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Figure 9 in The evolution of prey-wrapping behaviour in spiders
Figure 9. Ventral view of simultaneous wrapping movements of a mature female Azilia affinis wrapping a prey (stippled) (view from above the horizontal orb). First one (a) and then the other (b) leg IV pulled silk from the spinnerets, and then both legs were moved simultaneously ventrally (arrows in (c)) to press the line between them against the prey. The time elapsed between positions indicated by solid and dotted lines was 0.10 s (a), 0.10 s (b), and 0.03 s (c).
Figure 10 in The evolution of prey-wrapping behaviour in spiders
Figure 10. Hypotheses regarding the evolution of several prey-wrapping behavioural characters, including wrapping by moving the body versus moving legs IV, non-immobilization wrapping versus immobilization wrapping, alternate versus simultaneous movements of legs IV, and wrapping the prey by rotating it on the web line on which it was snared. The hypotheses are illustrated by super-position of the behaviour of the groups observed directly in this study or in previous publications (*) on a tentative phylogenetic tree (modified from Coddington 2005). Justifications of the hypotheses are discussed in the text.
Figure 8 in The evolution of prey-wrapping behaviour in spiders
Figure 8. Antero-lateral view of simultaneous wrapping movements of legs IV of a mature female Gaucelmus calidus. The spider first pulled sticky silk (with small black dots in drawing) from her spread spinnerets (second leg IV pulls line in dotted lines of (a)), and then moved both legs IV past the prey, snagging the sticky line between them on the prey (dotted lines in (b)). The time elapsed between positions indicated by solid and dotted lines was 0.1 s in both drawings.
Figure 7 in The evolution of prey-wrapping behaviour in spiders
Figure 7. Stages in simultaneous use of legs IV early attack behaviour by Nesticoides ruficeps on a muscoid fly. (a) The left leg IV pulled a segment of sticky wrapping line from the spinnerets (dotted black line). This leg then held the sticky line (solid lines in (b)) while the right leg IV pulled an additional length of sticky line, and then both legs IV swung ventrally and anteriorly to apply the sticky line to the prey (dotted lines in (b)). The time elapsed between positions indicated by solid and dotted lines was 0.03 s (a) and 0.07 s (b).
Figure 6 in The evolution of prey-wrapping behaviour in spiders
Figure 6. Early stages of an attack on a fly prey by Theridion evexum. (a) The spider tapped prey with her right leg I and quickly withdrew it. Then she turned to face away from the prey (b–e). She attached her drag line to the line along which she had been descending (b), and reached posteriorly with leg II to grasp the line above (b, c). She seized her drag line with her left leg III (c), and also brought her right leg IV to her spinnerets (c) to begin to pull what may have been the first segment of sticky wrapping line (c, d). She then pulled additional segments of wrapping line with her left leg IV (e) and right leg IV (f). Finally, she applied the line between the two legs IV to the prey with a simultaneous ventral movement of both legs IV (g) (small arrows show movement between positions indicated by the solid and dotted lines). The time elapsed between first and second positions was 0.27 s (a), 0.24 s (b), 0.12 s (c), 12 s (d), 0.12 s (e), 0.07 s (f), and 0.03 s (g).
Figure 1 in The evolution of prey-wrapping behaviour in spiders
Figure 1. Wrapping behaviour of Psalmopoeus reduncus (Theraphosidae). (a) Spider tilts her abdomen to the right as the right posterior spinneret is pressed to the substrate (position indicated by dotted lines followed other position by 0.10 s); (b) the spider presses both posterior spinnerets to the substrate; (c) the spider turns (arrow), swinging its abdomen toward the right while the leading spinneret is lowered and the trailing spinneret is raised; (d) wrapping lines emerging from the trailing, raised spinneret are visible; (e) wrapping lines emerging from the leading, lowered spinneret are visible.
Figure 5 in The evolution of prey-wrapping behaviour in spiders
Figure 5. (a, b) Portions of a Drosophila fly that had been wrapped by the pholcid Physocyclus globosus were covered with a film of apparently liquid, presumably gluey substance; (b) close-up.
Figure 3 in The evolution of prey-wrapping behaviour in spiders
Figure 3. Wrapping behaviour of Tengella radiata (Tengellidae) (a, b) and Tortolena sp. (c). (a) The trailing spinneret was raised (arrow) while the leading spinneret was lowered; (b) a pair of lines from the spinnerets (arrows) were visible; (c) the spider turns while standing over the prey (not shown), with the leading spinneret lowered and the trailing spinneret raised. The time elapsed between the positions indicated with solid and dashed lines was 0.50 s.
Figure 2 in The evolution of prey-wrapping behaviour in spiders
Figure 2. Patterns of attachments of wrapping lines by Psalmopoeus reduncus (a) and Tengella radiata (b, c) on and near the prey package (thick lines) (numbers refer to order in which attachments were made. (a) Zig-zag attachments by a P. reduncus in stage I, prior to turning above a prey (l, attachment by leading spinneret; b, attachment by both spinnerets; t, attachment by trailing spinneret); (b, c) attachments made by T. radiata on and near to different prey.
