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412 results for “temperate forests”
Data from: Biodiversity along temperate forest succession
1. The successional dynamics of forests – from canopy openings to regeneration, maturation and decay – influences the amount and heterogeneity of resources available for forest-dwelling organisms. Conservation has largely focused only on selected stages of forest succession (e.g. late-seral stages). However, to develop comprehensive conservation strategies and to understand the impact of forest management on biodiversity, a quantitative understanding of how different trophic groups vary over the course of succession is needed. 2. We classified mixed mountain forests in Central Europe into nine successional stages using airborne LiDAR. We analysed α- and β-diversity of six trophic groups encompassing approximately 3,000 species from three kingdoms. We quantified the effect of successional stage on the number of species with and without controlling for species abundances and tested whether the data fit the more-individuals hypothesis or the habitat heterogeneity hypothesis. Furthermore, we analysed the similarity of assemblages along successional development. 3. The abundance of producers, first-order consumers and saprotrophic species showed a U-shaped response to forest succession. The number of species of producer and consumer groups generally followed this U-shaped pattern. In contrast to our expectation, the number of saprotrophic species did not change along succession. When we controlled for the effect of abundance, the number of producer and saproxylic beetle species increased linearly with forest succession, whereas the U-shaped response of the number of consumer species persisted. The analysis of assemblages indicated a large contribution of succession-mediated β-diversity to regional γ-diversity. 4. Synthesis and applications. Depending on the species group, our data supported both the more-individuals hypothesis and the habitat heterogeneity hypothesis. Our results highlight the strong influence of forest succession on biodiversity and underline the importance of controlling for successional dynamics when assessing biodiversity change in response to external drivers such as climate change. The successional stages with highest diversity (early and late successional stages) are currently strongly underrepresented in the forests of Central Europe. We thus recommend that conservation strategies aim at a more balanced representation of all successional stages.
Data from: Fire and non-native grass invasion interact to suppress tree regeneration in temperate deciduous forests
1. While many ecosystems depend on fire to maintain biodiversity, non-native plant invasions can enhance fire intensity, suppressing native species and generating a fire–invasion feedback. These dynamics have been observed in arid and semi-arid ecosystems, but fire–invasion interactions in temperate deciduous forests, where prescribed fires are often used as management tools to enhance native diversity, have rarely been investigated. 2. Here we evaluated the effects of a widespread invasive grass on fire behaviour in eastern deciduous forests in the USA and the potential effects of fire and invasions on tree regeneration. We planted native trees into invaded and uninvaded forests, quantified fuel loads, then applied landscape-scale prescribed fires and no-burn controls, and measured fire behaviour and tree seedling and invasive plant performance. 3. Our results show that fires in invaded habitats were significantly more intense, including higher fire temperatures, longer duration and higher flame heights, even though invasions did not alter total fuel loads. The invasion plus fire treatment suppressed native tree seedling survival by 54% compared to invasions without fire, and invasions reduced natural tree recruitment by 66%. 4. We also show that invasive plant biomass did not change from one season to the next in plots where fire was applied, but invader biomass declined significantly in unburned reference plots, suggesting a positive invasive grass–fire feedback. 5. Synthesis and applications. These findings demonstrate that fire–invasion interactions can have significant consequences for invaded temperate forest ecosystems by increasing fire intensity and reducing tree establishment while promoting invasive plant persistence. To encourage tree regeneration and slow invasive spread, we recommend that forest managers remove invasions prior to applying prescribed fires or avoid the use of fire in habitats invaded by non-native grasses.
Beech buffers: microclimate regulation in temperate old-growth forests, surroundings and forest edge
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Radial growth responses of Larix gmelinii to drought events in dry and wet areas of northern temperate forest
<p>This is the dataset used in the paper "Radial growth responses of <em>Larix gmelinii</em> to drought events in dry and wet areas of northern temperate forest". The dataset contains treering chronology of larch (<em>Larix gmelinii</em>) and climatic data in the Altai Mountains (dry area) and Changbai Mountains (wet area).</p>
Subspecies and Distribution. P. g. griseus Gray, 1837 — Argentine and Chilean Patagonia. P. g. domeykoanus Philippi, 1901 — N & C Chile, possibly S Peru. P. g. gracilis Burmeister, 1861 — W Argentina (Monte Desert). P. g. maullinicus Philippi, 1903 — S Argentine and Chilean temperate forests. Introduced (griseus) in Tierra del Fuego. in Canidae
Subspecies and Distribution. P. g. griseus Gray, 1837 — Argentine and Chilean Patagonia. P. g. domeykoanus Philippi, 1901 — N & C Chile, possibly S Peru. P. g. gracilis Burmeister, 1861 — W Argentina (Monte Desert). P. g. maullinicus Philippi, 1903 — S Argentine and Chilean temperate forests. Introduced (griseus) in Tierra del Fuego.
