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Fig. 8 in Exceptional soft-tissue preservation in boring ctenostome bryozoans and associated "fungal" borings from the Early Devonian of Podolia, Ukraine

Fig. 8. Early Devonian bryozoan Podoliapora doroshivi gen. et sp. nov., from the Doroshiv section, Podolia, Ukraine. A. ZPAL Br XIV/009. Lateral view of cylindrical−shaped heterozooid cavity, basal wall collapsed (A1). Close−up showing external coating layer and internal lamellae, basal wall collapsed (A2). B. ZPAL Br XIV/011. Oblique view of the partly preserved colony showing cylindrical heterozooids, basal wall collapsed. C. ZPAL Br XIV/112; Lateral view showing autozooids and ovate−shaped heterozooids (C1), lateral views of heterozooids showing layers infilling the interior of the cavity, visible in places where the coating layer has not been preserved (C2, C3), basal walls collapsed. D. ZPAL Br XIV/071. Fragmentary preserved colony in oblique view showing heterozooid cavity with basal wall preserved. E. ZPAL Br XIV/137. Oblique view of cylindrical heterozooid with basal wall collapsed (E1), close−up showing host shell microstructure preserved on the surface of the coating layer (E2).

Fig. 7 in Exceptional soft-tissue preservation in boring ctenostome bryozoans and associated "fungal" borings from the Early Devonian of Podolia, Ukraine

Fig. 7. Early Devonian bryozoan Podoliapora doroshivi gen. et sp. nov., from the Doroshiv section, Podolia, Ukraine. SEM photographs of zooids coated by micro−fibrils of host shell microstructure. A. ZPAL Br XIV/008. Basal view of partly preserved autozooid, cylindrical−heterozooid and "stolons" (A1). Lateral view of proximal part of autozooid showing partly preserved main tunnel−like stolon (A2). B. ZPAL Br XIV/009. Lateral view of side wall of autozooid (B1). Partly preserved autozooid with accessory tubules and internal view showing cuticle layer preserved inside the zooid and external coated layer with imprint of host shell microstructure (B2). Obliquely internal view of autozooid (vestibular part not preserved) showing cuticle with folds of longitudinal parietal muscles preserved (B3). Internal view of autozooid showing folds of circular and longitudinal muscles (B4).

Fig. 4 in Exceptional soft-tissue preservation in boring ctenostome bryozoans and associated "fungal" borings from the Early Devonian of Podolia, Ukraine

Fig. 4. Early Devonian bryozoan Podoliapora doroshivi gen. et sp. nov., from the Doroshiv section, Podolia, Ukraine. SEM photographs showing phosphatized soft−tissue preserved inside autozooids. ZPAL Br XIV/009. A. Internal view (A1) showing wrinkling frontal (arrow) and lateral cystid walls, setigerous collar twisted within the vestibulum, entrance of the main stolon into the autozood is preserved below the vestibulum, secondary−order "stolons" partly preserved in both sides of the autozooid, oblique lateral view (A2) showing accessory tubules and imprints of the host shell microstructure preserved on the surface of the coating layer. B. Internal view of autozooid (B1) and close−up showing longitudinal parietal muscles and irregular shape of autozooids occurring in dense colonies (B2). C. Internal view showing setigerous collar twisted within vestibulum.

Fig. 2 in Exceptional soft-tissue preservation in boring ctenostome bryozoans and associated "fungal" borings from the Early Devonian of Podolia, Ukraine

Fig. 2. Early Devonian bryozoan Podoliapora doroshivi gen. et sp. nov., from the Doroshiv section, Podolia, Ukraine. A. Lateral view of a single autozooid showing external morphological features, ZPAL Br XIV/102. B. Reconstruction in transverse section. C. Reconstruction in longitudinal section.

Fig. 1 in Exceptional soft-tissue preservation in boring ctenostome bryozoans and associated "fungal" borings from the Early Devonian of Podolia, Ukraine

Fig. 1. Location map of the studied section, Lower Devonian, middle Lochkovian, Chortkiv Formation in Doroshiv, Podolia Ukraine. A. Map of Ukraine showing location of the study area; rectangle indicates general locality, enlarged in B and C. B. Distribution of the Silurian and Devonian deposits in Podolia, SW Ukraine; 1, Eastern extent of the Silurian deposits; 2, Eastern extent of the Devonian deposits; 3, Eastern extent of the Old Red Sandstone−type deposits; 4, Trans European Suture Zone. C. Location of the Doroshiv outcrop in the vicinity of Dniestr valley. Modified from Małkowski et al. (2009).

