importance of considering foliar fungal pathogens when assessing ecosystem responses to multiple global change factors.</span></p>
The origins of climate-diversity relationships and richness patterns in Chinese plants
<p>A major goal of ecology and evolutionary biology is to explain geographic patterns of species richness. Richness is often correlated with climatic variables. However, the processes underlying these climate-diversity relationships remain poorly understood. Two potential hypotheses to explain these relationships involve: (i) faster diversification rates (speciation minus extinction) in high-richness climates, and (ii) earlier colonization of high-richness climates, allowing more time for speciation to build up richness. Few studies have tested these hypotheses directly, and most focused on animal clades with limited richness. In this study we test these hypotheses in Chinese angiosperms, encompassing ~10% of Earth's plant species, using large-scale phylogenetic, climatic, and distributional data including 26,977 species. We find that climatic zones that were colonized earlier have higher species richness. In contrast, relationships between diversification rates and richness of climatic zones are often non-significant or negative. Our study reveals that even when richness is strongly correlated with climate, the underlying explanation may still be rooted in phylogenetic history. We also show that the timing of colonization can be crucial for explaining richness patterns. Yet, most recent studies have ignored this explanation and instead have focused solely on rates of speciation and diversification as drivers of diversity gradients. </p>
Asymmetric evolution of protein domains in the leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase (LRR-RLK) family of plant developmental coordinators
<p><span>The coding sequences of developmental genes are expected to be conserved over deep time, with cis-regulatory change driving the modulation of gene function. In contrast, proteins with roles in defense are expected to evolve rapidly, in molecular arms races with pathogens. However, some gene families include both developmental and defense genes. In these families, do the tempo and mode of evolution differ between developmental and defense genes, despite shared ancestry and structure? The leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase (LRR-RLKs) protein family includes many members with roles in plant development and defense, thus providing an ideal system for answering this question. LRR-RLKs are receptors that traverse plasma membranes. LRR domains bind extracellular ligands, RLK domains initiate intracellular signaling cascades in response to ligand binding. In LRR-RLKs with roles in defense, LRR domains evolve faster than RLK domains. To determine whether this asymmetry extends to developmental LRR-RLKs, we assessed evolutionary rates and tested for selection acting on eleven clades of LRR-RLK proteins, using deeply sampled protein trees. To assess functional evolution, we performed heterologous complementation assays using <em>Arabidopsis thaliana</em> (arabidopsis) LRR-RLK mutants. We found that the LRR domains of developmental LRR-RLK proteins evolved faster than their cognate RLK domains. LRR-RLKs with roles in development and defense had strikingly similar patterns of molecular evolution. Heterologous transformation experiments revealed that the evolution of developmental LRR-RLKs likely involves multiple mechanisms, including changes to cis-regulation, coding sequence evolution, and escape from adaptive conflict. Our results indicate similar evolutionary pressures acting on developmental and defense signaling proteins, despite divergent organismal functions. In addition, deep understanding of the molecular evolution of developmental receptors can help guide targeted genome engineering in agriculture.</span></p>
Vascular plant species richness in Poland version 1.1
<p>It is slightly modified, in the results of reviewers' comments, version of the "Vascular plant species richness in Poland version 1.0" dataset. The changes involve file names and their organization within the dataset.</p> <p>Poland has a long tradition of geobotanical studies. However, outputs of this research have never been used for mapping vascular plant species richness at a larger spatial scale. Here we presented the results of joining and harmonization data from distribution atlas of vascular plants in Poland (Zając and Zając 2001, 2019), and Polish Vegetation Database (Kącki and Śliwiński 2012) to obtain a comprehensive data set on vascular plant species richness in a 10 x 10 km square grid, covering the territory of entire Poland. The presented data set is based on the recent version of the both above-mentioned data sources, provided for harmonization in 2020. The species were classified according to their origin, conservation status, and frequency of occurrences. The 10x10 km spatial grid was prepared by Komsta (2016) and Verey (2017). We used the grid system downloaded from:<a href="https://worldbig.org/atpol/"> https://worldbig.org/atpol</a>, and clipped it to the study area extent.</p> <p>Kącki, Z. and Śliwiński, M., 2012. The Polish Vegetation Database: structure, resources and development. Acta societatis botanicorum Poloniae, 81(2). DOI: 10.5586/asbp.2012.014</p> <p>Komsta, Ł., 2016. ATPOL geobotanical grid revisited-a proposal of coordinate conversion algorithms. Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska. Sectio E, Agricultura, 71(1), pp.31-37.</p> <p>Verey, M (2017). Teoretyczna analiza i praktyczne konsekwencje przyjęcia modelowej siatki ATPOL jako odwzorowania stożkowego definiującego konwersję współrzędnych płaskich na elipsoidę WGS 84. Fragmenta Floristica et Geobotanica Polonica, 24(2), 469-488.</p> <p>Zając A. (1978) Atlas of distribution of vascular plants in Poland (ATPOL). Taxon, 481-484. <a href="https://doi.org/10.2307/1219899">https://doi.org/10.2307/1219899</a></p> <p>Zając A., Zając, M. (2001) Atlas rozmieszczenia roślin naczyniowych w Polsce. Nakładem Pracowni Chorologii Komputerowej Instytutu Botaniki Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego, Kraków</p> <p>Zając, A., & Zając, M. (2019). Distribution atlas of vascular plants in Poland: appendix. Institute of Botany, Jagiellonian University.–Kraków.</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>This dataset consists: </strong></p> <p><strong>Files_description - </strong>file with a description of the data stored.</p> <p><strong>Taxa_list.</strong> The nomenclature according to Euro+Med PlantBase (Euro+Med.) and operational taxonomical units (OTUs) used for analysis and mapping in the project. For simplification, the taxonomical operational units are called ‘species’.</p> <p><strong>Taxa_status</strong>. The species affinity to taxonomic units (family, genera), status in Polish flora (native, archeophytes, neophytes), conservation status (Red List species), and frequency of their distribution (rare, moderate and common). </p> <p><strong>Species_richness. </strong>Statistics on species richness and frequency in species groups for 10 × 10 km ATPOL squares. The names of squares according to original names in the ATPOL project (Zając 1978). The sampling bias (SB) shows adequately sampled squares labelled with 1, while squares with 0 are those with low sampling effort. Cross-boundary squares (CBS) denoted by 1 are squares with more than 80% of the area within the terrestrial territory of Poland, while squares with CBS of 0 are those with 80% or less of the area within the terrestrial territory of Poland. The detail information about the particular columns is shown in ‘Files_description’ and ‘Taxa_status’ files.</p> <p><strong>Map_data</strong>. A shapefile with squares geospatial locations, codes of their names, and data on species richness and frequency in species groups. The map is registered in WGS 84 coordinate reference system (EPSG code 4326). The abbreviations and square names used in ‘dbf’ file are the same as those used in ‘Species_richness’ file.</p> <p> </p>
Food Based Intervention Rich in Plant Components to Improve Metabolic Health in Prediabetics (FBIP) Study
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT04745702. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 1. Publications: 1.
The Impact of a Whole-food Animal-based Versus Plant-based Protein Rich Meal on Muscle Protein Synthesis
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT05151887. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 1. Publications: 1.
Effect of a Low-calorie and High-protein Diet Specially Rich in Animal Protein Compared to a Low-calorie and High-protein Diet Specially Rich in Plant Protein on Glucose Metabolism in Subjects With Pr
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT05456347. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 1. Publications: 1.
Health Effects of a Nordic Diet Rich in Plant-based Foods and Fish
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT01412346. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 1.
Worldwide evidence of a unimodal relationship between productivity and plant species richness
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