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507 results for “symbionts”
Data from: Quantifying the climatic niche of symbiont partners in a lichen symbiosis indicates mutualist-mediated niche expansions
The large distributional areas and ecological niches of many lichenized fungi may in part be due to the plasticity in interactions between the fungus (mycobiont) and its algal or cyanobacterial partners (photobionts). On the one hand, broad-scale phylogenetic analyses show that partner compatibility in lichens is rather constrained and shaped by reciprocal selection pressures and codiversification independent of ecological drivers. On the other hand, sub-species-level associations among lichen symbionts appear to be environmentally structured rather than phylogenetically constrained. In particular, switching between photobiont ecotypes with distinct environmental preferences has been hypothesized as an adaptive strategy for lichen-forming fungi to broaden their ecological niche. The extent and direction of photobiont-mediated range expansions in lichens, however, have not been examined comprehensively at a broad geographic scale. Here we investigate the population genetic structure of Lasallia pustulata symbionts at sub-species-level resolution across the mycobiont's Europe-wide range, using fungal MCM7 and algal ITS rDNA sequence markers. We show that variance in occurrence probabilities in the geographic distribution of genetic diversity in mycobiont-photobiont interactions is closely related to changes in climatic niches. Quantification of niche extent and overlap based on species distribution modeling and construction of Hutchinsonian climatic hypervolumes revealed that combinations of fungal-algal interactions change at the sub-species level along latitudinal temperature gradients and in Mediterranean climate zones. Our study provides evidence for symbiont-mediated niche expansion in lichens. We discuss our results in the light of symbiont polymorphism and partner switching as potential mechanisms of environmental adaptation and niche evolution in mutualisms.
Data from: Disease epidemiology in arthropods is altered by the presence of non-protective symbionts
Inherited microbial symbionts can modulate host susceptibility to natural enemy attack. A wider range of symbionts influence host population demography without altering individual susceptibility, and it has been suggested that these may modify host disease risk through altering the rate of exposure to natural enemies. We present the first test of this thesis, specifically testing whether male-killing symbionts alter the epidemiology of a sexually transmitted infection (STI) carried by its host. STIs are typically expected to show female-biased epidemics, and we first present a simple model which indicates that male-biased STI epidemics may occur where symbionts create female-biased population sex ratios. We then examined the dynamics of a STI in the ladybird beetle Adalia bipunctata, which is also host to a male-killing bacterium. We present evidence that male-biased epidemics of the STI are observed in natural populations when the male-killer is common. Laboratory experiments did not support a role for differential susceptibility of male and female hosts to the STI, nor a protective role for the symbiont, in creating this bias. We conclude that the range of symbionts likely to alter parasite epidemiology will be much wider than previously envisaged, because it will additionally include those that impact host demography alone.
Data from: Plant and insect microbial symbionts alter the outcome of plant-herbivore-parasitoid interactions: implications for invaded, agricultural and natural systems
1. Understanding how soil microbial communities influence plant interactions with other organisms, and how this varies with characteristics of the interacting organisms, is important for multiple systems. Solanum spp. are a suitable model for trophic interactions in studies of agricultural and natural systems and can also provide useful corollaries in invaded systems. This study examined the influence of soil mutualist arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi on growth of different Solanum types fed on by the potato aphid, Macrosiphum euphorbiae, in relation to presence of the aphid facultative endosymbiont Hamiltonella defensa. 2. Four Solanum types comprising two wild species, S. berthaultii and S. polyadenum, and two accessions of S. tuberosum, were grown with or without AM fungi and infested with one of four clonal lines of a single M. euphorbiae genotype (two with and two without H. defensa). Two experiments were conducted to i) characterise plant responses to AM fungi and aphids and ii) assess whether soil AM fungi could influence the success of the parasitoid wasp Aphidus ervi when attacking aphids reared on each Solanum type. 3. In both experiments, similar patterns of plant biomass were observed in relation to AM fungal and aphid treatments. Solanum biomass depended on plant type and aphid infection with H. defensa. Plants exposed to aphids harbouring H. defensa had smaller root biomass, and therefore total plant biomass, compared to plants infested with H. defensa-free aphids. M. euphorbiae performance varied with aphid clonal line, Solanum type and presence of AM fungi. 4. Parasitoid success, measured as the proportion of aphids from which a wasp emerged, was highest from aphids that had fed on plants colonised by AM fungi, although this result also varied with Solanum type and aphid clonal line. 5. Synthesis: The presence of soil AM fungi, combined with within-species plant and insect variation in key traits, can have subtle - but significant - effects on plant fitness and insect success. This study highlights the importance of exploring genotypic variation in plant and pest responses to soil microbiota to identify suitable biocontrol options.
