Find research datasets worth reusing

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2022View details →

Fig. 19. Male genitalia and harpe. A–C in Review of the fritillary species systematically close to Melitaea lutko Evans, 1932 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) with analysis of their geographic distribution and interrelations with host plants

Fig. 19. Male genitalia and harpe. A–C. Melitaea timandra timandra Coutsis & van Oorschot, 2014. D–I. M. timandra binaludica subsp. nov. A–C. Turkmenistan, Sary-Yazy, alt. 300 m. D–F. Iran, Rezavi Khorassan Prov., Kuh-e-Binalud Mts, Dorrud v. vicinity, alt. 2430 m. G. Afghanistan, Bamian Prov., Band-e-Amir, alt. 3200 m. H. Afghanistan, Bamian Prov., Band-e-Amir, Dzhudoi-Kvak Gorge, alt. 3200 m. I. Afghanistan, Band-e-Amir, Hazarajat.

opencc-by-4.0Mar 2022View details →

Data for: "Dynamic species distribution modeling reveals the pivotal role of human-mediated long-distance dispersal in plant invasion"

All the data needed to reproduce the results and Figures of our article: Botella, C., Bonnet, P., Hui, C., Joly, A., & Richardson, D. M. (2022). Dynamic Species Distribution Modeling Reveals the Pivotal Role of Human-Mediated Long-Distance Dispersal in Plant Invasion. Biology, 11(9), 1293. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11091293">https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11091293</a> Please, find the R scripts and guidelines to reproduce our results on the article's Github repository : <a href="https://github.com/ChrisBotella/plectranthus_barbatus/tree/main">https://github.com/ChrisBotella/plectranthus_barbatus/tree/main</a>

opencc-zeroAug 2022View details →

Alpine butterflies want to fly high: Species and communities shift upwards faster than their host plants

Despite sometimes strong co-dependencies of insect herbivores and plants, responses of individual taxa to accelerating climate change are typically studied in isolation. Thereby, biotic interactions that potentially limit species in tracking their preferred climatic niches are ignored. Here, we chose butterflies as a prominent representative of herbivorous insects to investigate the impacts of temperature changes and their larval host plant distributions along a 1.4 km elevational gradient in the German Alps. Following a sampling protocol of 2009, we re-visited 33 grassland plots in 2019 over an entire growing season. We quantified changes in butterfly abundance and richness by repeated transect walks on each plot and disentangled the direct and indirect effects of locally assessed temperature, site management, and larval and adult food resource availability on these patterns. Additionally, we determined elevational range shifts of butterflies and host plants at both the community and species level. Comparing the two sampled years (2009, 2019), we found a severe decline in butterfly abundance and a clear upward shift of butterflies along the elevational gradient. We detected shifts in the peak of species richness, community composition and at the species level, whereby mountainous species shifted particularly strongly. In contrast, host plants showed barely any change, neither concerning species richness, nor individual species shifts. Further, temperature and host plant richness were the main drivers of butterfly richness, with change in temperature explaining best the change of richness over time. We conclude that host plants are not yet hindering butterfly species and communities from shifting upwards. However, the mismatch between butterfly and host plant shifts might become a problem for this very close plant-herbivore relationship, especially towards higher elevations, if butterflies fail to adapt to new host plants. Further, our results support the value of conserving traditional extensive pasture use as a promoter of host plants and thereby butterfly richness.

opencc-zeroSep 2022View details →

Data and code from: Functional rarity of plants in German hay meadows - patterns on the species level and mismatches with community species richness

