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622 results for “vitals”
Figure 1 from: Aiello D, Vitale A, Polizzi G, Voglmayr H (2020) Ochraceocephala foeniculi gen. et sp. nov., a new pathogen causing crown rot of fennel in Italy. MycoKeys 66: 1-22. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.66.48389
Figure 1 Symptoms caused by Ochraceocephala foeniculi on fennel plants. a, b Necrotic lesions and crown rot on 'Narciso' cultivar. c, d Necrotic lesions and crown rot on 'Apollo' cultivar. e Symptoms on artificially inoculated seedlings of 'Pompeo' cultivar.
Figure 2 from: Aiello D, Vitale A, Polizzi G, Voglmayr H (2020) Ochraceocephala foeniculi gen. et sp. nov., a new pathogen causing crown rot of fennel in Italy. MycoKeys 66: 1-22. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.66.48389
Figure 2 Phylogram of the best ML tree (–lnL = 14211.5558) revealed by RAxML from an analysis of the combined SSU-ITS-LSU matrix of selected Leptosphaeriaceae, showing the phylogenetic position of Ochraceocephala foeniculi (bold red). Taxa in bold black denote new combinations proposed here. ML and MP bootstrap support above 50% are given above or below the branches.
Data from: Vitally important – does early innate immunity predict recruitment and adult innate immunity?
The immune system is one of the most important adaptations that has evolved to protect animals from a wide range of pathogens they encounter from early life onwards. During the early developmental period this is particularly true for the innate immunity, as other components of the immune system are, as yet, poorly developed. But innate immunity may not only be crucial for early life survival, but may also have long-lasting effects, for example if early life immunity reflects the functioning of the immune system as a whole. For this reason, we investigated the importance of four constitutive innate immune parameters (natural antibodies, complement activity, concentrations of haptoglobin, and concentrations of nitric oxide) for recruitment in free-living great tits. We compared nestling immunity of recruits with nestling immunity of their nonrecruited siblings. We also investigated within individual consistency of these innate immune parameters for those individuals that recruited, which may be taken as a measure of immune capacity. In accordance with previous studies, we found a clear effect of tarsus length and a trend for body mass on the likelihood to recruit. Nevertheless, we found no evidence that higher levels of constitutive innate immunity as a nestling facilitated local recruitment. Furthermore, individual innate immunity was not consistent across life stages, that is to say, nestling immune parameters did not determine, or respectively, reflect adult innate immune parameters. This plasticity in innate immune components may explain why we did not find long-lasting survival benefits.
Data from: Low demographic variability in wild primate populations: fitness impacts of variation, covariation, and serial correlation in vital rates
In a stochastic environment, long-term fitness can be influenced by variation, covariation, and serial correlation in vital rates (survival and fertility). Yet no study of an animal population has parsed the contributions of these three aspects of variability to long-term fitness. We do so using a unique database that includes complete life history information for wild-living individuals of seven primate species that have been the subjects of long-term (22 to 45 year) behavioral studies. Overall, the estimated levels of vital rate variation had only minor effects on long-term fitness, and the effects of vital rate covariation and serial correlation were even weaker. To explore why, we compared estimated variances of adult survival in primates to values for other vertebrates in the literature, and found that adult survival is significantly less variable in primates than in the other vertebrates. Finally, we tested the prediction that adult survival, because it more strongly influences fitness in a constant environment, will be less variable than newborn survival, and found only mixed support for the prediction. Our results suggest that wild primates may be buffered against detrimental fitness effects of environmental stochasticity by their highly developed cognitive abilities, social networks, and broad, flexible diets.