Metagenomic data for Bathymodiolus symbionts deposited in IMG
<p>Metagenomic data for the sulfur- and methane-oxidizing symbionts of <em>Bathymodiolus</em> mussels deposited in the Integrated Microbial Genomes (IMG) database of the DOE Joint Genome Institute (http://img.jgi.doe.gov/)</p>
Host-associated bacteria isolated from animals with chemosynthetic symbionts
<p>Phylogenetic affiliation of bacteria isolated from homogenates of gutless oligochaete worms (<em>Olavius</em> spp.) and from gill tissue of lucinid clams (<em>Loripes lucinalis</em>) and bathymodiolin mussles (<em>Bathymodiolus brooksi</em>).</p>
Metagenomic data for Bathymodiolus symbionts deposited in IMG (2016)
<p>Metagenomic data for the sulfur- and methane-oxidizing symbionts of <em>Bathymodiolus</em> mussels deposited in the Integrated Microbial Genomes (IMG) database of the DOE Joint Genome Institute (http://img.jgi.doe.gov/) until October 2016.</p>
FIGURE 15 in Review of the fur-mite genus Soricilichus Fain, 1970 (Acariformes: Chirodiscidae) — symbionts of the African shrews of the subfamily Crocidurinae (Soricomorpha: Soricidae)
FIGURE 15. Soricilichus sylvisorex sp. nov., SEM photos. A—male in lateral view; B—male opisthosoma in lateral view; C—female in ventral view; D—posterior end of opisthosoma in ventral view.
FIGURE 14 in Review of the fur-mite genus Soricilichus Fain, 1970 (Acariformes: Chirodiscidae) — symbionts of the African shrews of the subfamily Crocidurinae (Soricomorpha: Soricidae)
FIGURE 14. Soricilichus sylvisorex sp. nov. Male (A, B). A—opisthosoma in dorsal view; B—same in lateral view. Female (C–F). C—lateral view; D—posterior end of opisthosoma in lateral view; E—tibia-tarsus III in ventral view; F—tibia-tarsus IV in ventral view. Scale bars: A, B, D—F = 50 µm; C = 100 µm.
FIGURE 12. Soricilichus kivuensis Fain, 1981, details. A in Review of the fur-mite genus Soricilichus Fain, 1970 (Acariformes: Chirodiscidae) — symbionts of the African shrews of the subfamily Crocidurinae (Soricomorpha: Soricidae)
FIGURE 12. Soricilichus kivuensis Fain, 1981, details. A—male opisthosoma in lateral view; B—tibia-tarsus III of male in ventral view; C—tibia tarsus IV of male in ventral view; D—leg III of female in ventral view.
FIGURE 10. Soricilichus scutisorex Fain, 1970, SEM photos. A in Review of the fur-mite genus Soricilichus Fain, 1970 (Acariformes: Chirodiscidae) — symbionts of the African shrews of the subfamily Crocidurinae (Soricomorpha: Soricidae)
FIGURE 10. Soricilichus scutisorex Fain, 1970, SEM photos. A—attached male and tritonymph in lateral view; B—same in ventral view; C—anterior end of body in tritonymph in ventral view; D—posterior ends of attached male and tritonymph in ventral view.