Figure 4 in The evolution of prey-wrapping behaviour in spiders
Figure 4. Wrapping behaviour by the filistatid Kukulcania hibernalis. (a, b) In lateral view, the spider pulls wrapping lines from the spinnerets with its left leg IV (a) and then pushes them toward the prey (b); (c, d) a lateral view of a similar sequence, but in which the spider's spread spinnerets are visible and its body is lifted about 90°; the right leg IV pushes silk toward the prey while the left leg IV withdraws from the prey and prepares to pull more wrapping silk from the spinnerets; (e, f) in a posterior view, the spider twists its abdomen toward the left leg IV (e) as this leg is brought near the spinnerets and begins to pull wrapping lines (f). The time elapsed between lines labelled 1, 2, and 3: 0.03 and 0.03 s (a), 0.03 and 0.10 s (b), 0.03 s (c), 0.03 and 0.17 s (d), 0.07 s (e), and 0.03 s (f).
Figure 2 in Natural prey of the crab spider Thomisus onustus (Araneae: Thomisidae), an extremely powerful predator of insects
Figure 2. Some of the largest prey captured by Thomisus onustus juveniles together with their captors. (A) Syrphid fly; (B) bombyliid fly; (C) calliphorid fly; (D) Cataglyphis setipes ant.
Figure 1 in Natural prey of the crab spider Thomisus onustus (Araneae: Thomisidae), an extremely powerful predator of insects
Figure 1. Distribution of prey of different sex–age groups of Thomisus onustus (black, late instar and adult females; grey, medium-sized juveniles; dotted, adult males; white, small juveniles) in different size categories (body lengths of prey expressed as percentages of the body lengths of their captors).
Figs. 11−18 in Species inventory, preys and host plants of Anthocoridae sensu lato (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) in Shiraz and its environs (Iran, Fars province)
Figs. 11−18. Parameres of Anthocoridae. 11 − Temnostethus reduvinus parilis (Horváth, 1891), 12 − Anthocoris minki pistaciae Wagner, 1957, 13 − Orius albidipennis (Reuter, 1884), 14 − O. niger (Wolff, 1811), 15 − O. laevigatus laevigatus (Fieber, 1860), 16 − O. laticollis discolor (Reuter, 1884), 17 − O. horvathi (Reuter, 1884), 18 − O. vicinus (Ribaut, 1923). Abbreviations: cn − cone, dt − denticule, fg − flagellum. Scale bars = 0.05 mm.
Fig. 3 in Spatio-temporal correlations of large predators and their prey in western Thailand
Fig. 3. Kernel density estimates of daily predator activity patterns. A, tiger, leopard, and dhole; B, tiger and leopard; C, tiger and dhole; D, leopard and dhole. The shaded areas indicate the overlap coefficient; that is, the area under the minimum of the two density estimates.
Fig. 5 in Spatio-temporal correlations of large predators and their prey in western Thailand
Fig. 5. Kernel density estimates of daily activity patterns of leopards and prey species. A, leopard and gaur; B, leopard and sambar; C, leopard and barking deer; D, leopard and tapir; E, leopard and wild boar. The dashed lines are kernel density estimates for leopards and the solid lines are kernel density estimates for the prey species. The shaded areas indicate the overlap coefficient; that is, the area under the minimum of the two density estimates.
Fig. 4 in Spatio-temporal correlations of large predators and their prey in western Thailand
Fig. 4. Kernel density estimates of daily activity patterns of tigers and prey species. A, tiger and gaur; B, tiger and sambar; C, tiger and tapir; D, tiger and barking deer; E, tiger and wild boar. The dashed lines are kernel density estimates for tigers and the solid lines are kernel density estimates for the prey species. The shaded areas indicate the overlap coefficient; that is, the area under the minimum of the two density estimates.
Fig. 6 in Spatio-temporal correlations of large predators and their prey in western Thailand
Fig. 6. Kernel density estimates of daily activity patterns of dholes and prey species. A, dhole and gaur; B, dhole and sambar; C, dhole and tapir; D, dhole and barking deer; E, dhole and wild boar. The dashed lines are kernel density estimates for dholes and the solid lines are kernel density estimates for the prey species. The shaded areas indicate the overlap coefficient; that is, the area under the minimum of the two density estimates.
Fig. S1 in Distribution and prey of migratory shorebirds on the northern coastline of Singapore
Fig. S1. Average monthly high tide peak counts of seven shorebird species from Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve. Counts were conducted from 2000 to 2006. Error bars indicate standard deviation. Raw data from Gan (2007).
Fig. 5 in Distribution and prey of migratory shorebirds on the northern coastline of Singapore
Fig. 5. Plots of linear least square regression showing relationship between nereidid (Family Nereididae) worm abundance and shorebird density at the pond/mudflat level. A, regression with all 20 ponds/mudflats with benthic infauna data; B, regression with three outlier ponds/mudflats removed.
Fig. 4. A in Distribution and prey of migratory shorebirds on the northern coastline of Singapore
Fig. 4. A, Plot of transects; and B, polychaete families along NMDS axes one and two. A, transects are labeled as "site name", followed by "transect name" (if there were more than one transect in that site) and sampling cycle (one or two). C, D, Transects belonging to different sites and sampling cycles are connected by lines to form minimum convex polygons (e.g., polygon labeled as MD-1 encompasses all transects from Sungei Mandai sampled during cycle one). In the plotting of polygons, transects from SDN and SDS are combined, and collectively labeled as SD. See Table 1 for full site names.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.