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Fig. 1 in Connecting systematic and ecological studies using DNA barcoding in a population survey of Drosophilidae (Diptera) from Mt Oku (Cameroon)

Fig. 1. Percent success and failure in obtaining a COI sequence from specimens. A. Total number of flies in the sample. B. Date of field collection (month indicated in lowercase Roman numerals). n = number of specimens used.

Fig. 6 in Morphometry and DNA barcoding reveal cryptic diversity in the genus Enteromius (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) from the Congo basin, Africa - Corrigendum

Fig. 6. Scatterplot of PC2 against PC1 for a PCA on 8 meristics (n = 60) of E. cf. miolepis (Boulenger, 1902) specimens from the Congo basin (excluding types): 'Kisangani region' 1 (◊), Ituri 1 (♦), Itimbiri (∆), Léfini (▲), Epulu 1 (○), Inkisi (●), Luapula 1 (□), Luki 1 (■), Luapula 2 (), Luapula 3 (▼), Ituri 2 (+), and Luki 2 (). Specimens from Luapula 1 and Luapula 2 can be separated from each other based on a PCA on the log-transformed measurements; specimens of Luki 2 fall separated when barbel lengths are included; specimens from 'Kisangani region' 1 and Itimbiri can be distinguished based on colour pattern.

Appendix 1 in Morphometry and DNA barcoding reveal cryptic diversity in the genus Enteromius (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) from the Congo basin, Africa

Appendix 1. List of the morphologically examined specimens. A. Non-type specimens. B. Type specimens.

Fig. 1 in Morphometry and DNA barcoding reveal cryptic diversity in the genus Enteromius (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) from the Congo basin, Africa

Fig. 1. Schematic representation of the four 'a priori' Enteromius groups with their characteristic morphological features (dorsal spine morphology and melanin pattern). A. E. cf. miolepis (Boulenger, 1902) (38.1–111.0 mm). B. E. cf. pellegrini (Poll, 1939) (40.7–81.3 mm). C. E. cf. brazzai (Pellegrin, 1901) (44.8–82.8 mm). D. E. cf. atromaculatus (Nichols & Griscom, 1917) (28.3–55.8 mm). Drawings modified from Bamba et al. (2011).

Fig. 5 in Morphometry and DNA barcoding reveal cryptic diversity in the genus Enteromius (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) from the Congo basin, Africa

Fig. 5. Scatterplot of PC2 against PC1 for a PCA on 10 meristics (n = 36) of E. cf. miolepis specimens from the Lower Congo: Inkisi (◊), Luki 1 (♦) and Luki 2 (∆). Also shown are the type specimens examined of: E. miolepis (Boulenger, 1902) (○), E. holotaenia (Boulenger, 1904) (●), E. eutaenia (Boulenger, 1904) (□) and E. kerstenii (Peters, 1868) (■).

Fig. 6 in Morphometry and DNA barcoding reveal cryptic diversity in the genus Enteromius (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) from the Congo basin, Africa

Fig. 6. Scatterplot of PC2 against PC1 for a PCA on 8 meristics (n = 60) of E. cf. miolepis (Boulenger, 1902) specimens from the Congo basin (excluding types): 'Kisangani region' 1 (◊), Ituri 1 (♦), Itimbiri (∆), Léfini (▲), Epulu 1 (○), Inkisi (●), Luapula 1 (□), Luki 1 (■), Luapula 2 (), Luapula 3 (▼), Ituri 2 (+), and Luki 2 (). Specimens from Luapula 1 and Luapula 2 can be separated from each other based on a PCA on the log-transformed measurements; specimens of Luki 2 fall separated when barbel lengths are included; specimens from Kisangani region' 1 and Itimbiri can be distinguished based on colour pattern.

Fig. 3 in Morphometry and DNA barcoding reveal cryptic diversity in the genus Enteromius (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) from the Congo basin, Africa

Fig. 3. Scatterplot of PC2 against PC1 for a PCA on 17 log-transformed measurements (n = 177) of Enteromius Cope, 1867: E. cf. miolepis (Boulenger, 1902) (◊), E. cf. brazzai (Pellegrin, 1901) (♦), E. cf. pellegrini (Poll, 1939) (∆), and E. cf. atromaculatus (Nichols & Griscom, 1917) (▲). Also shown are the type specimens examined of: E. miolepis (Boulenger, 1902) (○), E. holotaenia (Boulenger, 1904) (●), E. eutaenia (Boulenger, 1904) (□), E. kerstenii (Peters, 1868) (■), E. brazzai (Pellegrin, 1901) (), E. tshopoensis (De Vos, 1991) (▼), E. pellegrini (Poll, 1939) (+), and E. atromaculatus (Nichols & Griscom, 1917) ().