FIGURE 9. Soricilichus scutisorex Fain, 1970, nymphs. A in Review of the fur-mite genus Soricilichus Fain, 1970 (Acariformes: Chirodiscidae) — symbionts of the African shrews of the subfamily Crocidurinae (Soricomorpha: Soricidae)
FIGURE 9. Soricilichus scutisorex Fain, 1970, nymphs. A—protonymph in dorsal view; B—same in ventral view; Ctritonymph in ventral view. Scale bars: A, B = 50 µm; C = 25 µm.
FIGURE 7. Soricilichus scutisorex Fain, 1970 in Review of the fur-mite genus Soricilichus Fain, 1970 (Acariformes: Chirodiscidae) — symbionts of the African shrews of the subfamily Crocidurinae (Soricomorpha: Soricidae)
FIGURE 7. Soricilichus scutisorex Fain, 1970, SEM photos of female. A—dorsal view; B—lateral view; C—posterior end of opisthosoma in frontal view; D—gnathosoma in dorsal view.
FIGURE 8. Soricilichus scutisorex Fain, 1970, larva. A in Review of the fur-mite genus Soricilichus Fain, 1970 (Acariformes: Chirodiscidae) — symbionts of the African shrews of the subfamily Crocidurinae (Soricomorpha: Soricidae)
FIGURE 8. Soricilichus scutisorex Fain, 1970, larva. A—dorsal view; B—ventral view; C—leg I in ventral view; D—leg II in ventral view; E—tibia-tarsus III in ventral view. Scale bars: A, B = 50 µm; C—E = 25 µm.
FIGURE 6. Soricilichus scutisorex Fain, 1970 in Review of the fur-mite genus Soricilichus Fain, 1970 (Acariformes: Chirodiscidae) — symbionts of the African shrews of the subfamily Crocidurinae (Soricomorpha: Soricidae)
FIGURE 6. Soricilichus scutisorex Fain, 1970, details of female. A—posterior end of opisthosoma in lateral view; B—leg III in ventral view; C—leg IV in ventral view.
FIGURE 4. Soricilichus scutisorex Fain, 1970 in Review of the fur-mite genus Soricilichus Fain, 1970 (Acariformes: Chirodiscidae) — symbionts of the African shrews of the subfamily Crocidurinae (Soricomorpha: Soricidae)
FIGURE 4. Soricilichus scutisorex Fain, 1970, SEM photos of male. A—latero-coxal sclerite; B—tibia-tarsi IV in lateral view; C—opisthosoma in dorsal view; D—same in lateral view.
FIGURE 3. Soricilichus scutisorex Fain, 1970 in Review of the fur-mite genus Soricilichus Fain, 1970 (Acariformes: Chirodiscidae) — symbionts of the African shrews of the subfamily Crocidurinae (Soricomorpha: Soricidae)
FIGURE 3. Soricilichus scutisorex Fain, 1970, SEM photos of male. A—dorsal view; B—ventral view; C—lateral view; Dpropodosoma in ventral view.
FIGURE 2. Soricilichus scutisorex Fain, 1970 in Review of the fur-mite genus Soricilichus Fain, 1970 (Acariformes: Chirodiscidae) — symbionts of the African shrews of the subfamily Crocidurinae (Soricomorpha: Soricidae)
FIGURE 2. Soricilichus scutisorex Fain, 1970, details of male. A—opisthosoma in ventral view; B—same in lateral view; Cleg I in dorsal view; D—leg II in dorsal view; E—leg III in ventral view; F—leg IV in ventral view.