Fig. 10 in Exceptional soft-tissue preservation in boring ctenostome bryozoans and associated "fungal" borings from the Early Devonian of Podolia, Ukraine

Fig. 10. SEM photographs of phosphatized endolithic community of bryozoans and "fungi" (morphotype B) from the Early Devonian of Doroshiv section, Podolia, Ukraine. ZPAL Br XIV/154. A. Fragmentary preserved colony in basal view. B. Oblique view showing filaments with perpendicular branches. C. Close−up of branching filaments. D–F. Side views of bryozoan autozooid perforated by endolithic "fungal" hyphae.

Fig. 3 in Exceptional soft-tissue preservation in boring ctenostome bryozoans and associated "fungal" borings from the Early Devonian of Podolia, Ukraine

Fig. 3. Early Devonian bryozoan Podoliapora doroshivi gen. et sp. nov., from the Doroshiv section, Podolia, Ukraine. Stereo−pairs of phosphatized colonies in basal view; frontal parts of the colonies and orifices are not visible as they opened onto the surface of the host shell. A–C. Internal views of partly preserved zooids with basal walls collapsed, soft−tissue preserved inside autozooids, and orifices visible at the distal ends of autozooids. A. ZPAL Br XIV/008. B. ZPAL Br XIV/009. C. ZPAL Br XIV/015. D–F. Basal views of the colonies with zooid completely preserved. D. ZPAL Br XIV/002. E. ZPAL Br XIV/155. F. ZPAL Br XIV/157.

Fig. 6 in Exceptional soft-tissue preservation in boring ctenostome bryozoans and associated "fungal" borings from the Early Devonian of Podolia, Ukraine

Fig. 6. Early Devonian bryozoan Podoliapora doroshivi gen. et sp. nov., from the Doroshiv section, Podolia, Ukraine. SEM photographs showing imprints of the molluscan host shell microstructures preserved on the surface of the coating layer (internal mould of the interstitial space). A. Basal part of the autozooid specimen, ZPAL Br XIV/155. B. Oblique lateral view showing the coating layer with host shell microstructure preserved; the external surface of cuticle is visible only in places where the coating layer have been damaged; arrow shows poorly visible micro−pore on the surface of cuticle, ZPAL Br XIV/002. H

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Fig. 3 in Late Cretaceous gastropod egg capsules from the Netherlands preserved by bioimmuration

Fig. 3. Plot of measurements of Late Cretaceous and selected Recent neritid egg capsules (data from Kano and Fukumori 2010).

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Fig. 2. A, B in Late Cretaceous gastropod egg capsules from the Netherlands preserved by bioimmuration

Fig. 2. A, B. Late Cretaceous gastropod egg capsules from the late Maastrichtian (Late Cretaceous) of Maastricht, the Netherlands, preserved by bioimmuration (NHMM JJ 13778). A. Aggregate of bioimmured egg capsules, probably the capsule bases, with an eroded basal wall of a cheilostome bryozoan colony, showing the zooid interiors (arrowed) (A1). Close−up view of the egg capsules shown in the centre of A1, with clearly visible outlines of cheilostome zooids within and around the egg capsules, shown by dotted lines (A2). B. Aggregate of presumably unhatched (left) and hatched, in a form of bases (right), egg capsules (B1). The arrow points to the eroded basal wall of a bioimmuring cheilostome bryozoan colony. Close−up views of presumably hatched (B2) and unhatched (B3) egg capsules shown in B1. C. Hatched and unhatched egg capsules of the Recent neritid gastropod species Neritina iris Mousson, 1849, on the shell exterior of a live gastropod Septaria porcellana (Linné, 1758), Kagoshima Bay, Japan (photograph courtesy of Yasunori Kano). Scale bars: A1, B1 1 mm; A2, B2, B3 200 µm; C 5 mm.

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Fig. 1. A in Late Cretaceous gastropod egg capsules from the Netherlands preserved by bioimmuration

Fig. 1. A. The internal mould (NHMM JJ 13778) of the volutid gastropod "Volutospina" sp. from the late Maastrichtian (Late Cretaceous) of Maastricht, the Netherlands, with inferred egg capsules preserved by bioimmuration. Arrows drawn onto the specimen indicate the position of the preserved egg capsules. B. Close−up of the anterior area of the mould showing aggregated egg capsules. Scale bars: A 10 mm, B 5 mm.

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Fig. 4 in Preservation of soft tissues in an Ordovician linguloid brachiopod from China

Fig. 4. Pedicle of the Early Ordovician and Recent linguloid brachiopods. A. The most complete specimen of Leontiella sp. from the lower Ordovician Fenxiang Formation of Hubei Province, China (PKUM02−0614a); general view showing partially preserved shell (in upper right of the photograph) and pyritized vermiform pedicle (A1) and more detailed view (A2). B. External morphology of the pedicle of extant Lingula anatina Lamarck, 1801, locality unknown (ZPAL Bp 70/6) (compare with A2). C, D. Two enlargements of pedicle from Fenxiang Formation, Hubei Province, China; PKUM02−0614b (C) and PKUM02−0615 (D). Note the surface fine transverse annuli and wider transverse wrinkles, as well as short longitudinal ridges well preserved in D. A slight damage in the upper part of D (arrowed) shows some thickness of the preserved pedicle. E. Fragment of pedicle with well preserved external morphology from Fenxiang Formation, Hubei Province, China (PKUM02−0616); a damage shows three−dimensional aspect of the preserved pedicle.