Data for: The long-term impacts of deer herbivory in determining temperate forest stand and canopy structural complexity
<p>1. Ungulates place immense consumptive pressure on forest vegetation globally, leaving legacies of reduced biodiversity and simplified vegetative structure. However, what remains unresolved is whether browse-induced changes occurring early in succession ultimately manifest themselves in the developed forest canopy. Understanding the development and persistence of these legacies is critical as canopy structure is an important determinant of forest ecosystem functions like carbon sequestration and wildlife habitat.</p> <p>2. We measured how white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) browse during stand initiation affected canopy structure, tree species richness, diversity, stem density, and basal area on Pennsylvania's Allegheny Plateau using a portable canopy LiDAR system. We capitalized on an historic deer enclosure experiment where forests were subjected to four deer densities (4, 8, 15, and 25 deer/km2) for ten years following stand initiation.</p> <p>3. Deer browsing impacts on the forest canopy are apparent nearly four decades since stand initiation. The highest deer density treatment experienced a significant reduction in tree species diversity, density, and basal area with stands becoming dominated by black cherry (Prunus serotina). Reductions in overstory diversity and tree density resulted in a more open canopy with low leaf area and high horizontal leaf variability. Canopies were tallest at the lowest and highest deer densities.</p> <p><i>4. Synthesis and Applications</i>: Using a portable canopy LiDAR system and a former deer enclosure experiment, we show that high deer browsing pressure during stand initiation can have a decades-long impact on stand and canopy structure. High deer densities led to stands with lower species diversity and tree density, which resulted in canopies that were taller and less dense. Managers should consider the lasting legacy of ungulate herbivory on canopy structure, as canopy structure influences several important management goals, such as forest carbon sequestration, maintenance of diverse understory communities, and creation of wildlife habitat.</p>
Changes in the direction of the diversity-productivity relationship over fifteen years of stand development in a planted temperate forest
<p>Experiments manipulating diversity in both forests and grasslands have often observed a positive diversity-productivity relationship (DPR) which tends to strengthen during plant community development. This pattern is generally attributed to an increase in niche complementarity or facilitation. Most analyses do not examine species dominance and density, which also change over time. Moreover, how neighbourhood scale interactions among tree species affect the DPR is not well understood.</p> <p>We analysed growth and mortality data from the Simplex experiment, a part of the BIOTREE tree diversity experiment. Simplex consists of 36 plots each planted with four common and commercially important tree species to create a gradient of tree species evenness at two tree densities (6667 and 3556 trees ha<sup>-1</sup>). We test whether: i) the effect of evenness on total aboveground biomass productivity increase with stand development (year), ii) the effect of evenness on productivity is stronger in dense plots; iii) intra-specific competition from neighbours negatively affect the growth of dominant species more strongly compared to co-dominant species, and whether this negative effect is stronger in denser plots.</p> <p>The direction of DPR was initially negative because the fast-growing long-lived pioneer Douglas fir (<em>Pseudotsuga menziesii</em> (Mirb.) Franco) dominated. However, with time, shade tolerant Norway spruce (<em>Picea abies </em>(L.) Karst.) and European beech (<em>Fagus sylvatica </em>L.) increased in abundance (by biomass), and the relationship between evenness and biomass increment changed from negative to positive in high-density plots. Neighbourhood analyses revealed that for Douglas fir and Norway spruce, conspecifics reduced individual growth rates across density levels and years.</p> <p>Synthesis: We observed a shift in the diversity-productivity relationship over 15 years in our experiment. Over time, increasing intraspecific competition limited the increment of the abundant Douglas fir in uneven plots, and a persistent increase in the abundance (by biomass) of shade tolerant Norway spruce and European beech in even plots led to a higher community biomass increment, which led to a positive DPR. Emergence of a positive DPR in temperate forest plantations requires significant time and is importantly promoted by diversity at the neighbourhood scale (intimate mixtures) as well as higher density planting.</p>
Subspecies and Distribution. P. g. griseus Gray, 1837 — Argentine and Chilean Patagonia. P. g. domeykoanus Philippi, 1901 — N & C Chile, possibly S Peru. P. g. gracilis Burmeister, 1861 — W Argentina (Monte Desert). P. g. maullinicus Philippi, 1903 — S Argentine and Chilean temperate forests. Introduced (griseus) in Tierra del Fuego. in Canidae
Subspecies and Distribution. P. g. griseus Gray, 1837 — Argentine and Chilean Patagonia. P. g. domeykoanus Philippi, 1901 — N & C Chile, possibly S Peru. P. g. gracilis Burmeister, 1861 — W Argentina (Monte Desert). P. g. maullinicus Philippi, 1903 — S Argentine and Chilean temperate forests. Introduced (griseus) in Tierra del Fuego.