Selective lipid recruitment by an archaeal DPANN symbiont from its host
<p><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p>The symbiont <i>Ca.</i> Nanohaloarchaeum antarcticus is obligately dependent on its host <i>Halorubrum lacusprofundi</i> for lipids and other metabolites due to its lack of certain biosynthetic genes. However, it remains unclear which specific lipids or metabolites are acquired from its host, and how the host responds to infection. Here, we explored the lipidome dynamics of the <i>Ca.</i> Nha. antarcticus – <i>Hrr. lacusprofundi</i> symbiotic relationship during co-cultivation. By using a comprehensive untargeted lipidomic methodology, our study reveals that <i>Ca.</i> Nha. antarcticus selectively recruits 110 lipid species from its host, i.e. nearly two-thirds of the total number of host lipids. Lipid profiles of co-cultures displayed shifts in abundances of bacterioruberins and menaquinones and changes in the degree of bilayer-forming glycerolipid unsaturation. This likely results in increased membrane fluidity and improved resistance to membrane disruptions, consistent with compensation for higher metabolic load and mechanical stress on host<i> </i>membranes when in contact with <i>Ca. </i>Nha. antarcticus cells. Notably, our findings differ from previous observations of other DPANN symbiont-host systems, where no differences in lipidome composition were reported. Altogether, our work emphasizes the strength of employing untargeted lipidomics approaches to provide details into the dynamics underlying a DPANN symbiont-host system.</p><p><strong>Repository Contents</strong></p><p><strong>1_DPANN_lipidome.zip</strong>: includes all source data and code scripts used for figures in this study. Files are organized as follows and are associated with the corresponding parts of the manuscript: Figure 1b, Figure 1c, Figure 1d, Figure 1e, Figure 1f, Figure 1g, Figure 3a, Figure 3b, Supplementary Figures 7-8.</p><p>Figure 1. Overview of the experimental design and the general lipidome composition in the <i>Hrr. lacusprofundi</i>-<i>Ca.</i> Nha. antarcticus system. (b) qPCR based growth measurements of pure <i>Hrr. lacusprofundi </i>cultures and co-cultures of <i>Hrr. lacusprofundi </i>with <i>Ca. </i>Nha. antarcticus. Error bars show the standard deviation of calculated 16S rRNA copy number. (c) Optical density at 600 nm (OD600) growth measurements of pure <i>Hrr. lacusprofundi </i>cultures and co-cultures of <i>Hrr. lacusprofundi </i>with <i>Ca. </i>Nha. antarcticus. Error bars show the standard deviation of measured OD600 values. (d) The number of individual lipid species in major lipid classes among all the samples. (e) Principal Component Analysis (PCA) based on the abundance of intact polar lipid species, showcasing the variance in general lipidomic features among distinct cultures or over varying culture durations. (f) Information theory analysis showing lipidome diversity and specialization based on the Shannon entropy of the lipidomic frequency distribution. Error bars in the data represent variability across replicates. (g) Hierarchical clustering heatmap depicting the distribution of major lipid classes among distinct cultures or over varying culture durations. The colour bar on the right side represents Z-score normalization scale (ranges from -3 to +3 standard deviation). Sample abbreviations: <i>Ca</i>. Nha. antarcticus (Nha), <i>Hrr. lacusprofundi </i>(HP), co-cultures (Cc). Lipid abbreviations: archaeol core lipids (AR), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), phosphatidylglycerosulfate (PGS), phosphatidic acid (PA), phosphatidylglycerophosphate methyl ester (PGP-Me), biphosphatidylglycerol (PGPG), cardiolipin (CL), sulphated diglycosyl (SDG), monoglycosyl (1G), diglycosyl (2G), archeaol lipids containing a sulfur-containing head group except for PGS (S), menaquinone (MK), an "extended " archaeological chain", i.e. with a C25 isoprenoid carbon chain (EXT-AR), unsaturation in the archaeol chain (uns). The two "n" in MK (n:n) stand for numbers of the isoprenoid unit in the side chain and unsaturation in the isoprenoid chain, respectively. MK(n:n-1) signifies one less double bond in the nth isoprenoid chain.