First-in-human trial of an ingestible vitals-monitoring pill
<p>Study data and code as published in DEVICE, November 17, 2023</p>
Fitness benefit plays a vital role in the retention of the Pi-ta susceptible alleles
<p>In plants, large numbers of <i>R</i> genes, which segregate as loci with alternative alleles conferring different resistance to pathogens, have been maintained over a long evolutionary time. In theory, there seem to be no reason for hosts to harbor susceptible alleles in view of their null contribution to resistance. As such, why should populations support disease-susceptible individuals along with disease-resistant individuals? In rice, a single copy gene <i>Pi-at</i> segregates for two expressed clades of alleles, one resistant and the other susceptible. We simulated loss-of-function of the <i>Pi-ta</i> susceptible allele using the CRISPR/Cas9 system to detect subsequent fitness changes and obtained insights into fitness effects on retention of the <i>Pi-ta</i> susceptible allele. Our creation of artificial knockout of the <i>Pi-ta</i> susceptible allele suffered a fitness decline of up to 49% in term of filled grains yield upon the loss of <i>Pi-ta</i>'s function. The <i>Pi-ta</i> susceptible alleles might serve as an off-switch to the downstream immune signaling, thus contributing to fine-tuning of plant defense response. These findings highlight the interplay between genetic architecture and fitness effects of segregating <i>R</i> gene alleles and also provide a plausible explanation how host genomes can tolerate the possible genetic load associated with a vast repertoire of <i>R</i> genes. This attempt to evaluate the fitness effect of the <i>R</i> gene in crop will bring some clues to researchers and breeders that not all disease resistant genes will bring fitness cost as universally acknowledged.</p>
Data from: Identifying 'vital attributes' for assessing disturbance-recovery potential of seafloor communities
<p>Soft-sediment macrofaunal community data used in "Identifying 'vital attributes' for assessing disturbance-recovery potential of seafloor communities" in <em>Ecology and Evolution</em>.</p> <p>Data is macrofauna community data from two soft-sediment disturbance recovery experiments conducted in the Tvärminne-Hanko Archipelago in the Baltic Sea, and Kawau Bay in New Zealand.</p>
Data to accompany dissertation: Geographic, Cultural, and Ecological Correlations with Indigenous Language Vitality in North America
<p>Text files:</p> <ul> <li>readme_general.txt contains a brief description of files included.</li> <li>readme_modeldata.txt contains a metadata description of model_data.csv.</li> <li>readme_languageslandNorthAmerica.txt contains a metadata description of Languages_land_NorthAmerica.csv.</li> <li>readme_languagerevitalizationdatabase.txt contains a metadata description of Language_revitalization_database.csv.</li> </ul> <p>CSV files:</p> <ul> <li>Languages_land_NorthAmerica.csv is a version of the Languages of Government-Recognized Native Land Areas in the Continental United States database. It includes data from the US Census 2017 TIGER/Line AIANNH shapefile with one row per Native land area and additional columns for associated information that was coded and calculated for this dissertation as discussed in Section 3.3.1.</li> <li>Language_revitalization_database.csv is the Language Revitalization Database. It contains the master language list used for this dissertation and columns created while coding data for the language revitalization variable, as discussed in Section 3.3.2.</li> <li>model_data.csv contains data for all variables used in the analysis and is the .csv file needed to run LanguageVitalityModels.R.</li> </ul> <p>R scripts:</p> <ul> <li>LanguageVitalityModels.R is the R script for the main part of the dissertation analysis.</li> </ul>
Figure 6 from: Vitale S, Aiello D, Guarnaccia V, Luongo L, Galli M, Crous PW, Polizzi G, Belisario A, Voglmayr H (2018) Liberomyces pistaciae sp. nov., the causal agent of pistachio cankers and decline in Italy. MycoKeys 40: 29-51. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.40.28636
Figure 6 Liberomycespistaciae. a–d Cultures (aMEA, 6 weeks, 22 °C bCMD, 6 weeks, 22 °C cPDA, 3 weeks, 25 °C dPDA, 2 weeks, 25 °C) e Pycnidia produced on artificially inoculated sterilised pistachio twigs f–h Pycnidia in face view on MEAi Pycnidial wall in face view j–n Conidiophores and conidiogenous cells o–q Conidiogenous cells (o young p, q showing sympodial conidiation) r Conidia. All in water. Sources: a–c, f–r ex-holotype strain ISPaVe1958 = CBS 128196 d, e PV1= CPC 31292. Scale bars: 500 µm (e, f); 200 µm (g, h); 10 µm (i–l); 5 µm (m–r).