Archive data supporting the results in the paper: Long-term soil warming alters fine root dynamics and morphology, and their ectomycorrhizal fungal community in a temperate forest soil"
<p><span>Climate warming is predicted to affect temperate forests severely, but the response of fine roots, key to plant nutrition, water uptake, soil carbon and nutrient cycling is unclear. Understanding how fine roots will respond to increasing temperature is a prerequisite for predicting the functioning of forests in a warmer climate. We studied the response of fine roots and their ectomycorrhizal (EcM) fungal and root-associated bacterial communities to soil warming by 4 °C in a mixed spruce-beech forest in the Austrian Limestone Alps after 8 and 14 years of soil warming, respectively. Fine root biomass (FRB) and fine root production were 17% and 128% higher in the warmed plots, respectively, after 14 years. The increase in FRB (13%) was not significant after 8 years of treatment, whereas specific root length, specific root area, and root tip density were significantly higher in warmed plots at both sampling occasions. Soil warming did not affect EcM exploration types and diversity, but changed their community composition, with an increase in the relative abundance of <em>Cenoccocum</em> at 0 – 10 cm soil depth, a drought-stress tolerant genus, and an increase in short and long-distance exploration types like <em>Sebacina </em>and <em>Boletus </em>at 10 – 20 cm soil depth. Warming increased the root-associated bacterial diversity but did not affect their community composition. Soil warming did not affect nutrient concentrations of fine roots, though we found indications of limited soil phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) availability. </span><span>Our findings suggest that, in the studied ecosystem, global warming could persistently increase soil carbon inputs due to accelerated fine root growth and turnover, and could simultaneously alter fine root morphology and EcM fungal community composition towards improved nutrient foraging. </span></p>
Distribution. It ranges through temperate zone forests and paramos from the Cordillera Central in C Colombia through the Cordillera Oriental of Ecuador to the eastern Andean cloud forests in Peru, southward to Junin department. The exact range is unknown and there are obvious distributional gaps. One major natural gap is the dry forest south of the Huancabamba depression, which separates the northern population from the main Peruvian population. in Cervidae
Distribution. It ranges through temperate zone forests and paramos from the Cordillera Central in C Colombia through the Cordillera Oriental of Ecuador to the eastern Andean cloud forests in Peru, southward to Junin department. The exact range is unknown and there are obvious distributional gaps. One major natural gap is the dry forest south of the Huancabamba depression, which separates the northern population from the main Peruvian population.
Spring-flowering herbs in North American temperate forests advance their phenology more than trees with warming temperatures
<ol> <li>The phenologies of co-occurring trees and spring-blooming understory herbs in northeastern hardwood forests appear to be regulated by different environmental drivers—air temperature and soil temperature/snowpack, respectively. Accordingly, it has been hypothesized that climate change-driven asymmetry in the advancement of canopy leaf-out relative to the timing of understory growth could reduce photosynthetic rates and reproductive success of understory herbs through greater early-season shading.</li> <li>To determine whether trees and spring-flowering spring-flowering forest herbs are advancing their phenologies at different rates with respect to increasing global temperatures, we examined the phenological responses to warming of 10 species of trees and 11 species of spring-flowering forest herbs (8,045 observations from 965 sites) in northeastern North America using 13 years of data collected by citizen scientists under the auspices of the USA-National Phenology Network.</li> <li>Contrary to expectation, the timing of leaf-out of spring-flowering forest herbs was more strongly associated with temperature than was timing of tree leaf-out, with a mean response rate of −4.9 days/˚C (95% BCI [−5.2, −4.6]) for spring-flowering forest herbs <em>vs.</em> −3.3 days/℃ (95% BCI [−3.5, −3.1]) for trees. However, the response to temperature was not consistent across the latitudinal range, with spring-flowering forest herbs responding more strongly to warming than trees at middle (40–44˚N) and higher (45–48˚N) latitudes but not at lower latitudes (35–39˚N). </li> <li>In contrast to what has been suggested previously, our results suggest that the growing season and carbon uptake of spring-flowering forest herbs could increase as spring temperatures rise. Our study is the first to show spring-flowering forest herbs advancing their phenology at a higher rate than trees with respect to warming.</li> </ol>
