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FIGURE 1 in A subspecies of marbled newt (Triturus marmoratus) in the Iberian Peninsula newly resolved from congruent nuclear and mitochondrial DNA data

FIGURE 1 Classification and geographical distribution of European marbled and pygmy newts from a panel of 32–33 nuclear genetic markers (data from Kazilas et al., 2024). (A) HIests plot with ancestry and heterozygosity for within marbled newts (top panel, with Triturus m. marmoratus left and T. m. harmannis ssp. nov. to the right) and for pygmy newts (bottom panel, with T. rudolfi to the left and T. pygmaeus to the right). (B) Investigated Iberian populations shown by black dots with surrounding areas coloured as in A. Areas shown in white fall outside the documented range of the T. marmoratus species group and areas in shown grey are distant from a sampled locality. The open square symbol in the Lisbon Peninsula corresponds to the open round symbol in A.

opencc-by-4.0Nov 2023View details →

FIGURE 2 in Morphological and genetic diversification of Old-World marbled newts, with the description of a new and 'not-at-all-cryptic' subspecies from the Iberian Peninsula (Triturus, Salamandridae)

FIGURE 2 The distribution of two species of marbled newts over the western part of the Iberian Peninsula, as inferred from the morphological character Nlinks. Triturus marmoratus is shown in two shades of blue, T. pygmaeus in two shades of red and four localities with both species are shown in grey (see colour legend). The spatial extrapolation does not exceed ca. 50 km. Note that southern Iberian populations are all T. pygmaeus, irrespective of high (cluster C1), low (C2), or bimodal Nlink counts (Doñana National Park). Populations that were studied morphometrically are highlighted by a box. The type locality for T. pygmaeus lusitanicus ssp. nov. is Granja, Portugal and is marked by an asterisk.

opencc-by-4.0Nov 2023View details →

FIGURE 4 in Morphological and genetic diversification of Old-World marbled newts, with the description of a new and 'not-at-all-cryptic' subspecies from the Iberian Peninsula (Triturus, Salamandridae)

FIGURE 4 Morphological and genetic variation in Triturus pygmaeus from in and around Doñana National Park (DNP). A – histograms of Nlink counts for four population groups with, from top to bottom: southwestern cluster of T. pygmaeus (localities 65, 436, 438 and 1004 in the south of Portugal, together marked C1 in fig. 2), populations in the northern section of DNP (ER, locality 1005 and BS, locality 1006), population in the southern section of DNP (locality 271) and the Betic cluster of T. pygmaeus (localities 270, 463, 465 and 1003 in the very south of Spain, together marked C2 in fig. 1). Exceptionally, the northern Doñana museum material contains 15 juvenile specimens (open bars) along with three adults (shaded bars). B – geographical cline in microsatellite genetic variation. The horizontal axis shows 'Distance from the Guadalquivir River' in km and the vertical axis presents Structure Q-scores. The solid round symbols represent populations and the grey area shows the 95% credibility interval. The Structure Q-scores were extracted from a published figure (Albert & García-Navas, 2022: Figure 4) and are unavoidably imprecise. The position of the 'Torre Carbonero', a cultural landmark at the Doñana beach, is shown by an arrow (TC). Three populations with morphological data available, that can be associated to the transect are El Rocío (arrow marked ER) and the biological station (BS) in northern Doñana and Zacallón C. de los Junqueros in southern Doñana (arrow marked 271). For details, see table 1 and supplementary table S1.

opencc-by-4.0Nov 2023View details →

FIGURE 3 in Morphological and genetic diversification of Old-World marbled newts, with the description of a new and 'not-at-all-cryptic' subspecies from the Iberian Peninsula (Triturus, Salamandridae)

FIGURE 3 Nine marbled newts from three (sub)species each in dorsal and ventral view. Link counts for the left and right side of the body are given in parentheses. Top row – Triturus marmoratus from Jublains, France; left male (3, 2) and right female (1, 1). Middle row – T. pygmaeus lusitanicus ssp. nov. from Cardeña, Spain; from left to right female (2, 4), male (4, 3) and male (4, 5). Bottom row – T. p. pygmaeus from Salinas, Spain; from left to right male (2, 1), male (1, 2) male (2,0) and female (3, 1). Note that the colour pattern in T. marmoratus and T. p. pygmaeus is horizontally banded whereas in T. p. lusitanicus ssp. nov. it is reticulated. PHOTOGRAPHY L. A. VAN DER LAAN

