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FIGURE 4 in Strobilomyces minor (Boletaceae), a new species associated with fagaceous plants in Central China

FIGURE 4. SEM of basidiospores of Strobilomyces minor from dried specimen (HKAS 101909, holotype). Photos by Jian-Wei Liu.

FIGURE 3 in Strobilomyces minor (Boletaceae), a new species associated with fagaceous plants in Central China

FIGURE 3. Microscopic characters of Strobilomyces minor (HKAS 101909, holotype). a. Basidia and pleurocystidium; b. Cheilocystidia; c. Pileipellis. Bars = 10 μm. Drawings by Li-Hong Han.

FIGURE 1 in Strobilomyces minor (Boletaceae), a new species associated with fagaceous plants in Central China

FIGURE 1. Maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree of Strobilomyces generated from the combined dataset (rpb1, rpb2, tef1 and cox3). Bootstrap values>50% for ML and PP>0.95 for BI are shown along the branches. The new species is shown in bold face.

FIGURE 2 in Strobilomyces minor (Boletaceae), a new species associated with fagaceous plants in Central China

FIGURE 2. Basidiomes of Strobilomyces minor. a. Basidiomes (HKAS 101909, holotype). b. Grayish black to light rusty red color change when cut (image taken immediately after sectioning) (HKAS 101909, holotype). Bars = 1 cm. Photos by Li-Hong Han.

opencc-by-4.0Oct 2024View details →

Table 5 in Three new species of Spongiopsyllus Johnsson, 2000 (Copepoda: Siphonostomatoida: Entomolepididae) associated with Aplysina cauliformis (Carter, 1882) (Porifera: Demospongiae) from Todos-os-Santos Bay, Northeastern Brazil

Table 5. Hosts of Entomolepididae Brady, 1899.<table><tbody><tr><th>Species of Entomolepididae Brady, 1899</th><th>Hosts</th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th>Entomolepis hamondi McKinnon, 1988</th><td>Tunicata Lamarck, 1816 (Chordata Dallas, 1875)</td></tr><tr><th>Entomolepis ovalis Brady, 1899</th><td>mud</td></tr><tr><th>Entomopsyllus adriae (Eiselt, 1959)</th><td>Aplysina aerophoba (Nardo, 1833) (Porifera Grant, 1836) Aplysina cavernicola (Vacelet, 1959) (Porifera)</td></tr><tr><th>Entomopsyllus brevicaudatus Lee & Kim 2017</th><td>unidentified sponges (Porifera)</td></tr><tr><th>Entomopsyllus nichollsi McKinnon, 1988</th><td>plankton (unknown)</td></tr><tr><th>Entomopsyllus stocki Kim, 2004</th><td>Tubipora musica Linnaeus, 1758 (Cnidaria Hatschek, 1888)</td></tr><tr><th>Entomopsyllus takara Uyeno & Johnsson, 2018</th><td>Heliopora coerulea (Pallas, 1766) (Cnidaria) Distichopora violacea (Pallas, 1766) (Cnidaria)</td></tr><tr><th>Lepeopsyllus ovalis Thompson & Scott, 1903</th><td>general invertebrates</td></tr><tr><th>Lepeopsyllus typicus Thompson & Scott, 1903</th><td>oyster washings (Mollusca Cuvier, 1797)</td></tr><tr><th>Paralepeopsyllus dambayensis Lee & Kim, 2017</th><td>unidentified sponges (Porifera)</td></tr><tr><th>Paralepeopsyllus leei Lee & Kim, 2017</th><td>unidentified sponges (Porifera)</td></tr><tr><th>Paralepeopsyllus mannarensis Ummerkutty, 1960</th><td>sponges (Porifera) crinoids (Echinodermata Bruguière, 1791 [ex Klein, 1734])</td></tr><tr><th>Parmulella emarginata Stock, 1992</th><td>Chondrilla nucula Schmidt, 1862 (Porifera)</td></tr><tr><th>Parmulodes verrucosa Wilson, 1944</th><td>Chondrilla nucula Schmidt, 1862 (Porifera)</td></tr><tr><th>Parmulopsyllus iamarinoi Borges et al., 2021</th><td>Aplysina cauliformis (Carter, 1882) (Porifera)</td></tr><tr><th>Neoparmulella periperiensis Farias et al., 2020</th><td>Phyllogorgia dilatata (Esper, 1806) (Cnidaria)</td></tr><tr><th>Spongiopsyllus adventicius Johnsson, 2000</th><td>Aplysina Nardo, 1834 (Porifera) Dysidea janiae (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864) (Porifera) Monanchora Carter, 1883 (Porifera)</td></tr><tr><th>Spongiopsyllus aramisi sp nov.</th><td>Aplysina cauliformis (Carter, 1882) (Porifera)</td></tr><tr><th>Spongiopsyllus athosi sp nov.</th><td>Aplysina cauliformis (Carter, 1882) (Porifera)</td></tr><tr><th>Spongiopsyllus atypicus Canário et al., 2019</th><td>Aplysina insularis (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864) (Porifera)</td></tr><tr><th>Spongiopsyllus intermedius Borges et al., 2021</th><td>Aplysina solangeae Pinheiro, Hajdu & Custódio, 2007 (Porifera)</td></tr><tr><th>Spongiopsyllus porthosi sp nov.</th><td>Aplysina cauliformis (Carter, 1882) (Porifera)</td></tr><tr><th>Sp ongiopsyllus redactus Canario et al., 2012</th><td>Mussismilia hispida (Verrill, 1901) (Cnidaria)</td></tr></tbody></table>