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Fig. 1 in Preservation of soft tissues in an Ordovician linguloid brachiopod from China

Fig. 1. Geographic and stratigraphic location of the Ordovician linguloid fauna. A. Geological sketch map of Yichang area, Hubei Province, China, showing locality of the Tianjialing section. B. Position of the bed from which the present material was collected (arrow head) in the Fenxiang Formation rock column at the Tianjialing section (after Baliński et al. 2012, modified).

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Fig. 3 in Preservation of soft tissues in an Ordovician linguloid brachiopod from China

Fig. 3. Linguloid Leontiella sp. from the Early Ordovician Fenxiang Formation of Hubei Province, China. A. Incomplete ventral interior showing pseudointerarea and pedicle groove (ZPAL Bp 70/1). B. Incomplete dorsal internal mould showing median ridge (ZPAL Bp 70/2). C. Fragment of ventral valve showing left pseudointerarea and partly preserved pedicle groove (ZPAL Bp 70/3). D. External surface ornament (ZPAL Bp 70/4). C, D, SEM micrographs.

Fig. 6 in Calcium phosphate preservation of faecal bacterial negative moulds in hyaena coprolites

Fig. 6. SEM images of coprolites of the hyaenid Lycyaena chaeretis (Gaudry, 1861) from La Roma 2 (Upper Miocene, Spain). A. Spherical and elongated voids present in the fine calcium phosphate precipitated around the microspherulites (white arrows) (Zone X) (RO-2008-117). B, C. Small voids resembling rod-shaped bacteria (white arrows), differing from the microspherulites (black arrows) in their smaller size (RO-2008-3). D. TEM of an ultrathin section, showing negative moulds resembling rod-like bacteria (white arrows) in the fine calcium phosphate material (RO-2008-117).

Fig. 4 in Calcium phosphate preservation of faecal bacterial negative moulds in hyaena coprolites

Fig. 4. SEM images of coprolites of the hyaenid Lycyaena chaeretis (Gaudry, 1861) from La Roma 2 (Upper Miocene, Spain). A. Calcite crystals inside a void likely produced by gas arising from digestive processes (RO-SSC). B. Matrix composed of microspherulites 1–3 μm in diameter (RO-SSC). C. Polished sections examined in backscattered detection mode, showing the thin-walled structure of the microspherulites (white arrows) (RO-2008-117). D. Microspherulites embedded in a fine-grained calcium phosphate precipitate; the brighter zones indicate areas enriched in Na and Cl (white arrows) (RO-2008-117).

Fig. 1. A in Calcium phosphate preservation of faecal bacterial negative moulds in hyaena coprolites

Fig. 1. A. Location of the La Roma 2 site (modified from van Dam et al. 2001). B. General stratigraphic section of the La Roma 2 site (modified from Alcalá 1994).

Fig. 3 in Calcium phosphate preservation of faecal bacterial negative moulds in hyaena coprolites

Fig. 3. Photomicrographs showing thin sections of a coprolite (RO-2008-9a) of the hyaenid Lycyaena chaeretis (Gaudry, 1861) from La Roma 2 (Upper Miocene, Spain). A. Section of the coprolite. B–E. Homogeneous zone (Zone X). B. Quartz inclusion, probably introduced from the surrounding sediment. C. A void, probably produced by gas, in the homogeneous zone (Zone X), with no filling and showing no corroded margins. D. Limit between the homogeneous zone (Zone X) (right) and the central hole (left) (Zone Z) (the rounded shapes are artefacts caused by the consolidation of the sample). E. Thin outer rim of the homogeneous zone (Zone X), showing a more compact phosphatic margin (orange, on the left). F–H. Heterogeneous zone (Zone Y). F. Bone fragment altered by digestive acids in the heterogeneous zone (Zone Y), showing the presence of iron in the surrounding phosphatic matrix. G. Voids and cracks within the heterogeneous zone (Zone Y), showing margin corrosion and iron precipitation partially replacing the original phosphatic matrix. H. Calcite-filled voids and shrinkage cracks in the heterogeneous zone (Zone Y).

Fig. 2. X in Calcium phosphate preservation of faecal bacterial negative moulds in hyaena coprolites

Fig. 2. X-Ray diffractograms of seven coprolites of the hyaenid Lycyaena chaeretis (Gaudry, 1861) from the locality of La Roma 2 (Upper Miocene, Spain). Image generated from XPowder Ver. 2004.04.46 PRO.