Fig. 11 in Introgression at the emerging secondary contact zone of magpie Pica pica subspecies (Aves: Corvidae): integrating data on nuclear and mitochondrial markers, vocalizations, and field observations

Fig. 11 Rates of chatter calls in different magpie populations and individuals. a Each mark represents average chattering rate for a single bird from five populations indicated by colours. Figures are numbers for the outliers: 1, 2—jankowskii from the mixed population of Argun'; 3, 4, 5—hybrid birds from the hybridogeneous population of Kerulen. b Each mark represents average chattering rate for a series of chatterings of one selected individual representing jankowskii, leucoptera, and hybrid birds, respectively. Green mark—pair #6 jankowskii from Vladivostok; gray—pair #43 leucoptera from Tsasuchei, Transbaikalia; blue—pair #24 hybrids from Kerulen, eastern Mongolia. X-axis—number of elements per second in a total series of chattering; Y-axis— number of elements per second in a series of 5 elements of chattering

Fig. 12 in Introgression at the emerging secondary contact zone of magpie Pica pica subspecies (Aves: Corvidae): integrating data on nuclear and mitochondrial markers, vocalizations, and field observations

Fig. 12 Violin plot diagram of the chatter call speed (elements per second) of Eurasian magpie populations across regions. X-axis presents a set of populations; Y-axis—elements per second. Box outlines the interquantile range (25%, 75%), whiskers represent range without outliers, central bar is the median, red dot is the mean, and figure shape is the probability density. The brackets on the top denote statistically significant pairwise differences (GamesHowell test, p<0.05)

Fig. 9 in Introgression at the emerging secondary contact zone of magpie Pica pica subspecies (Aves: Corvidae): integrating data on nuclear and mitochondrial markers, vocalizations, and field observations

Fig. 9 Population genetic structure based on unlinked SNP markers. Scatter plots of principal component analysis (PCA) show individual variation in components one and two (a) and three and four (b). The amount of variance explained by each PC is shown in parentheses. I—leucoptera,

Fig. 7 in Introgression at the emerging secondary contact zone of magpie Pica pica subspecies (Aves: Corvidae): integrating data on nuclear and mitochondrial markers, vocalizations, and field observations

Fig. 7 Bayesian skyline plots (BSPs) for effective female population sizes for haplogroups, subspecies, and populations of Pica pica. a Comparison of 6 haplogroups, depicted in the network Fig. 4. b Comparison of 6 subspecies. c Comparison of 4 populations of P. p. jankowskii. d Comparison of 3 populations of P. p. leucoptera.

Fig. 6 in Introgression at the emerging secondary contact zone of magpie Pica pica subspecies (Aves: Corvidae): integrating data on nuclear and mitochondrial markers, vocalizations, and field observations

Fig. 6 Mismatch distribution of nucleotide differences in populations representing different haplogroups as at Figs. 4 and 5. X-axis— number of nucleotide differences; Y-axis—proportion (frequency). Solid lines—expected distributions (under expectation of population growth); dashed lines—observed distributions. a Haplogroup 1:

Fig. 5 in Introgression at the emerging secondary contact zone of magpie Pica pica subspecies (Aves: Corvidae): integrating data on nuclear and mitochondrial markers, vocalizations, and field observations

Fig. 5 Time-calibrated Bayesian tree based on mitochondrial control region sequences of Pica pica. Numbers at the branches indicate Bayesian posterior probability values (left) and bootstrap values of the ML analysis (right, in percent). Triangle widths are proportional to specimen numbers. Blue bars next to nodes indicate 95% credibility intervals for their age estimates. The figures in bold and the time scale below are in million years (Ma) before present

Fig. 4 in Introgression at the emerging secondary contact zone of magpie Pica pica subspecies (Aves: Corvidae): integrating data on nuclear and mitochondrial markers, vocalizations, and field observations