opencc-zeroDec 2012View details →

Data from: Molecular evidence shows low species diversity of coral-associated hydroids in Acropora corals

A novel symbiosis between scleractinians and hydroids (Zanclea spp.) was recently discovered using taxonomic approaches for hydroid species identification. In this study, we address the question whether this is a species-specific symbiosis or a cosmopolitan association between Zanclea and its coral hosts. Three molecular markers, including mitochondrial 16S and nuclear 28S ribosomal genes, and internal transcribed spacer (ITS), were utilized to examine the existence of Zanclea species from 14 Acropora species and 4 other Acroporidae genera including 142 coral samples collected from reefs in Kenting and the Penghu Islands, Taiwan, Togian Island, Indonesia, and Osprey Reef and Orpheus Island on the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Molecular phylogenetic analyses of the 16S and 28S genes showed that Acropora-associated Zanclea was monophyletic, but the genus Zanclea was not. Analysis of the ITS, and 16S and 28S genes showed either identical or extremely low genetic diversity (with mean pairwise distances of 0.009 and 0.006 base substitutions per site for the 16S and 28S genes, respectively) among Zanclea spp. collected from diverse Acropora hosts in different geographic locations, suggesting that a cosmopolitan and probably genus-specific association occurs between Zanclea hydroids and their coral hosts.

opencc-zeroDec 2012View details →

Data from: Ecological speciation in anemone-associated snapping shrimps (Alpheus armatus species complex)

Divergent natural selection driven by competition for limited resources can promote speciation, even in the presence of gene flow. Reproductive isolation is more likely to result from divergent selection when the partitioned resource is closely linked to mating. Obligate symbiosis and host fidelity (mating on or near the host) can provide this link, creating ideal conditions for speciation in the absence of physical barriers to dispersal. Symbiotic organisms often experience competition for hosts, and host fidelity ensures that divergent selection for a specific host or host habitat can lead to speciation and strengthen pre-existing reproductive barriers. Here, we present evidence that diversification of a sympatric species complex occurred despite the potential for gene flow and that partitioning of host resources (both by species and by host habitat) has contributed to this diversification. Four species of snapping shrimps (Alpheus armatus, A. immaculatus, A. polystictus and A. roquensis) are distributed mainly sympatrically in the Caribbean, while the fifth species (A. rudolphi) is restricted to Brazil. All five species are obligate commensals of sea anemones with a high degree of fidelity and ecological specificity for host species and habitat. We analysed sequence data from 10 nuclear genes and the mitochondrial COI gene in 11–16 individuals from each of the Caribbean taxa and from the only available specimen of the Brazilian taxon. Phylogenetic analyses support morphology-based species assignments and a well-supported Caribbean clade. The Brazilian A. rudolphi is recovered as an outgroup to the Caribbean taxa. Isolation–migration coalescent analysis provides evidence for historical gene flow among sympatric sister species. Our data suggest that both selection for a novel host and selection for host microhabitat may have promoted diversification of this complex despite gene flow.

opencc-zeroDec 2015View details →

Data from: Nuclear DNA based species delineations of Coccus scale insects in symbiosis with plants and ants, and the role of plant epicuticular wax in structuring associations

We undertook phylogenetic analysis of nuclear DNA to elucidate species boundaries in the symbiotic Coccus scale insects associated with mutualistic Crematogaster ants and Macaranga plants occurring in the ever-wet forests of Southeast Asia. The coccid specimens clustered into ten lineages, each corresponding to a morphospecies assignment. The lineage identified as C. secretus was separated from the Main Clade by an outgroup. We also examined all pairwise associations among the three symbiont guilds to understand how patterns of association were structured. The analyses revealed that each ant, plant or coccid operational (taxonomic) unit often associated with multiple O(T)Us of each of the other two guilds. However, where testing was feasible, a 'preference' for one or sometimes two partner O(T)Us of each guild was often detected. Mutual 'preferences' or 'avoidances' were relatively common among the symbionts, and no conflicts of interest were apparent. The network of preferred partners among all three guilds showed compartmentalization structured by the presence/absence of plant epicuticular wax, suggesting that this feature plays a fundamental role in how the symbionts select partners that best serve their needs. To a lesser degree, the network was also structured by whether the host plant stems were ant-excavated or hollowed naturally.