Functional rarity (FR) - a feature combining a species' rarity with the distinctiveness of its traits - represents a promising tool to better understand the ecological importance of rare species and consequently to protect functional diversity more efficiently. Yet, we lack a systematic understanding of FR on both the species level (which species are functionally rare and why) and the community level (how is FR associated with biodiversity and environmental conditions). Here, we quantify FR for 218 plant species from German hay meadows on a local, regional, and national scale by combining data from 6500 vegetation relevés and 15 ecologically relevant traits. We investigate the association between rarity and trait distinctiveness on different spatial scales via correlation measures and show which traits lead to low or high trait distinctiveness via distance-based redundancy analysis. We test how species richness and FR are correlated and use boosted regression trees to determine environmental conditions driving species richness and FR. On the local scale, only rare species showed high trait distinctiveness while on larger spatial scales rare and common species showed high trait distinctiveness. As infrequent trait attributes (e.g., legumes, low clonality) led to higher trait distinctiveness, we argue that functionally rare species are either specialists or transients. While specialists occupy a particular niche in hay meadows leading to lower rarity on larger spatial scales, transients display distinct but maladaptive traits resulting in high rarity across all spatial scales. More functionally rare species than expected by chance occurred in species-poor communities indicating that they prefer environmental conditions differing from characteristic conditions of species-rich hay meadows. Finally, we argue that functionally rare species are not necessarily relevant for nature conservation, since many were transients from surrounding habitats. Yet, FR can facilitate our understanding of why species are rare in a habitat and under which conditions these species occur.

Figure 3 in Tydeid species from domatia bearing plants from South Africa with the description of two new species of the genusAfridiolorryia (Acari: Tydeidae)

Figure 3 Afridiolorryia kwelerhaensis sp. n. Female. A – Dorsal view, B – Seta c1 and detail of the prodorsal reticulation.

Figure 2 in Tydeid species from domatia bearing plants from South Africa with the description of two new species of the genusAfridiolorryia (Acari: Tydeidae)

Figure 2 Afridiolorryia psychotriae sp.n. Female. A – Palp, B – Movable digit, C – Leg I, D – Leg II.

Figure 1 in Tydeid species from domatia bearing plants from South Africa with the description of two new species of the genusAfridiolorryia (Acari: Tydeidae)

Figure 1 Afridiolorryia psychotriae sp.n. Female. A – Dorsal view, B – Seta c2 and detail of the prodorsal reticulation.

Figure 4 in Tydeid species from domatia bearing plants from South Africa with the description of two new species of the genusAfridiolorryia (Acari: Tydeidae)

Figure 4 Afridiolorryia kwelerhaensis sp. n. Female. A – Anogenital area, B – Palp, C – Movable digit.

opencc-zeroDec 2021View details →

Deciphering the interactions between plant species and their main fungal root pathogens in mixed grassland communities

1. Plant diversity can reduce the risk of plant disease, but positive, and neutral effects have also been reported. These contrasting relationships suggest that plant community composition, rather than diversity per se, affects disease risk. Here, we investigated how diversity and composition of plant communities drive root-associated pathogen accumulation belowground. 2. In a temperate grassland biodiversity experiment, containing 16 plant species (forbs and grasses), we determined the abundance of root-associated fungal pathogens in individual plant species growing in monocultures and in 4-species mixtures through Illumina MiSeq amplicon sequencing. 3. In the plant monocultures, we identified three major fungal pathogens that differed in host range: Paraphoma chrysanthemicola, associated with roots of forb species of the Asteraceae family, Slopeiomyces cylindrosporus, associated with grass species, and Rhizoctonia solani, associated with multiple forb and grass species. In mixtures, there was no significant reduction in relative abundance of these pathogens in their host species as compared to monocultures. However, in mixtures, there was a significant increase in relative abundance of each pathogen in several non-host and host plant species. Across mixtures, plant community composition affected pathogen relative abundance in individual plant species. This effect was driven by the presence of a particular neighbouring plant species (depending on the pathogen), rather than functional group composition (i.e. grass/forb ratio) or averaged pathogen pressure (based on monocultures) of all neighbours. Specifically, the presence of neighbour host species Achillea millefolium significantly increased P. chrysanthemicola, but decreased R. solani relative abundance in several host and non-host plant species in mixtures. 4. Synthesis: Our results indicate that interactions between different plant species – both host and non-hosts – and fungal pathogens underlie effects of plant diversity on root pathogen abundance. Non-host species may act as pathogen reservoirs in diverse plant communities, as they harboured certain pathogens in mixtures, but not in monocultures. Additionally, particular host species can strongly affect pathogen abundance in other (host and non-host) plant species in plant mixtures, suggesting clear effects of species identity in the diversity-disease relationship. Belowground disease risk thus depends on plant community composition rather than diversity per se, via specific interactions between plant species and their root-associated pathogens.

