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2,291 results for “life history”
Data availability_Effect of pollen provision on life-history parameters of phytoseiid predators under hot and dry environmental conditions
<p>Data availability_Effect of pollen provision on life-history parameters of phytoseiid predators under hot and dry environmental conditions</p>
West Nile Virus evolves at the pace of its avian hosts' life-history
<p>Disease resistant hosts are central in the spread, persistence, adaptation and diversification of infectious pathogens. In theory, resistant hosts must compromise on reproduction and invest more energy in self maintenance and immune defence. Here we investigated these hypotheses on the emergence of West Nile Virus (WNV) from 1999 to 2012 in the United States, when the virus caused mass mortality in some bird species. Our study comprehends two steps: First, we used regression tree meta-analysis on 233 reports of dead birds from 90 species, to test correlations between WNV-linked mortality and the birds' life history and ecological traits. Second, we tested links between diversification of WNV and the reproductive investment and self-maintenance of its avian hosts, by analysing the phylogeography of 520 genome sequences of WNV from 1999 to 2012. Statistical analyses revealed less WNV-linked mortality in both, species that incubate their eggs for few days (>17) and large species (>235g). The evolutionary trajectory of the virus suggests that there was no special viral strain infecting the most and the less vulnerable species. However, by 2012 the WNV strains found in large birds like American crows (<i>Corvus brachyrhynchos</i>) diversified and evolved separately from the rest. Together, our findings support that hosts' reproductive investment impairs disease resistance, and hosts investing in self-maintenance may lead WNV diversification.</p>
Data from: Rapid divergence and convergence of life-history in experimentally evolved Drosophila melanogaster
Laboratory selection experiments are alluring in their simplicity, power, and ability to inform us about how evolution works. A longstanding challenge facing evolution experiments with metazoans is that significant generational turnover takes a long time. In this work, we present data from a unique system of experimentally evolved laboratory populations of Drosophila melanogaster that have experienced three distinct life-history selection regimes. The goal of our study was to determine how quickly populations of a certain selection regime diverge phenotypically from their ancestors, and how quickly they converge with independently derived populations that share a selection regime. Our results indicate that phenotypic divergence from an ancestral population occurs rapidly, within dozens of generations, regardless of that population's evolutionary history. Similarly, populations sharing a selection treatment converge on common phenotypes in this same time frame, regardless of selection pressures those populations may have experienced in the past. These patterns of convergence and divergence emerged much faster than expected, suggesting that intermediate evolutionary history has transient effects in this system. The results we draw from this system are applicable to other experimental evolution projects, and suggest that many relevant questions can be sufficiently tested on shorter timescales than previously thought.
Data from: A field experiment demonstrating plant life-history evolution and its eco-evolutionary feedback to seed predator populations
The extent to which evolutionary change occurs in a predictable manner under field conditions and how evolutionary changes feed back to influence ecological dynamics are fundamental, yet unresolved, questions. To address these issues, we established eight replicate populations of native common evening primrose (Oenothera biennis). Each population was planted with 18 genotypes in identical frequency. By tracking genotype frequencies with microsatellite DNA markers over the subsequent three years (up to three generations, ≈5,000 genotyped plants), we show rapid and consistent evolution of two heritable plant life-history traits (shorter life span and later flowering time). This rapid evolution was only partially the result of differential seed production; genotypic variation in seed germination also contributed to the observed evolutionary response. Since evening primrose genotypes exhibited heritable variation for resistance to insect herbivores, which was related to flowering time, we predicted that evolutionary changes in genotype frequencies would feed back to influence populations of a seed predator moth that specializes on O. biennis. By the conclusion of the experiment, variation in the genotypic composition among our eight replicate field populations was highly predictive of moth abundance. These results demonstrate how rapid evolution in field populations of a native plant can influence ecological interactions.