Figure 7 from: Vitale S, Aiello D, Guarnaccia V, Luongo L, Galli M, Crous PW, Polizzi G, Belisario A, Voglmayr H (2018) Liberomyces pistaciae sp. nov., the causal agent of pistachio cankers and decline in Italy. MycoKeys 40: 29-51. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.40.28636
Figure 7 Asteromellapistaciarum W 1973-15537 (lectotype). a, b Pycnidia in leaf in face view c–e Pycnidia embedded in leaf in vertical section f Pycnidial wall with phialides and conidia in vertical section g Pycnidial wall in tangential section h–l Conidiophores and conidiogenous cells m Conidia. Scale bars: 10 mm (a); 100 µm (b); 20 µm (c–e); 10 µm (f–l); 5 µm (m).
Figure 3 from: Vitale S, Aiello D, Guarnaccia V, Luongo L, Galli M, Crous PW, Polizzi G, Belisario A, Voglmayr H (2018) Liberomyces pistaciae sp. nov., the causal agent of pistachio cankers and decline in Italy. MycoKeys 40: 29-51. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.40.28636
Figure 3 Temperature-growth relationships of the holotype isolate ISPaVe1958 compared to the more recent isolate ISPaVe2148 of Liberomycespistaciae on 1.5% MEA. Mean growth rates (mm) plus and minus the standard deviation, calculated on three replicates after 21 d of incubation, are shown.
Figure 4 from: Vitale S, Aiello D, Guarnaccia V, Luongo L, Galli M, Crous PW, Polizzi G, Belisario A, Voglmayr H (2018) Liberomyces pistaciae sp. nov., the causal agent of pistachio cankers and decline in Italy. MycoKeys 40: 29-51. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.40.28636
Figure 4 Phylogram of the best ML tree (-lnL = 19486.775) revealed by RAxML from an analysis of the combined ITS-LSU matrix of selected Xylariales, showing the phylogenetic position of Liberomycespistaciae (bold) within Delonicicolaceae. ML and MP bootstrap support above 50% are given above or below the branches.
Figure 2 from: Vitale S, Aiello D, Guarnaccia V, Luongo L, Galli M, Crous PW, Polizzi G, Belisario A, Voglmayr H (2018) Liberomyces pistaciae sp. nov., the causal agent of pistachio cankers and decline in Italy. MycoKeys 40: 29-51. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.40.28636
Figure 2 Symptoms reproduced from mycelial plug inoculation with Liberomycespistaciae on 5-year-old potted plants of Pistaciavera. Stem symptoms after a, b 3 wks c 6 months d, e 12 months f, g Cankers on twigs.
Figure 1 from: Vitale S, Aiello D, Guarnaccia V, Luongo L, Galli M, Crous PW, Polizzi G, Belisario A, Voglmayr H (2018) Liberomyces pistaciae sp. nov., the causal agent of pistachio cankers and decline in Italy. MycoKeys 40: 29-51. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.40.28636
Figure 1 Symptoms caused by Liberomycespistaciae on Pistaciavera in vivo. a Plant killed by canker on trunk b Twigs dieback c, d Shoots wilted on infected twig e Gum and cracking of the trunk f, g Internal tissue of trunk cankers h Gum exudation on branch i Internal dark discolouration in cross section of branch j Necrotic tissue in longitudinal section of twig k, l External and internal cankers on twigs.
Figure 5 from: Vitale S, Aiello D, Guarnaccia V, Luongo L, Galli M, Crous PW, Polizzi G, Belisario A, Voglmayr H (2018) Liberomyces pistaciae sp. nov., the causal agent of pistachio cankers and decline in Italy. MycoKeys 40: 29-51. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.40.28636
Figure 5 Phylogram of the best ML tree (-lnL = 12820.324) revealed by RAxML from an analysis of the combined ITS-rpb2-tub2 matrix of selected Xylariales, showing the phylogenetic position of Liberomycespistaciae (bold) within Delonicicolaceae. The tree was rooted with two species of Diaporthales (Diaporthelimonicola, Juglanconisjuglandina). ML and MP bootstrap support above 50% are given above the branches.