opencc-by-4.0Jan 2022View details →

Figures 13-18. 13 in New records of associations between species of Reduviidae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) and plants in Argentina

Figures 13-18. 13. Phymata cf. fortificata sucking nectar from a flower of Oxypetalum arnottianum. 14. Harpactor angulosus preying on a caterpillar on a leaf of Oxypetalum erianthum. 15-17. Bactrodes femoratus on leaves of Macroscepis elliptica. 15. An adult preying upon on unidentified winged insect. 16. Female with its egg batch. 17. A nymph. 18. SEM image of abaxial surface of a leave of Macroscepis elliptica. / 13. Phymata cf. fortificata chupando néctar de una flor de Oxypetalum arnottianum. 14. Harpactor angulosus depredando una oruga en una hoja de Oxypetalum erianthum. 15-17. Bactrodes femoratus en hojas de Macroscepis elliptica. 15. Un adulto alimentándose de un insecto alado no identificado. 16. Hembra con su lote de huevos. 17. Una ninfa. 18. imagen MEB de la superficie abaxial de una hoja de Macroscepis elliptica.

opencc-by-4.0Jan 2022View details →

Figures 1-6 in New records of associations between species of Reduviidae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) and plants in Argentina

Figures 1-6. Species of Reduviidae recorded sucking nectar from flowers and their respective plant species. 1. Heniartes erythromerus on Senecio grisebachii. 2. Cosmoclopius nigroannulatus on Oxypetalum pannosum. 3. Notocyrtus dorsalis on Oxypetalum balansae. 4. Repipta flavicans on Orthosia virgata. 5. Zelus armillatus on Gonolobus parviflorus. 6. Zelus cf. couturieri on O. balansae. / Especies de Reduviidae registradas chupando néctar de flores y las especies respectivas de plantas. 1. Heniartes erythromerus en Senecio grisebachii. 2. Cosmoclopius nigroannulatus en Oxypetalum pannosum. 3. Notocyrtus dorsalis en Oxypetalum balansae. 4. Repipta flavicans en Orthosia virgata. 5. Zelus armillatus en Gonolobus parviflorus. 6. Zelus cf. couturieri en O. balansae

opencc-by-4.0Jan 2022View details →

Figures 7-12 in New records of associations between species of Reduviidae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) and plants in Argentina

Figures 7-12. Species of Reduviidae recorded sucking nectar from flowers and the respective plant species. 7-8. Zelus laticornis 7. On Ditassa burchelli. 8. On Oxypetalum balansae. 9. Zelus sp. 1. 10. Zelus sp. 2. 9-10. On O. balansae. 11-12. Zelus versicolor. 11. Adult female on Gomphocarpus physocarpus. 12. Nymph on O. balansae. / Especies de Reduviidae registradas chupando néctar de flores y las especies respectivas de plantas. 7-8. Zelus laticornis 7. En Ditassa burchelli. 8. En Oxypetalum balansae. 9. Zelus sp. 1. 10. Zelus sp. 2. 9-10. En O. balansae. 11-12. Zelus versicolor. 11. Hembra adulta en Gomphocarpus physocarpus. 12. Ninfa en O. balansae.

opencc-zeroApr 2024View details →

Quantifying direct and indirect effects of early-season herbivory on reproduction across four brassicaceous plant species