Data from: Conserved G-matrices of morphological and life-history traits among continental and island blue tit populations
The genetic variance–covariance matrix (G-matrix) summarizes the genetic architecture of multiple traits. It has a central role in the understanding of phenotypic divergence and the quantification of the evolutionary potential of populations. Laboratory experiments have shown that G-matrices can vary rapidly under divergent selective pressures. However, because of the demanding nature of G-matrix estimation and comparison in wild populations, the extent of its spatial variability remains largely unknown. In this study, we investigate spatial variation in G-matrices for morphological and life-history traits using long-term data sets from one continental and three island populations of blue tit (Cyanistes caeruleus) that have experienced contrasting population history and selective environment. We found no evidence for differences in G-matrices among populations. Interestingly, the phenotypic variance–covariance matrices (P) were divergent across populations, suggesting that using P as a substitute for G may be inadequate. These analyses also provide the first evidence in wild populations for additive genetic variation in the incubation period (that is, the period between last egg laid and hatching) in all four populations. Altogether, our results suggest that G-matrices may be stable across populations inhabiting contrasted environments, therefore challenging the results of previous simulation studies and laboratory experiments.
Data from: Exploitation of the same trophic link favors convergence of larval life-history strategies in complex life cycle helminths
Switching from one host to the next is a critical life history transition in parasites with complex life cycles. Growth and mortality rates are thought to influence the optimal time and size at transmission, but these rates are difficult to measure in parasites. The parasite life cycle, in particular the trophic link along which transmission occurs, may be a reasonable proxy for these rates, leading to the hypothesis that life cycle should shape life history strategy. We compiled data on the size and age at infectivity for trophically-transmitted helminths (i.e. acanthocephalans, cestodes, and nematodes), and then categorized species into trophic links (e.g. planktonic crustaceans to fish, insects to terrestrial vertebrates, etc.). Comparative analyses that explicitly included stabilizing selection within trophic links fit the data significantly better than random walk models, indicating that parasites with different life cycles have different optimal times/sizes for host switching. The major helminth groups have often independently evolved similar life cycles, and we show that this has frequently led to convergent and/or parallel evolution of size and age at infectivity. This suggests that for particular life cycles there are universal optimal transmission strategies, applicable to widely divergent taxa, although the cases of parallelism might indicate that lineage-specific constraints sometimes prevent evolution to a single adaptive peak.
Data from: Maladaptive shifts in life history in a changing environment
Many species facing climate change have complex life cycles, with individuals in different stages differing in their sensitivity to a changing climate and their contribution to population growth. We use a quantitative genetics model to predict the dynamics of adaptation in a stage-structured population confronted with a steadily changing environment. Our model assumes that different optimal phenotypic values maximize different fitness components, consistent with many empirical observations. In a constant environment, the population evolves towards an equilibrium phenotype, which represents the best compromise given the trade-off between vital rates. In a changing environment however, the mean phenotype in the population will lag behind this optimal compromise. We show that this lag may result in a shift along the trade-off between vital rates, with negative consequences for some fitness components, but, less intuitively, improvements in some others. Complex eco-evolutionary dynamics can emerge in our model due to feedbacks between population demography and adaptation. Because of such feedbacks loops, selection may favor further shifts in life history in the same direction as caused by maladaptive lags. These shifts in life history could be wrongly interpreted as adaptations to the new environment, while they only reflect the inability of the population to adapt fast enough.
Data from: Time constraint effects on phenology and life history synchrony in a damselfly along a latitudinal gradient
In organisms with complex life cycles living in seasonal environments, the synchronisation of phenological events is important from the ecological and evolutionary perspectives. Life history transitions should be synchronised to a greater degree at northern latitudes. We quantified hatching and emergence timing and synchrony in the obligate univoltine damselfly Lestes sponsa along a latitudinal gradient covering its entire north–south range in Europe. In our first experiment, populations from different latitudes were grown in separate climate chambers simulating temperature and photoperiod conditions occurring at their sites of origin. Northern populations expressed early and high synchronous hatching and emergence, central populations intermediate, and southern populations late and low synchronous hatching and emergence. This pattern was expressed at both population and full-sibling family levels, indicating stronger selection for timing and synchronisation in the north compared to the south. In our second experiment, populations from all latitudes were reared in conditions simulating an average temperature and photoperiod over the latitudinal gradient. Interestingly, the pattern of timing and synchronisation was reversed with respect to latitude when compared to the pattern shown in the first experiment, indicating the importance of environmental factors in shaping phenological events. Our results indicate strong selection for timing and synchronisation of life history events at northern latitudes, caused by time constraints. Our results also show that it is important to use as natural conditions as possible in experiments on life history shifts in organisms with complex life cycles in order to achieve a correct understanding of these shifts.