Supplementary material 1 from: Vitale S, Aiello D, Guarnaccia V, Luongo L, Galli M, Crous PW, Polizzi G, Belisario A, Voglmayr H (2018) Liberomyces pistaciae sp. nov., the causal agent of pistachio cankers and decline in Italy. MycoKeys 40: 29-51. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.40.28636
Information on Liberomycespistaciae isolates used in this study :
Explaining illness with evil: Pathogen prevalence fosters moral vitalism
<p class="MsoTitle"><span><span>Pathogens represent a significant threat to human health leading to the emergence of </span><span>strategies designed to help manage their negative impact. We examined how spiritual beliefs developed to explain and predict the devastating effects of pathogens and spread of infectious disease. Analysis of existing data in Studies 1 and 2 suggests that moral vitalism (beliefs about spiritual forces of evil) is higher in geographical regions characterized by historical higher levels of pathogens. Furthermore, drawing on a sample of 3,140 participants from 28 countries in Study 3, we found that historical higher levels of pathogens were associated with stronger endorsement of moral vitalistic beliefs. Furthermore, endorsement of moral vitalistic beliefs statistically mediated the previously reported relationship between pathogen prevalence and conservative ideologies, suggesting these beliefs reinforce behavioral strategies which function to prevent infection. We conclude that moral vitalism may be adaptive: by emphasizing concerns over contagion, it provided an explanatory model that enabled human groups to reduce rates of contagious disease. </span></span></p>
Patterns of niche contraction identify vital refuge areas for declining mammals
<p><i>Aim</i></p> <p>Investigation of realised niche contraction in declining species can help us understand how and where threats are being either mediated or tolerated across landscapes. It also provides insights into species' sensitivity to environmental change that are unable to be identified through analysis of declines in range size or abundance alone. Here, we apply the recently proposed 'niche reduction hypothesis' to investigate relationships between trends in niche breadth and geographic distribution of declining species.</p> <p><i>Location</i></p> <p>Northern Australia</p> <p><i>Methods</i></p> <p>We compare and contrast contemporary and historical datasets to examine the relationship between extent of occurrence (EOO) and realised niche hypervolume, and investigate changes in species' utilisation of environmental space through time via generalised linear modelling and bootstrapping of historical values. We also use the 'Maxent' algorithm to create and stack contemporary and historical ecological niche models (ENMs) and identify regions where resilience to threatening processes is maximised.</p> <p><i>Results</i></p> <p>We found larger mean reductions in niche hypervolume (39%) than EOO (30.5%), with little correlation (<i>r</i> = 0.07) between the two measures, suggesting that contraction of realised niche breadth can be largely independent of reduction in EOO. We also identified a general set of environmental conditions towards which species' realised niches contracted. <a name="_Hlk40866810">Comparison of stacked ENMs allowed us to identify regions of natural refuge </a>where environmental conditions are associated with increased species resilience to threats, and conversely, regions where habitat suitability has declined.</p> <p><i>Main conclusions</i></p> <p>Examining species declines from an ecological niche perspective provides a powerful tool for understanding how environmental conditions, biotic interactions, and species traits shape responses to local and global environmental changes. Quantifying reductions in niche breadth is crucial as contraction to a narrower subset of environmental space can reduce a species' ability to tolerate other threats and potentially lower adaptive capacity and genetic diversity, increasing extinction risk.</p>
Supplementary material 1 from: Bartolucci F, Domina G, Adorni M, Andreatta S, Angiolini C, Bacchetta G, Banfi E, Barberis D, Bertani G, Bonari G, Buccomino G, Calvia G, Caputo P, Cavallaro V, Conti F, Cuena-Lombraña A, D'Aleo F, D'Amico FS, De Fine G, Del Guacchio E, De Matteis Tortora M, De Santis E, Fois M, Di Pietro F, Di Pietro R, Fanfarillo E, Fiaschi T, Forte L, Galasso G, Laface VLA, Lallai A, Lonati M, Longo C, Longo D, Magrini M, Mei G, Menghi L, Menini F, Morabito A, Musarella CM, Nota G, Palermo DC, Passalacqua NG, Pazienza G, Peruzzi L, Pierini B, Pinzani L, Pisani G, Polverelli L, Prosser F, Salerno G, Salerno P, Santi F, Selvaggi A, Spampinato G, Stinca A, Terzi M, Valentini F, Vitale S, Wagensommer RP, Lastrucci L (2022) Notulae to the Italian native vascular flora: 14. Italian Botanist 14: 119-131. https://doi.org/10.3897/italianbotanist.14.97813
Supplementary data
Experimental video of integrated human tracking and vital sign monitoring
<p>Experimental video of integrated human tracking and vital sign monitoring.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
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