Largely independent effects of top predators, including Amur tigers and humans, on mammal communities in a recovering temperate forest region
<p>Data associated with the manuscript "Largely independent effects of top predators, including Amur tigers and humans, on mammal communities in a recovering temperate forest region"</p>
Deccan region, Madras, India. Genus Vandeleuria is masculine, so widely used specific name oleracea has been changed for gender agreement. Vandeleuria oleraceusis possibly a composite of species. Polytypic, but subspecific taxonomy requires reassessment. Distribution. Widespread in S Asia (India, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, and Sri Lan-ka), S China (W & S Yunnan), and mainland SE Asia N of the Isthmus of Kra. Descriptive notes. Head-body 68 mm, tail 105 mm, ear 13 mm, hindfoot 17 mm; weight 10 g. The Indomalayan Long-tailed Climbing Mouse is small, with flat nail on outer finger and outertoe; tail is slender, brown, twice as long as head-body length, and lacks distal tuft. Dorsal pelageis silky and salmon in color; venter is white, with fulvous hues. Habitat. Tall cane and tangled vines in primary and secondary forest such as bamboo forest, moist deciduous forest, temperate forests, montane wet zone, and disturbed secondary forests, and perhaps agricultural areas at elevations of 150-1500 m. Food and Feeding. Indomalayan [Long-tailed Climbing Mice eat fruits, buds, and flowers. Breeding. Litters of the Indomalayan Long-tailed Climbing Mouse have 3-6 young. Activity patterns. Indomalayan Long-tailed Climbing Mice are arboreal and nocturnal, although one individual was caught duringthe day. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Indomalayan Long-tailed Climbing Mice build nests in tall bushes or cane to rear their young. Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red Last (as V. olacea). The Indomalayan Long-tailed Climbing Mouse occurs in several habitats and a wide distribution that includes national parks. Further taxonomical studies are required to assess conservation status ofthis potentially diverse species complex. Bibliography. Corbet & Hill (1992), Dang Huy Huynh et al. (1994), Ellerman (1941), Marshall (1977b), Musser & Carleton (2005), Osgood (1932), Phillips (1980), Wang Yingxiang (2003). in Muridae
Deccan region, Madras, India. Genus Vandeleuria is masculine, so widely used specific name oleracea has been changed for gender agreement. Vandeleuria oleraceusis possibly a composite of species. Polytypic, but subspecific taxonomy requires reassessment. Distribution. Widespread in S Asia (India, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, and Sri Lan-ka), S China (W & S Yunnan), and mainland SE Asia N of the Isthmus of Kra. Descriptive notes. Head-body 68 mm, tail 105 mm, ear 13 mm, hindfoot 17 mm; weight 10 g. The Indomalayan Long-tailed Climbing Mouse is small, with flat nail on outer finger and outertoe; tail is slender, brown, twice as long as head-body length, and lacks distal tuft. Dorsal pelageis silky and salmon in color; venter is white, with fulvous hues. Habitat. Tall cane and tangled vines in primary and secondary forest such as bamboo forest, moist deciduous forest, temperate forests, montane wet zone, and disturbed secondary forests, and perhaps agricultural areas at elevations of 150-1500 m. Food and Feeding. Indomalayan [Long-tailed Climbing Mice eat fruits, buds, and flowers. Breeding. Litters of the Indomalayan Long-tailed Climbing Mouse have 3-6 young. Activity patterns. Indomalayan Long-tailed Climbing Mice are arboreal and nocturnal, although one individual was caught duringthe day. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Indomalayan Long-tailed Climbing Mice build nests in tall bushes or cane to rear their young. Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red Last (as V. olacea). The Indomalayan Long-tailed Climbing Mouse occurs in several habitats and a wide distribution that includes national parks. Further taxonomical studies are required to assess conservation status ofthis potentially diverse species complex. Bibliography. Corbet & Hill (1992), Dang Huy Huynh et al. (1994), Ellerman (1941), Marshall (1977b), Musser & Carleton (2005), Osgood (1932), Phillips (1980), Wang Yingxiang (2003).