Fig. 4 Phylogenetic medianjoining network based on 256 mitochondrial control region sequences. Sizes of circles correspond to the number of birds sharing this haplotype; branch lengths are proportional to the number of substitutions and those over 2 are shown at the branches. Haplogroups 1–6 are indicated by numbers

Fig. 2 in Introgression at the emerging secondary contact zone of magpie Pica pica subspecies (Aves: Corvidae): integrating data on nuclear and mitochondrial markers, vocalizations, and field observations

Fig. 2 Map of sampling localities for mitochondrial DNA analysis in the zone of contact between Pica pica leucoptera and Pica pica jankowskii. Distribution of haplotypes is indicated by colours: Pica

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2021View details →

Fig. 2 in Combination of nuclear and mitochondrial markers as a useful tool to identify Ctenophthalmus species and subspecies (Siphonaptera: Ctenophthalmidae)

Fig. 2 Morphological characteristics of males of C. b. arvernus and C. n. dobyi. A—C. b. arvernus distal arm of IX sternum (arrowed); B—C. b. arvernus dorsal process basimere with only one long setae (arrowed); C—C. b. arvernus ventral process basimere with an apical slot

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2021View details →

Fig. 1 in Combination of nuclear and mitochondrial markers as a useful tool to identify Ctenophthalmus species and subspecies (Siphonaptera: Ctenophthalmidae)

Fig. 1 Morphological characteristics of males of C. a. catalaniensis. A—Distal arm of IX sternum (arrowed); B—dorsal process basimere with two long setae (arrowed); C—ventral process basimere with an apical slot (arrowed); D—telomere carrying one curved long setae (arrowed)

Fig. 2 in Hoya of Sumatra, an updated checklist, three new species, and a new subspecies

Fig. 2. Inflorescence, pollinarium, and leaf. A, C, E. Inflorescences. B, D, G. Pollinaria. F. Leaf. A–B. H. danumensis subsp. amarii S.Rahayu & Rodda subsp. nov. (Amar Husein Sitompul s.n. leg., BO). C–D. H. solokensis S.Rahayu & Rodda sp. nov. (Fadly s.n. leg., BO). E–G. H. rigidifolia S.Rahayu & Rodda sp. nov. (S. Rahayu 865 leg., BO). Photos: Amar Husein Sitompul (A), Fadly (C), S. Rahayu (E–F), and M. Rodda (B, D, G).

Fig. 1. Flowers. A, C, E in Hoya of Sumatra, an updated checklist, three new species, and a new subspecies

Fig. 1. Flowers. A, C, E. Top view of the flower. B, D, F. Side view of the flower, with part of corolla removed. A–B. H. danumensis subsp. amarii S.Rahayu & Rodda subsp. nov. (Amar Husein Sitompul s.n. leg., BO). C–D. H. solokensis S.Rahayu & Rodda sp. nov. (Fadly s.n. leg., BO). E–F. H. rigidifolia S.Rahayu & Rodda sp. nov. (S. Rahayu 865 leg., BO). Drawing: X. Y. Loh.

Fig. 4. Hoya sumatrana S in Hoya of Sumatra, an updated checklist, three new species, and a new subspecies

Fig. 4. Hoya sumatrana S.Rahayu & Rodda sp. nov. A–B. Leaves from above. C–D. Leaves from from underneath. Photos: M. Rodda.

Fig. 3. Hoya sumatrana S in Hoya of Sumatra, an updated checklist, three new species, and a new subspecies

Fig. 3. Hoya sumatrana S.Rahayu & Rodda sp. nov. A. Buds. B. Inflorescence, from underneath. C. Flower, from top. D. Corolla, from underneath, calyx and pedicel. E. Flower, side view. F. Corona, from underneath. G. Pedicel, calyx and ovaries. H. Pollinarium. Photos: M. Rodda.

opencc-by-4.0Aug 2019View details →

Fig. 6 in Trogonoptera brookiana mollumar d'Abrera, Doggett & Parker, 1976 (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae), a subspecies or a synonym?

Fig. 6. Two-dimensional plot of correspondence analysis components 1 and 2 for males. Specimens with identical coordinates are grouped together (e.g., MT-A = male, Sumatra, group A; MM-A = male, Peninsular Malaysia, group A).