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Figure 2 from: Chen H-Y, Olmi M, Pang H, Liu J-X (2020) Application of DNA barcoding confirms the host of Gonatopus viet Olmi, 1986 (Hymenoptera, Dryinidae). ZooKeys 944: 115-120. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.944.53054

Figure 2 Gonatopus viet Olmi, female (SCAU 3040953) A habitus, lateral view B habitus, dorsal view C head and mesosoma, lateral view D head and mesosoma, dorsal view E head, anterior view F chela.

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Figure 1 from: Chen H-Y, Olmi M, Pang H, Liu J-X (2020) Application of DNA barcoding confirms the host of Gonatopus viet Olmi, 1986 (Hymenoptera, Dryinidae). ZooKeys 944: 115-120. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.944.53054

Figure 1 A, BStirellus capitatus (Distant, 1918) nymph parasitized by Gonatopus viet Olmi, 1986 (SCAU 3040955) A habitus, dorsal view B habitus, ventral view C, DStirellus capitatus (Distant, 1918) C habitus, female (SCAU 3040956), dorsal view D habitus, male (SCAU 3049598), dorsal view.

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Hidden introductions of freshwater red algae via the aquarium trade exposed by DNA barcodes

The global aquarium trade can introduce alien freshwater invaders, potentially impacting local aquatic ecosystems and their biodiversity. The role of the aquarium trade in spreading freshwater red macroalgae that hitchhike on ornamental aquatic plants and animals is unassessed. We investigated this human-mediated phenomenon via a broad biodiversity survey and genetic analysis of freshwater red algae in the field and aquarium shops in East Asia. Results We found 26 molecular operational taxonomic units (mOTUs) in Taiwan, some of which are cryptic. Phylogeographical analysis revealed three potential introduced mOTUs in Taiwan, which exhibit no local genetic variation in Taiwan and are distributed across continents. Also, we posit that some presumably endangered freshwater red algae may be preserved in aquaria, an unintentional ex situ conservation site for these organisms that are vulnerable to water pollution from anthropogenic disturbances. Main Conclusions Collectively, these data suggest that freshwater red algae have been hitchhiking and dispersed via the aquarium trade, an important and overlooked mechanism of introduction of these organisms across the globe.

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Supplementary material 1 from: Duarte S, Vieira PE, Costa FO (2020) Assessment of species gaps in DNA barcode libraries of non-indigenous species (NIS) occurring in European coastal regions. Metabarcoding and Metagenomics 4: e55162. https://doi.org/10.3897/mbmg.4.55162

Supplementary figures and tables used to analyse the data

Fig. 55. Maximum likelihood tree inferred from ITS2 in Description of a new species of Loxosceles Heineken & Lowe (Araneae, Sicariidae) recluse spiders from Hidalgo, Mexico, under integrative taxonomy: morphological and DNA barcoding data (CO1 + ITS2)

Fig. 55. Maximum likelihood tree inferred from ITS2 gene of species of Loxosceles Heineken & Lowe, 1832 from Mexico. Colors of branches and bars indicate different species. Numbers above bars represent the delimitation methods: 1 = morphology (M); 2 = neighbor joining (NJ); 3–4 = ABGD with initial partitions (IP); 5–7 = ABGD with recursive partitions (RP); 8 = GMYC yule analysis; 9 = GMYC coalescent analysis; 10 = bPTP with ML; 11 = bPTP with IB. Numbers below bars represent species recovered for each delimitation method. Red numbers on branches correspond to Bayesian posterior probabilities, black numbers are bootstrap support values from the ML analysis.

Figs 26–29 in Description of a new species of Loxosceles Heineken & Lowe (Araneae, Sicariidae) recluse spiders from Hidalgo, Mexico, under integrative taxonomy: morphological and DNA barcoding data (CO1 + ITS2)

Figs 26–29. Loxosceles tolantongo sp. nov. 26–27. Caparace of ♂ holotype (CNAN-T01317) and ♀ paratype (CNAN-T01321), respectively. 28–29. ♀ paratype (CNAN-T01321). 28. Seminal receptacles. 29. Genital area, ventral view. Scale bars: 26–27 = 1 mm; 28 = 0.2 mm; 29 = 0.5 mm.