opencc-zeroDec 2012View details →

Data from: Host species and environmental effects on bacterial communities associated with Drosophila in the laboratory and in the natural environment

The fruit fly Drosophila is a classic model organism to study adaptation as well as the relationship between genetic variation and phenotypes. Although associated bacterial communities might be important for many aspects of Drosophila biology, knowledge about their diversity, composition, and factors shaping them is limited. We used 454-based sequencing of a variable region of the bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA gene to characterize the bacterial communities associated with wild and laboratory Drosophila isolates. In order to specifically investigate effects of food source and host species on bacterial communities, we analyzed samples from wild Drosophila melanogaster and D. simulans collected from a variety of natural substrates, as well as from adults and larvae of nine laboratory-reared Drosophila species. We find no evidence for host species effects in lab-reared flies; instead, lab of origin and stochastic effects, which could influence studies of Drosophila phenotypes, are pronounced. In contrast, the natural Drosophila–associated microbiota appears to be predominantly shaped by food substrate with an additional but smaller effect of host species identity. We identify a core member of this natural microbiota that belongs to the genus Gluconobacter and is common to all wild-caught flies in this study, but absent from the laboratory. This makes it a strong candidate for being part of what could be a natural D. melanogaster and D. simulans core microbiome. Furthermore, we were able to identify candidate pathogens in natural fly isolates.

opencc-zeroDec 2017View details →

Data from: How do similarities in spatial distributions and interspecific associations affect the coexistence of Quercus species in the Baotianman National Nature Reserve, Henan, China

Congeneric species often have similar ecological characteristics and use similar resources. These similarities may make it easier for them to co-occur in a similar habitat but may also lead to strong competitions that limit their coexistence. Hence, how do similarities in congeneric species affect their coexistence exactly? This study mainly used spatial point pattern analysis in two 1 hm2 plots in the Baotianman National Nature Reserve, Henan, China, to compare the similarities in spatial distributions and interspecific associations of Quercus species. Results revealed that Quercus species were all aggregated under the complete spatial randomness null model, and aggregations were weaker under the heterogeneous Poisson process null model in each plot. The interspecific associations of Quercus species to non-Quercus species were very similar in Plot 1. However, they can be either positive or negative in different plots between the co-occurring Quercus species. The spatial distributions of congeneric species, interspecific associations with non-Quercus species, neighborhood richness around species, and species diversity were all different between the two plots. We found that congeneric species did have some similarities, and the closely related congeneric species can positive or negative associate with each other in different plots. The co-occurring congeneric species may have different survival strategies in different habitats. On one hand, competition among congenerics may lead to differentiation in resource utilization. On the other hand, their similar interspecific associations can strengthen their competitive ability and promote local exclusion to non-congeneric species to obtain more living space. Our results provide new knowledge for us to better understand the coexistence mechanisms of species.

opencc-zeroDec 2017View details →

Data from: Standing genetic diversity and selection at functional gene loci are associated with differential invasion success in two non-native fish species

Invasive species are expected to experience a unique combination of high genetic drift due to demographic factors while also experiencing strong selective pressures. The paradigm that reduced genetic diversity should limit the evolutionary potential of invasive species and thus their potential for range expansion has received little empirical support, possibly due to the choice of genetic markers. Our goal was to test for effects of genetic drift and selection at functional genetic markers as they relate to the invasion success of two paired invasive goby species, one widespread (successful) and one with limited range expansion (less successful). We genotyped fish using two marker types: single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in known-function, protein-coding genes and microsatellites to contrast the effects of neutral genetic processes. We identified reduced allelic variation in the invaded range for the less-successful tubenose goby. SNPs putatively under selection were responsible for the observed differences in population structure between marker types for round goby (successful) but not tubenose goby (less successful). A higher proportion of functional loci experienced divergent selection for round goby, suggesting increased evolutionary potential in invaded ranges may be associated with round goby's greater invasion success. Genes involved in thermal tolerance were divergent for round goby populations but not tubenose goby, consistent with the hypothesis that invasion success for fish in temperate regions is influenced by capacity for thermal tolerance. Our results highlight the need to incorporate functional genetic markers in studies to better assess evolutionary potential for the improved conservation and management of species.