</p><p>Figure 3. The presence, absence, and changes in lipid composition in the <i>Hrr. lacusprofundi</i>-<i>Ca.</i> Nha. antarcticus system (a) The relative abundance of representative lipid species within the most dominant lipid classes. Statistical differences in lipid species among the samples were assessed using the Tukey's Honest Significance Difference test (TukeyHSD), and results were visualized with the Compact Letter Display (CLD) (P < 0.05). (b) The intersection of lipid species across samples is illustrated through an UpSet plot. A threshold of 0.01% relative abundance of total lipids was applied to determine the presence of a lipid in a specific sample; lipids with less than 0.01% of total lipid abundance were considered absent in that sample. The dark connected dots denote lipid species shared among these samples. Abbreviations: demethylmenaquinone (DMK), methylmenaquinone (MMK), dimethylmenaquinone (DMMK). The representative lipid species are 1G-AR (<i>m/z</i> 832.760, C49H102O8N+), 2G-AR (<i>m/z</i> 994.813, C55H112O13N+), AR (<i>m/z</i> 653.681, C43H89O3+), Bacterioruberin (<i>m/z</i> 741.581, C50H77O4+), CL-AR-AR (<i>m/z</i> 1522.313, C89H183O13P2+), MK(8:8) (<i>m/z</i> 717.560, C51H73O2+), PG-AR (<i>m/z</i> 807.684, C46H96O8P+), PGP-Me-AR (<i>m/z</i> 901.666, C47H99O11P2+), PG-PG-AR (<i>m/z</i> 961.687, C49H103O13P2+).</p><p>Supplementary Fig. 7 The distribution of different unsaturation degrees of the summed bilayer-forming glycerolipids and menaquinones among the samples. Statistical differences in lipid species among the samples were assessed using the Tukey's Honest Significance Difference test (TukeyHSD), and results were visualized with the Compact Letter Display (CLD) (P < 0.05).</p><p>Supplementary Fig. 8 The intersection of lipid species across samples including the enrichment is illustrated through an UpSet plot. A threshold of 0.01% relative abundance of total lipids was applied to determine the presence of a lipid in a specific sample; lipids with less than 0.01% of total lipid abundance were considered absent in that sample. The dark connected dots denote lipid species shared among these samples.</p><p><strong>2_Lipidome source data.xlsx</strong>: includes an original table regarding lipidome identification, abundance, precursor mass, retention time, classification as well as ID (name) in the molecular network.</p><p> </p><p><strong>3_Microscopy_Genomics_Scripts.zip</strong>: Includes all scripts used for analyses of microscopy data and assembly and annotation of genomes. Scripts are:</p><p>Image_Analysis.ijm - ImageJ macro for automated analyses of 16S rRNA FISH images. Analyses were run with a default install of Fiji.</p><p>Microscopy_Analyses.R - R script for production of Supplementary Fig. 5. Colours and letter coding were added to plots manually after export from the R environment.</p><p>Assembly_Annotation.rmd - Markdown file with workflow used for genome assembly and annotation described in Figure 4, and Supplementary Tables 2 - 5. Assembly and annotations were processed on an in house HPC consisting of 4x Xeon Gold 6140 2.3 GHz processors using bash, python and perl. The system runs a Linux operating system, Red Hat Enterprise 7.5.</p>
Data and code for: Photoacclimation dynamics in coral holobionts responding to thermal and irradiance changes correlate with photon pressure per symbiont
<p>Code and data used in the publication "Photoacclimation dynamics in coral holobionts responding to thermal and irradiance changes correlate with photon pressure per symbiont". For queries about this dataset please email robert.mason1@uq.net.au</p>
FIGURE 5 in A new species of the coral-symbiont crab genus Cymo de Haan, 1833 (Decapoda, Brachyura, Xanthidae) from Nansha Islands, the South China Sea
FIGURE 5. Diagnostic features of Cymo: A, F, K, P, C. mazu sp. nov.; B, G, L, Q, C. deplanatus; C, H, M, R, C. quadrilobatus; D, I, N, S, C. andreossyi; E, J, O, T, C. melanodactylus; A–E, overall morphology and live coloration; F–G, front; K–O, major cheliped; P–T, maxilliped 1. Scale bars: A, J, L, M = 2 mm; B–D, N, O = 5 mm; E = 10 mm; F, P = 0.5 mm; G–I, K, Q–T = 1 mm.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.