<div> Insect herbivores can directly affect plant reproduction by feeding on reproductive tissues, or indirectly by feeding on vegetative tissues for which plants are unable to compensate. Additionally, early-arriving herbivores may have cascading effects on plant reproduction by altering the later-arriving community. However, the dynamic interplay between plant development and the assembly of herbivore communities remains underexplored. Hence, it is unclear whether non-outbreak levels of ambient herbivory early in the development of plants can impact plant fitness and to what extent these effects are mediated through changes in plant development and subsequent herbivory. By excluding the herbivore community in an exclosure experiment and by manipulating early-season herbivory in a common garden field experiment replicated across four Brassicaceae species and two years, we tested whether early-season herbivory by caterpillars (Pieris rapae) or aphids (Myzus persicae) affected development, reproduction, and the herbivore communities associated with individual plants. In addition, we tested a causal hypothesis to assess the relative importance and temporal interplay between variation in herbivore communities and variation in plant development in determining plant reproduction. Early-season herbivory affected plant reproduction in the exclosure experiment, with effects being highly dependent on the plant species, the herbivore species, and the year. However, we found no such effects in the field experiment. The exploratory path analysis indicated that variation in plant reproduction is best predicted by variation in plant development, explaining 80% of the total effect on seed production. This suggests that early-season herbivory had limited effects on later plant development, and plants were able to attenuate the impact of early-season herbivory. However, no clear compensatory mechanism could be identified. While early-season herbivory has the potential to affect plant reproduction through changes in plant development or the subsequent development of the associated community, these effects were small and varied across closely related species. This suggests that plant species may be exposed to different levels of natural selection by early-season herbivores through plant- or community-mediated effects on reproduction. </div>

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2023View details →

Data and code for Reeb, R.A. & Kuebbing, S.E. (2024). Phenology mediates direct and indirect interactions among co-occurring invasive plant species. Ecology, e4446.

Data and analysis code for: Reeb, R.A. & Kuebbing, S.E. (2024). Phenology mediates direct and indirect interactions among co-occurring invasive plant species. Ecology, e4446. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.4446">https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.4446</a> Repository contains R markdown analysis code, datasets, and the associated metadata file.

opencc-zeroJun 2024View details →

Data from: Evaluation of a low-cost staining method for improved visualization of sweet potato whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) eggs on multiple crop plant species

The sweet potato whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) is a damaging insect pest that feeds on hundreds of crop plants. Oviposition rate is a useful metric to screen plants for whitefly resistance. Whitefly eggs are small and translucent, and can therefore be hard to count on the leaves of some crops. In this research, we tested a selective egg staining process on five crop species to determine if egg staining can improve the visualization and quantification of whitefly eggs. By comparing the egg counts before and after staining using two-sample Wilcoxon signed-rank tests (a non-parametric test for paired analyses). Two individuals counted the eggs, and for both these counters we found a significant increase in the number of visible eggs after staining on melon, tomato, and cowpea. This method could be applied to improve phenotyping for whitefly resistance in plant breeding applications.

opencc-by-4.0Jun 2016View details →

Figs. 25 and 26. Localities and host plant for the herein described Caryopemon species. Fig. 25 in Taxonomic studies on the genus Caryopemon (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Bruchinae) of China and Myanmar with some new host plants

Figs. 25 and 26. Localities and host plant for the herein described Caryopemon species. Fig. 25. Map of southwestern China, illustrating localities for Caryopemon species in China and Myanmar. Caryopemon hieroglyphicus = square, Caryopemon luteonotatus = triangle, Caryopemon giganteus = circles. Fig. 26. Seeds of Mucuna sp. (Fabaceae) from Myanmar (Lashio): the middle and right were infested by Caryopemon giganteus. Scale bar = 10 mm.

opencc-zeroJun 2024View details →

Mechanisms of coexistence: Exploring species sorting and character displacement in woody plants to alleviate belowground competition

Rarely do we observe competitive exclusion within plant communities, even though plants compete for a limited pool of resources. Thus, our understanding of the mechanisms sustaining plant biodiversity might be limited. In this study, we explore two common ecological strategies, species sorting and character displacement, that promote coexistence by reducing competition. We assess the degree to which woody plants may implement these two strategies to lower belowground competition for nutrients which occurs via nutritional (mostly mycorrhizal) mutualisms. First, we compile data on plant traits and the mycorrhizal association state of woody angiosperms using a global inventory of indigenous flora. Our analysis reveals that species in locations with high mycorrhizal diversity exhibit distinct mean values in leaf area and wood density based on their mycorrhizal type, indicating species sorting. Second, we reanalyze a large dataset on leaf area to demonstrate that in areas with high mycorrhizal diversity, trees maintain divergent leaf area values, showcasing character displacement. Character displacement among plants is considered rare, making our observation significant. In summary, our study uncovers a rare occurrence of character displacement and identifies a common mechanism employed by plants to alleviate competition, shedding light on the complexities of plant coexistence in diverse ecosystems.