opennotspecifiedMar 2021View details →

Figure 4 in A new genus and species of Entomolepididae Brady, 1899 (Copepoda, Siphonostomatoida) associated with the endemic octocoral Phyllogorgia dilatata (Esper, 1806) (Cnidaria, Octocorallia) from Northeastern Brazil

Figure 4. Neoparmulella periperiensis sp. nov. female (holotype: UFBA 3302). (a), leg 3; (b), leg 4; (c), leg 5; male (allotype: UFBA 3303). (d), urosome; (e), antennule. Scale bars: A–E = 50 µm.

opennotspecifiedMar 2021View details →

Figure 3 in A new genus and species of Entomolepididae Brady, 1899 (Copepoda, Siphonostomatoida) associated with the endemic octocoral Phyllogorgia dilatata (Esper, 1806) (Cnidaria, Octocorallia) from Northeastern Brazil

Figure 3. Neoparmulella periperiensis sp. nov. female (holotype: UFBA 3302). (a), oral cone, mandible and maxillule; (b), maxilla; (c), maxilliped; (d), leg 1, (e), leg 2. Scale bars: A–E = 50 µm.

opennotspecifiedMar 2021View details →

Figure 2 in A new genus and species of Entomolepididae Brady, 1899 (Copepoda, Siphonostomatoida) associated with the endemic octocoral Phyllogorgia dilatata (Esper, 1806) (Cnidaria, Octocorallia) from Northeastern Brazil

Figure 2. Neoparmulella periperiensis sp. nov. female (holotype: UFBA 3302). (a), body, dorsal view; (b), urosome; (c), antennule; (d), antenna. Scale bars: A = 250 µm; B–D = 50 µm.

opencc-zeroJun 2021View details →

Quantifying niche similarity among new world seed plants--Species Distribution Models (SDMs) & associated metadata

Niche shift and conservatism are often framed as mutually exclusive. However, both processes could contribute to biodiversity patterns. We tested this expectation by quantifying the degree of climatic niche similarity among New World seed plants. To incorporate the biological reality that species experience varied abiotic conditions across their range, we assembled distribution models and used these to characterize temperature, precipitation, and elevation niches for species as continuously-valued distributions. We then quantified niche similarity (distributional overlap) and identified statistically significant differences compared to a randomized null. The degree of niche similarity differed among climate variables, plant lineages, and at different phylogenetic scales. For example, ~17% of all seed plants were significantly different in elevational niche from their closest relative(s), whereas for precipitation, this value was only ~4%. Average niche similarity decreased with increasing phylogenetic distance, consistent with niche conservatism; however, variance in niche similarity among close relatives was large, such that there always existed niche differences equaling those among distantly related species. Our results suggest researchers should incorporate both niche shift and conservatism as important, scale-dependent factors shaping biodiversity patterns as these processes are not mutually exclusive, nor do they contribute equally to patterns among different plant lineages or niche variables.

FIGURES 25–28 in Two new species of Asphondyliini (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) associated with Bauhinia brevipes (Fabaceae) in Brazil

FIGURES 25–28. Schizomyia macrocapillata sp. n. 25. Male terminalia (dorsal). 26. Female tergite 8 and ovipositor. 27. Pupal head (frontal). 28. Pupal prothoracic spiracle.

FIGURES 29–31 in Two new species of Asphondyliini (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) associated with Bauhinia brevipes (Fabaceae) in Brazil

FIGURES 29–31. Schizomyia macrocapillata sp. n. 29. Pupal terminal segments (dorsal). 30. Larval spatula and associated papillae. 31. Larval terminal segments.

FIGURES 16–21 in Two new species of Asphondyliini (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) associated with Bauhinia brevipes (Fabaceae) in Brazil

FIGURES 16–21. Schizomyia macrocapillata sp. n. 16. Male head (frontal). 17. Female head (frontal). 18. Male antennal flagellomeres 912. 19. Female antennal flagellomeres 812. 20. Male antennal flagellomere 5. 21. Female antennal flagellomere 5.

FIGURES 22–24 in Two new species of Asphondyliini (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) associated with Bauhinia brevipes (Fabaceae) in Brazil

FIGURES 22–24. Schizomyia macrocapillata sp. n. 22. Female midtarsal claw and empodium (lateral). 23. Male abdominal segment 5 to end (dorsolateral). 24. Female abdominal segment 6 to end (dorsolateral).

FIGURES 1–6 in Two new species of Asphondyliini (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) associated with Bauhinia brevipes (Fabaceae) in Brazil

FIGURES 1–6. Asphondylia microcapillata sp. n. 1. Male head (frontal). 2. Female head (frontal). 3. Male antennal flagellomeres 912. 4. Male antennal flagellomere 5. 5. Female antennal flagellomere 5. 6. Female, midtarsal claw and empodium (lateral).