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FIGURE 12. Lithosoma novaezelandiae. USNM 1100883. A. Abactinal surface. B in Taxonomy of high-latitude Goniasteridae (Subantarctic & Antarctic): one new genus, and three new species with an overview and key to taxa

FIGURE 12. Lithosoma novaezelandiae. USNM 1100883. A. Abactinal surface. B. Close up of abactinal plates and madreporite. C. Lateral view of marginal plate series. D. Actinal surface. Scale Bar= 0.5 cm.

FIGURE 2. Ceramaster patagonicus USNM 1122413. A. Abactinal surface. B in Taxonomy of high-latitude Goniasteridae (Subantarctic & Antarctic): one new genus, and three new species with an overview and key to taxa

FIGURE 2. Ceramaster patagonicus USNM 1122413. A. Abactinal surface. B. (inset) Madreporite and close-up of abactinal plates. C. Lateral view-Superomarginal and inferomarginal plates (top series and bottom series respectively). D. Pedicellariae on marginal plates. E. Tube foot groove and furrow spines. F. Actinal surface. USNM 1121285. G. Penultimate superomarginals on smaller specimen. Scale Bar= 0.5 cm.

FIGURE 1. Ceramaster patagonicus australis. USNM 1121579. A. Abactinal surface. B in Taxonomy of high-latitude Goniasteridae (Subantarctic & Antarctic): one new genus, and three new species with an overview and key to taxa

FIGURE 1. Ceramaster patagonicus australis. USNM 1121579. A. Abactinal surface. B. Close-up of abactinal plates. C. Close-up of armtip showing superomarginal plate series. D. Actinal surface. E. Close-up of actinal surface showing mouth and furrow spination. Scale Bar = 0.5 cm.

FIGURE 9 in Taxonomy of high-latitude Goniasteridae (Subantarctic & Antarctic): one new genus, and three new species with an overview and key to taxa

FIGURE 9. Cladaster analogus. "small form" USNM 1116312. A. Abactinal surface. B. Close-up of abactinal plates and granules. C. Actinal surface. D. Armtip showing penultimate superomarginal plates. Scale Bar = 0.5 cm.

FIGURE 18. Sphaeridiscus mirabilis. USNM 1116242. A. Abactinal surface. B in Taxonomy of high-latitude Goniasteridae (Subantarctic & Antarctic): one new genus, and three new species with an overview and key to taxa

FIGURE 18. Sphaeridiscus mirabilis. USNM 1116242. A. Abactinal surface. B. Close up of abactinal plates. C. Actinal surface. D. Close up of penultimate superomarginals not enlarged in smaller specimen. CASIZ 174584. E. Penultimate superomarginal enlarged.

FIGURE 6. Chitonaster johannae. USNM E13501. A in Taxonomy of high-latitude Goniasteridae (Subantarctic & Antarctic): one new genus, and three new species with an overview and key to taxa

FIGURE 6. Chitonaster johannae. USNM E13501. A. (inset) Coelomic view of abactinal surface showing overlapping plates with papular pores absent. USNM 1018953 B. Abactinal surface. C. Close up of abactinal surface showing granules and pedicellariae. D. Abactinal view of armtip showing rows of spines/granules. E. Actinal surface. F. Lateral view showing marginal plate series. USNM E13501.G. Close up of actinal intermediate and furrow area with trivalve pedicellariae. Scale Bar= 0.5 cm.

FIGURE 8 in Taxonomy of high-latitude Goniasteridae (Subantarctic & Antarctic): one new genus, and three new species with an overview and key to taxa

FIGURE 8. Cladaster analogus "big form" USNM 1091176. A. Abactinal surface. B. Close-up of abactinal plates. C. Actinal surface. D. Lateral view of superomarginal and inferomarginal plates.

FIGURE 5. Chitonaster felli. USNM 1018861. A. Abactinal surface. B. Actinal surface. C.Marginal plate series. D in Taxonomy of high-latitude Goniasteridae (Subantarctic & Antarctic): one new genus, and three new species with an overview and key to taxa

FIGURE 5. Chitonaster felli. USNM 1018861. A. Abactinal surface. B. Actinal surface. C.Marginal plate series. D. Close-up of enlarged pedicellariae on actinal intermediate surface. Scale Bar = 0.5 cm.

FIGURE 17. Pillsburiaster calvus n in Taxonomy of high-latitude Goniasteridae (Subantarctic & Antarctic): one new genus, and three new species with an overview and key to taxa

FIGURE 17. Pillsburiaster calvus n. sp. Holotype. USNM 1149357. A. Abactinal surface. B. (inset) Closeup of abactinal surface. C. Abactinal surface of armtip. D. Lateral side showing marginal plates. E. Actinal surface.Scale Bar=0.5 cm.