opencc-by-4.0May 2024View details →

TreeGOER 2024 Expansion: Expansion with additional tree and bamboo species identified via the World Checklist of Vascular Plants

The database provides globally observed environmental ranges for an additional list of species not included in the <a href="https://zenodo.org/records/7922927">TreeGOER database</a>. Candidate species were identified via the <a href="https://powo.science.kew.org/about-wcvp">World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP) version 11</a>. Many of the additional species were hybrids or bamboo species that were excluded from GlobalTreeSearch. Taxonomical details given in a separate file correspond to information provided by the WCVP, as well as information on the life form of each species. Field n in the taxonomical data sets shows the number of records used to provide range information for the expansion of TreeGOER. Tree species were filtered from the WCVP by selecting species records with an empty acceptedNameUsageID field (a field that refers to a current name if not empty) and afterwards filtering for records where the lifeform_description field contained one from the categories of tree (3580 candidate species for the TreeGOER 2024 expansion), shrub or tree (3129), scrambling shrub or tree (138), climbing shrub or tree (58), succulent shrub or tree (40), succulent tree (37), scrambling tree (32), liana or tree (6), , tuberous tree (3), tuberous shrub or tree (3), semisucculent tree (2), or semisucculent shrub or tree (3) Species that could not be matched with the <a href="https://tools.bgci.org/global_tree_search.php">GlobalTreeSearch database (version 1.7)</a> were candidates for the expansion of species documented in TreeGOER. Standardization to the WCVP was achieved via the <a href="https://bsapubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/aps3.11388">WorldFlora R package</a>, using the same scripts available in this Rpub: . <a href="https://rpubs.com/Roeland-KINDT/1134151">https://rpubs.com/Roeland-KINDT/1134151</a>. Occurrence data were obtained from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility via the following downloads. Downloads were facilitated by prior identification of the GBIF usageKey via the <a href="https://docs.ropensci.org/rgbif/reference/name_backbone.html">rgbif::name_backbone</a> function, afterwards filtering records that matched with a current species name in the GBIF backbone taxonomy, using package <a href="https://cran.r-project.org/package=rgbif">rgbif</a> version 3.7-9. <ul> <li>batch 1:  GBIF.org (27 March 2024) GBIF Occurrence Download  <a href="https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.upqqve">https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.upqqve</a></li> <li>batch 2:  GBIF.org (27 March 2024) GBIF Occurrence Download  <a href="https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.fhqdpg">https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.fhqdpg</a></li> <li>batch 3:  GBIF.org (27 March 2024) GBIF Occurrence Download  <a href="https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.w3k3n7">https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.w3k3n7</a></li> <li>batch 4:  GBIF.org (27 March 2024) GBIF Occurrence Download  <a href="https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.xqp7qg">https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.xqp7qg</a></li> <li>batch 5:  GBIF.org (27 March 2024) GBIF Occurrence Download  <a href="https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.t92qsg">https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.t92qsg</a></li> <li>batch 6:  GBIF.org (27 March 2024) GBIF Occurrence Download  <a href="https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.7ug5z5">https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.7ug5z5</a></li> <li>batch 7:  GBIF.org (27 March 2024) GBIF Occurrence Download  <a href="https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.8tp9p8">https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.8tp9p8</a></li> <li>batch 8:  GBIF.org (27 March 2024) GBIF Occurrence Download  <a href="https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.ewdj7m">https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.ewdj7m</a></li> <li>batch 9:  GBIF.org (27 March 2024) GBIF Occurrence Download  <a href="https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.gccja8">https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.gccja8</a></li> <li>batch 10: GBIF.org (27 March 2024) GBIF Occurrence Download  <a href="https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.jg7gzs">https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.jg7gzs</a></li> <li>batch 11: GBIF.org (27 March 2024) GBIF Occurrence Download  <a href="https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.6gww7b">https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.6gww7b</a></li> <li>batch 12: GBIF.org (27 March 2024) GBIF Occurrence Download  <a href="https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.9h8axh">https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.9h8axh</a></li> <li>batch 13: GBIF.org (27 March 2024) GBIF Occurrence Download  <a href="https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.mswf23">https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.mswf23</a></li> </ul>   For bamboo species, identified by a similar process as documented above but now filtering in the WCVP for the lifeform of bamboo, occurrence data were obtained from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility via the following downloads: <ul> <li>batch 1:  GBIF.org (08 April 2024) GBIF Occurrence Download  <a href="https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.6xt5qu">https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.6xt5qu</a></li> <li>batch 2:  GBIF.org (08 April 2024) GBIF Occurrence Download  <a href="https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.tdmva4">https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.tdmva4</a></li> <li>batch 3:  GBIF.org (08 April 2024) GBIF Occurrence Download  <a href="https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.u2gpxv">https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.u2gpxv</a></li> </ul>   After downloading the GBIF occurrence data sets, the same procedures were used to calculate the globally observed environmental ranges as in the TreeGOER database which have been described by Kindt, R. (2023). TreeGOER: A database with globally observed environmental ranges for 48,129 tree species. Global Change Biology, 00, 1–16. <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gcb.16914">https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gcb.16914</a>.    A new check for the availability of species observations was made also for species listed in the <a href="https://worldagroforestry.org/output/globalusefulnativetrees">GlobalUsefulNativeTrees database</a>, but not in TreeGOER. Taxonomical details for these species are given as a 'set 2' in the database. Downloads from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility were: <ul> <li>batch 1: GBIF.org (04 April 2024) GBIF Occurrence Download <a href="https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.ajwegx">https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.ajwegx</a></li> <li>batch 2: GBIF.org (04 April 2024) GBIF Occurrence Download  <a href="https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.hxk5be">https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.hxk5be</a></li> </ul>   Version 2024.06 included a new field in the Tmo10 zones files of 'A18' that flags 717 species that occur in zones where all months have a mininum temperature of 18 degrees or above, using similar methods as the 2024.06 version of TreeGOER.   The development of the TreeGOER 2024 Expansion was supported by the Darwin Initiative to project DAREX001 of Developing a Global Biodiversity Standard certification for tree-planting and restoration, by Norway’s International Climate and Forest Initiative through the Royal Norwegian Embassy in Ethiopia to the Provision of Adequate Tree Seed Portfolio project in Ethiopia, by the Green Climate Fund through the IUCN-led Transforming the Eastern Province of Rwanda through Adaptation project and through the Readiness proposal on Climate Appropriate Portfolios of Tree Diversity for Burkina Faso, by the Bezos Earth Fund to the Bezos Quality Tree Seed for Africa in Kenya and Rwanda project and by the German International Climate Initiative (IKI) to the regional tree seed programme on The Right Tree for the Right Place for the Right Purpose in Africa. When using TreeGOER 2024 Expansion in your work, cite the publication (Kindt <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gcb.16914">2023</a>) as well as this repository using the DOI (<a href="../doi/10.5281/zenodo.11208040">https://zenodo.org/doi/10.5281/zenodo.11208040</a>).

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2021View details →

Figure 1 in Early land plants from the Lower Devonian of central Victoria, Australia, including a new species of Salopella

Figure 1. Map of Victoria, Australia, showing the fossil locations within the Melbourne Zone. Location 1. Yea, Ghin Ghin Road, Limestone Road (37° 12.38' S, 145° 25.39' E). Location 2. Matlock, Frenchmans Spur (37° 25.82' S, 146° 77.24' E.), the type location of Salopella australis and S. caespitosa (Tims and Chambers, 1984). Source: adapted from Moore et al. (1998: fig. 2).