Fig. 52 in Description of a new species of Loxosceles Heineken & Lowe (Araneae, Sicariidae) recluse spiders from Hidalgo, Mexico, under integrative taxonomy: morphological and DNA barcoding data (CO1 + ITS2)

Fig. 52. Neighbor joining tree constructed from CO1 data of nine species of Loxosceles Heineken & Lowe, 1832 from Mexico. Colors of branches indicate different species. Numbers on nodes are bootstrap support values. Red circle at node represents Loxosceles tolantongo sp. nov.

Figs 10–15 in Description of a new species of Loxosceles Heineken & Lowe (Araneae, Sicariidae) recluse spiders from Hidalgo, Mexico, under integrative taxonomy: morphological and DNA barcoding data (CO1 + ITS2)

Figs 10–15. Habitat and microhabitat of Loxosceles tolantongo sp. nov. 10–11. Xerophytic forest from the type locality: Tourist Center Grutas de Tolantongo, Municipality of Cardonal, Hidalgo, Mexico. 12–15. Microhabitat situated 500 m west of entrance No. 5 to the Tourist Center Grutas de Tolantongo, Municipality of Cardonal, Hidalgo, Mexico (arrows indicate the microhabitat where the specimens can be found: under big rocks and inside of rotten and dry agave plants). Photos 10, 12–14 by Claudia Isabel Navarro-Rodríguez (2018); photos 11, 15 by Alejandro Valdez-Mondragón (2018).

Figs. 50–51 in Description of a new species of Loxosceles Heineken & Lowe (Araneae, Sicariidae) recluse spiders from Hidalgo, Mexico, under integrative taxonomy: morphological and DNA barcoding data (CO1 + ITS2)

Figs. 50–51. Distribution records of Loxosceles tolantongo sp. nov. from Hidalgo. 50. Known records of Loxosceles tolantongo sp. nov. from the Tourist Center Grutas de Tolantongo, Municipality of Cardonal, Hidalgo, including the type locality. 51. Distribution records of the four species of Loxosceles from Hidalgo, Mexico. Abbreviations: HGO = Hidalgo; MEX = Estado de Mexico; PUE = Puebla; SLP = San Luis Potosí; VER = Veracruz.

Figs 16–19 in Description of a new species of Loxosceles Heineken & Lowe (Araneae, Sicariidae) recluse spiders from Hidalgo, Mexico, under integrative taxonomy: morphological and DNA barcoding data (CO1 + ITS2)

Figs 16–19. Loxosceles tolantongo sp. nov. 16–17. Habitus of ♂ holotype (CNAN-T01317), dorsal and ventral views, respectively. 18–19. Habitus of ♀ paratype (CNAN-T01321), dorsal and ventral views, respectively. Scale bars = 2 mm.

Figs 44–49 in Description of a new species of Loxosceles Heineken & Lowe (Araneae, Sicariidae) recluse spiders from Hidalgo, Mexico, under integrative taxonomy: morphological and DNA barcoding data (CO1 + ITS2)

Figs 44–49. Loxosceles jaca Gertsch & Ennik, 1983. 44–46. Left palp, prolateral, dorsal and retrolateral views respectively. 47–49. Detail of the bulb and the embolus: retrolateral, dorsal and apical views, respectively. Scale bars: 44–46 = 0.5 mm; 47–49 = 0.2 mm.

Figs 6–9 in Description of a new species of Loxosceles Heineken & Lowe (Araneae, Sicariidae) recluse spiders from Hidalgo, Mexico, under integrative taxonomy: morphological and DNA barcoding data (CO1 + ITS2)

Figs 6–9. Live female paratype (CNAN-T01321) of Loxosceles tolantongo sp. nov. from the type locality: Tourist Center Grutas de Tolantongo Municipality of Cardonal, Hidalgo, Mexico. Photos 6–7 by Alejandro Valdez-Mondragón (2019); photos 8–9 by Claudia Isabel Navarro-Rodríguez (2019).

Figs 1–5 in Description of a new species of Loxosceles Heineken & Lowe (Araneae, Sicariidae) recluse spiders from Hidalgo, Mexico, under integrative taxonomy: morphological and DNA barcoding data (CO1 + ITS2)

Figs 1–5. Live male holotype (CNAN-T01317) of Loxosceles tolantongo sp. nov. from the type locality: Tourist Center Grutas de Tolantongo, Municipality of Cardonal, Hidalgo, Mexico. Photos 1–4 by Alejandro Valdez-Mondragón (2019); photo 5 by Claudia Isabel Navarro-Rodríguez (2019).