FIGURE 14 in Taxonomy of high-latitude Goniasteridae (Subantarctic & Antarctic): one new genus, and three new species with an overview and key to taxa

FIGURE 14. Pergamaster incertus (USNM 1081793) A. Abactinal surface. B. (inset) Close up of abactinal plates and madreporite. C. Abactinal view of arm showing superomarginals not abutted. D. Actinal surface and furrow spines. E. Lateral view of marginal plate series. USNM E13415 (ex. P. synaptorus) F. Abactinal arm showing abutted superomarginals over midline. Scale Bar= 0.5 cm.

FIGURE 13. Notioceramus anomalus. USNM E13723. A. Abactinal surface. B in Taxonomy of high-latitude Goniasteridae (Subantarctic & Antarctic): one new genus, and three new species with an overview and key to taxa

FIGURE 13. Notioceramus anomalus. USNM E13723. A. Abactinal surface. B. Close-up of abactinal granules. C. Actinal surface. D. Lateral view of superomarginals and inferomarginals.

FIGURES 16–18. Isochlora grumi male genitalia. 16. I in Three new taxa of Noctuidae from China (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

FIGURES 16–18. Isochlora grumi male genitalia. 16. I. grumi multirosea, HT, China, W. Sichuan, PGY4467m (PGM/HNHM); 17. I. grumi multirosea, PT, China, W. Sichuan, PGY4468m (PGM); 18. I. grumi grumi, Russia, Chita region, PGY4490m (PGM).

FIGURES 1–8. Subleuconycta & Isochlora spp. adults. 1. S in Three new taxa of Noctuidae from China (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

FIGURES 1–8. Subleuconycta & Isochlora spp. adults. 1. S. sola male, HT, China, W. Sichuan, PGY2935m (PGM/HNHM); 2. S. palshkovi, male, S. E. Russia, Vladivostok reg., PGY4689m (PGM); 3. S. calonesiota, male, HT, Taiwan, Tai–Tung prov., KA1046m (HNHM); 4. I. grumi multirosea ssp.n., male, HT, China, W. Sichuan, PGY4467m (PGM/HNHM); 5. I. grumi multirosea ssp.n., male, PT, China, W. Sichuan, PGY4468m (PGM); 6. I. grumi multirosea ssp.n., male, PT, China, W. Sichuan (AFM); 7. I. grumi grumi, male, Russia, Chita region, PGY4490m (PGM); 8. I. grumi grumi, female, China, Qinghai.

FIGURES 9–12 in Three new taxa of Noctuidae from China (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

FIGURES 9–12. Polia spp., males, adults. 9. P. atrax vargai. HT, China, Gansu, PGY4631m (PGM/HNHM); 10. P. atrax vargai, PT, China, Gansu, (MDS); 11. P. atrax atrax, HT, China, N. Yunnan, VZ8945m (ZFMK); 12. P. atrax atrax, China, N. Yunnan, PGY4444m (PGM).

FIGURES 13–15. Subleuconycta spp. male genitalia. 13. S in Three new taxa of Noctuidae from China (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

FIGURES 13–15. Subleuconycta spp. male genitalia. 13. S. sola. HT, W. Sichuan, PGY2935m (PGM/HNHM); 14. S. palshkovi, S. E. Rusia, Vladivostok reg., PGY4689m (PGM); 15. S. calonesiota, HT, Taiwan, Tai–Tung prov., KA1046m (HNHM).

FIGURES 19–21. Polia atrax male genitalia. 19. P in Three new taxa of Noctuidae from China (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

FIGURES 19–21. Polia atrax male genitalia. 19. P. atrax vargai, HT, China, Gansu, PGY4631m (PGM/HNHM); 20. P. atrax atrax, HT, China, N. Yunnan, VZ8945m (ZFMK); 21. P. atrax atrax, China, N. Yunnan, PGY4444m (PGM).

Fig. 7. Cisandina philippa n in Systematic Revision of a New Butterfly Genus, Cisandina Nakahara & Espeland, n. gen., with Descriptions of Three New Taxa (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae)

Fig. 7. Cisandina philippa n. comb. & reinst. stat. head capsule illustration based on 2020-FLP-IMM-0336: (a) penultimate instar in frontal view; (b) last instar in frontal view. Cisandina castanya n. sp. head capsule illustrations based on 2020-FLP-IMM-0188: c) second instar in frontal view; (d) third instar in frontal view; (e) fourth (last) instar in frontal view. Scale bar = 1 mm.