Abundance of fungal species in slug feces collected in a temperate forest
<p>In the DNA barcoding study, a total of 288,630 OTU sequences were recovered from feces of eight field-captured slugs. Major taxa were Ascomycota (52.5%), Basidiomycota (46.1%), Mortierellomycota (0.2%), Chytridiomycota (0.1%) and Mucoromycota (0.1%) (Table 2). In Basidiomycota, 17 orders were detected (Table 2). The dominant order was Agaricales (66.1%), followed by Trichosporonales (29.7%) and Hymenochaetales (2.9%). In Agaricales, the dominant genera were <i>Armillaria</i> (35.7%) and <i>Gymnopilus</i> (29.8%). The dominance of Agaricales spores may be due to that the slugs used in this study were collected in September and October when fruiting bodies of Agaricales were abundant.</p>
Dataset to paper "The effects of solar radiation on daily and seasonal stem increment of canopy trees in European temperate old-growth forests."
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Data from: Tree diversity across multiple scales and environmental heterogeneity promote ecosystem multifunctionality in a large temperate forest region
<p><strong>Aim</strong>: Biodiversity across different scales provides multidimensional insurance for ecosystem functioning. Although the effects of biodiversity on ecosystem multifunctionality are well recorded in local communities, they remain poorly understood across scales (from local to larger spatial scales). This study evaluates how multiple attributes of biodiversity maintain ecosystem multifunctionality from local to regional scales, across diverse environmental gradients.</p> <p><strong>Location</strong>: North-eastern China.</p> <p><strong>Time period</strong>: 2017.</p> <p><strong>Major taxa studied</strong>: Woody plants.</p> <p><strong>Methods</strong>: We define multifunctionality using both averaged and modified multiple threshold approaches. Multiple dimensions of biodiversity across varying spatial scales were measured within the framework of Hill‒Chao numbers. Using variance decomposition, linear mixed models, and structural equation modeling, we explored how multiple attributes of tree diversity at varying spatial scales affect multifunctionality, and how these relationships are modulated by environmental drivers.<br>Results: We found that both α- and β-diversity are critical for regional community multifunctionality, while the relationships between species, functional, and phylogenetic diversity and multifunctionality decoupled across spatial scales and thresholds of ecosystem functioning. Phylogenetic β-diversity and species α-diversity are respectively more important for promoting high and moderate threshold multifunctionality (e.g., EMFT90 and EMFT50) in regional communities. Environmental drivers typically have stronger effects than biodiversity on multifunctionality. Soil and climatic conditions had either direct effects on multifunctionality, or indirect ones mediated by species α-diversity. Environmental heterogeneity is important for high threshold multifunctionality, exerting directly and indirectly through phylogenetic β-diversity. Latitude not only directly influences multifunctionality but also modulates it through species α-diversity and phylogenetic β-diversity.</p> <p><strong>Main conclusions</strong>: This study underscores the positive effects of biodiversity on multifunctionality across multiple dimensions. Based on our findings, we conclude that any design of a forested landscape that is aimed at maximizing multifunctionality should consider maintaining high local diversity as well as forest community heterogeneity at varying scales.</p>
Fig. 2 in Seasonal Variations in the Assembly of Dung Beetles (Coleoptera: Geotrupidae and Scarabaeidae) Attracted to Macaque Feces in Temperate Forests in Japan
Fig. 2. Monthly capture rates (number of traps in which dung beetles were captured/total number of trap nights) of dung beetles on Kinkazan and Yakushima Islands, Japan. No sampling was done during June and September on Kinkazan, and during May on Yakushima. Numbers above the bars are the number of trap nights.
FIGURE 1 in Hortiboletus kohistanensis (Boletaceae), a new bolete species from temperate and subalpine oak forests of Pakistan
FIGURE 1. Hortiboletus kohistanensis (LAH35327):A, B, E, F: Fresh basidiomata in habitat showing distinct features. C, D: Hymenophore with brown color change. G: Pileus surface. H: Stipe surface. Photos by Dr. Abdul Nasir Khalid
FIGURE 3 in Hortiboletus kohistanensis (Boletaceae), a new bolete species from temperate and subalpine oak forests of Pakistan
FIGURE 3. Line drawings of microscopic features of Hortiboletus kohistanensis (LAH35327). A: Basidia, B: Basidipospores; C: Cheilocystidia; D: Pleurocystidia; E: Stipitipellis; F: Pileipellis. Bars: A 3.12 μm; B 4.98 μm; C 3.4 μm; D 3.9 μm; E, F 9.4 μm. Drawings by Dr. Arooj Naseer
FIGURE 2 in Hortiboletus kohistanensis (Boletaceae), a new bolete species from temperate and subalpine oak forests of Pakistan
FIGURE 2. Microscopic features of Hortiboletus kohistanensis (LAH35327). A: Basidia; B, cystidia; C: Pileipellis with end cells; D–E: Stipitipellis; F: Basidium showing sterigmata and basidiospore attachment; G: Basidiospore. Photos by Dr. Arooj Naseer
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.