Fig. 7 in New and revised life history of the Florida hairstreak Eumaeus atala (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) with notes on its current conservation status
Fig. 7. Mean proportion of survival of Atala per life stage (n = 10,917 eggs).
Figure 5 from: Arvidson R, Landa V, Frankenberg S, Adams ME (2018) Life History of the Emerald Jewel Wasp Ampulex compressa. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 63: 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.63.21762
Figure 5 Images of the Ampulex compressa life cycle. Life cycle is depicted from egg to pupa.
Figure 21 from: Goldstein PZ, Janzen D, Hallwachs W (2019) Aprica: A new genus and life history for the pteridivore Xanthia patula Druce, 1898 (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). ZooKeys 866: 127-145. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.866.27647
Figure 21 - Forewing, hind wing. male, USNMENT01463577, Dissection #148371.
Figure 2 in Life history traits in Bufotes variabilis (Pallas, 1769) from 2 different altitudes in Turkey
Figure 2. Age frequency distributions of the highland (A) and the lowland (B) populations.
Figure 3 in Mosquitofish life history in a Mediterranean wetland
Figure 3. Number of annuli by scale observation for both females and males of different size.
Figures 4-6 from: Smith D, Janzen D (2013) Food plants and life histories of sawflies of the families Argidae and Tenthredinidae (Hymenoptera) in Costa Rica, a supplement. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 35: 17-31. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.35.5496
Figures 4-6 - Dochmioglene crassa. 4 Lateral 5 Dorsum of head and thorax 6 Face, front.
Figures 1-3 from: Smith D, Janzen D (2013) Food plants and life histories of sawflies of the families Argidae and Tenthredinidae (Hymenoptera) in Costa Rica, a supplement. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 35: 17-31. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.35.5496
Figures 1-3 - Atomacera josefernandezi. 1 Lateral 2 Dorsum of head and thorax 3 Face, front.
Figure 2 from: Spodek M, Ben-Dov Y, Ghanim M, Mendel Z (2012) Morphological and molecular taxonomy of Nidularia balachowskii Bodenheimer (Hemiptera, Coccoidea, Kermesidae) with notes on its life history in Israel. ZooKeys 254: 23-45. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.254.3959
Figure 2 - Nidularia balachowskii Bodenheimer post-reproductive female, general appearance.
Figure 4 from: Spodek M, Ben-Dov Y, Ghanim M, Mendel Z (2012) Morphological and molecular taxonomy of Nidularia balachowskii Bodenheimer (Hemiptera, Coccoidea, Kermesidae) with notes on its life history in Israel. ZooKeys 254: 23-45. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.254.3959
Figure 4 - Nidularia balachowskii Bodenheimer first-instar nymph.
Figure 3 from: Spodek M, Ben-Dov Y, Ghanim M, Mendel Z (2012) Morphological and molecular taxonomy of Nidularia balachowskii Bodenheimer (Hemiptera, Coccoidea, Kermesidae) with notes on its life history in Israel. ZooKeys 254: 23-45. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.254.3959
Figure 3 - Nidularia balachowskii Bodenheimer adult female.
Figure 1 from: Spodek M, Ben-Dov Y, Ghanim M, Mendel Z (2012) Morphological and molecular taxonomy of Nidularia balachowskii Bodenheimer (Hemiptera, Coccoidea, Kermesidae) with notes on its life history in Israel. ZooKeys 254: 23-45. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.254.3959
Figure 1 - Nidularia balachowskii Bodenheimer young adult female, general appearance.
Figure 6 from: Por F (2014) Sulfide Shrimp? Observations on the concealed life history of the Thermosbaenacea (Crustacea). Subterranean Biology 14: 63-77. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.14.7927
Figure 6 - Halosbaena acanthura Stock with full intestine (Stock 1976).
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