Fig. 6. Cisandina n. gen. immature stages, C. philippa n in Systematic Revision of a New Butterfly Genus, Cisandina Nakahara & Espeland, n. gen., with Descriptions of Three New Taxa (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae)

Fig. 6. Cisandina n. gen. immature stages, C. philippa n. comb. & reinst. stat. based on 2020-FLP-IMM-0336: (a) penultimate instar in dorso-lateral view; (b) last instar in dorso-lateral view; (c) host plant of C. philippa n. comb. & reinst. stat., Taquara micrantha (Poaceae) in situ; (d) inflorescence material of (c); C. castanya n. sp. based on 2020-FLP-IMM-0188: (e) second instar in lateral view; (f) third instar in lateral view; (g) fourth instar in lateral view; (h) pupa in lateral view; (i) pupa in ventral view; (j) host plant of C. castanya n. sp., Olyra latifolia (Poaceae) in situ. Scale bar = 1 mm for a, b, e-g; 5 mm for h, i.

Fig. 4. Cisandina n. gen. female genitalia, C. lea n in Systematic Revision of a New Butterfly Genus, Cisandina Nakahara & Espeland, n. gen., with Descriptions of Three New Taxa (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae)

Fig. 4. Cisandina n. gen. female genitalia, C. lea n. comb.: (a) dorsal view of genitalia with intersegmental membrane of seventh and eighth abdominal segments folded; illustration showing arrangement of signa below (not to scale); (b) ventral view of lamella antevaginalis with intersegmental membrane of 7th and 8th abdominal segments expanded ([a and b] based on dissection SN-20-53); C. philippa n. comb. & reinst. stat.: (c) dorsal view of genitalia with intersegmental membrane of seventh and eighth abdominal segments expanded; illustration showing arrangement of signa to right (not to scale); (d) ventral view of lamella antevaginalis with intersegmental membrane of seventh and eighth abdominal segments expanded ([c and d] based on dissection SN-20-11); C. castanya n. sp.: (e) dorsal view of genitalia with intersegmental membrane of seventh and eighth abdominal segments folded; (f) ventral view of lamella antevaginalis with intersegmental membrane of seventh and eighth abdominal segments expanded ([e and f] based on dissection SN-20-13); C. fida n. comb.: (g) dorsal view of genitalia with intersegmental membrane of seventh and eighth abdominal segments folded; (h) ventral view of lamella antevaginalis with intersegmental membrane of 7th and 8th abdominal segments expanded ([g and h] based on dissection SN-15-180); C. sanmarcos n. comb.: (i) female genitalia

Fig. 3. Cisandina n. gen. male genitalia, C. lea n in Systematic Revision of a New Butterfly Genus, Cisandina Nakahara & Espeland, n. gen., with Descriptions of Three New Taxa (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae)

Fig. 3. Cisandina n. gen. male genitalia, C. lea n. comb.: (a) lateral view of genitalic capsule without phallus; (b) posterior view of juxta; (c) lateral view of phallus; (d) posterior view of genitalic capsule indicating the reduced appendices angulares ([a to c] based on dissection KW-14-18, [d] based on dissection SN-20-16); C. esmeralda n. sp.: (e) lateral view of genitalic capsule without phallus; (f) posterior view of juxta; (g) lateral view of phallus (e to g) based on dissection SN-20- 14); C. philippa n. comb. & reinst. stat.: (h) lateral view of genitalic capsule with phallus; (i) posterior view of juxta; (j) lateral view of phallus ([h to j] based on dissection SN-20-34); C. castanya n. sp.: (k) lateral view of genitalic capsule without phallus; (l) posterior view of juxta; (m) lateral view of phallus; (n) vesica everted to visualize cornuti ([k to m] based on dissection SN-20-12, [n] based on SN-20-32); C. fida n. comb.: (o) lateral view of genitalic capsule without phallus; (p) posterior view of juxta; (q) lateral view of phallus ([o to q] based on dissection SN-20-40); C. sanmarcos n. comb.: (r) lateral view of genitalic capsule with phallus; (s) posterior view of juxta; (t) lateral view of phallus ([r to t] based on dissection SN-14-149); C. trinitesis n. comb.: (u) lateral view of genitalic capsule without phallus; (v) posterior view of juxta; (w) lateral view of phallus ([u to w] based on dissection SN-20-84). Scale bar = 1 mm. Drawings of C. sanmarcos n. comb. are reproduced from Nakahara et al. (2018a).