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4,034 results for “Species associations”
FIGURES 10–14 in Two new species of Asphondyliini (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) associated with Bauhinia brevipes (Fabaceae) in Brazil
FIGURES 10–14. Asphondylia microcapillata sp. n. 10. Pupal head (frontal). 11. Pupal prothoracic spiracle. 12. Pupal terminal segments (dorsal). 13. Larval spatula and associated papillae. 14. Larval terminal segment.
FIGURES 7–9 in Two new species of Asphondyliini (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) associated with Bauhinia brevipes (Fabaceae) in Brazil
FIGURES 7–9. Asphondylia microcapillata sp. n. 7. Male abdominal segment 3 to end (dorsolateral). 8. Female abdominal segment 5 to end (dorsolateral). 9. Male terminalia (dorsal).
FIGURES 1–7. Sphaeropthalma jacala. 1 in Description of the female, redescription of the male, and host associations of the Nearctic species Sphaeropthalma jacala Schuster (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae)
FIGURES 1–7. Sphaeropthalma jacala. 1. Mandible of male, frontal view; 2. Mandible of male, lateral view; 3. Posterior portion of head of male, dorsal view; 4. Genitalia, lateral view; 5. Genitalia, ventral view left, dorsal view right; 6. Antenna of female, lateral view; 7. Mesosoma of female, dorsal view.
FIGURES 8–9. Sphaeropthalma jacala female. 8 in Description of the female, redescription of the male, and host associations of the Nearctic species Sphaeropthalma jacala Schuster (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae)
FIGURES 8–9. Sphaeropthalma jacala female. 8. Head, ventral view, punctuation and setae removed; 9. Head, frontal view.
Species interactions drive the spread of ampicillin resistance in human-associated gut microbiota
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><b>Background and objectives</b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Slowing the spread of antimicrobial resistance is urgent if we are to continue treating infectious diseases successfully. There is increasing evidence microbial interactions between and within species are significant drivers of resistance. On one hand, cross-protection by resistant genotypes can shelter susceptible microbes from the adverse effects of antibiotics, reducing the advantage of resistance. On the other hand, antibiotic-mediated killing of susceptible genotypes can alleviate competition and allow resistant strains to thrive (competitive release). Here, by observing interactions both within and between species in microbial communities sampled from humans, we investigate the potential role for cross-protection and competitive release in driving the spread of ampicillin resistance in the ubiquitous gut commensal and opportunistic pathogen <i>Escherichia coli</i>. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><b>Methodology</b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Using anaerobic gut microcosms comprising <i>E. coli</i> embedded within gut microbiota sampled from humans, we tested for cross-protection and competitive release both within and between species in response to the clinically important beta-lactam antibiotic ampicillin. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><b>Results</b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>While cross-protection gave an advantage to antibiotic-susceptible <i>E. coli</i> in standard laboratory conditions (well-mixed LB medium), competitive release instead drove the spread of antibiotic-resistant <i>E. coli</i> in gut microcosms (ampicillin boosted growth of resistant bacteria in the presence of susceptible strains). </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><b>Conclusions and implications</b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Competition between resistant strains and other members of the gut microbiota can restrict the spread of ampicillin resistance. If antibiotic therapy alleviates competition with resident microbes by killing susceptible strains, as here, microbiota-based interventions that restore competition could be key for slowing the spread of resistance. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
FIGURE 2 in A new species of Hetereleotris (Teleostei: Gobiidae) from the Socotra Archipelago (north-western Indian Ocean), a rare case of a hole-associated adaptation in gobiid fishes
FIGURE 2. Hetereleotris nasoramosa sp. nov., holotype, SMF 39500 [sample tissue SOC18-191], female, 20.9 mm SL, Di Hamri, Socotra Island: A: head with AN - anterior nostril as a short tube with tentacle from the rim, PN - posterior nostril a long tube with very long anterior tentacle and shorter posterior tentacle extending from the rim, PAJ - posterior angle of jaws extends behind vertical through posterior edge of eye; B: pelvic fins completely separated and without frenum; C: caudal peduncle stained, with visible scales; D: nape stained, erected pores of anterior oculoscapular canal, terminology in text. Photos by S.V. Bogorodsky (A) and M. Kovačić (B-D).
FIGURE 5 in A new species of Hetereleotris (Teleostei: Gobiidae) from the Socotra Archipelago (north-western Indian Ocean), a rare case of a hole-associated adaptation in gobiid fishes
FIGURE 5. Hetereleotris nasoramosa sp. nov.; A: SMF 39501, paratype, female, 24.9 mm SL, alive specimen, Di Hamri, Socotra Island; B: the same specimen, freshly collected; C: paratype, SMF 39503, male, 21.1 mm SL, alive specimen, Di Timri, Socotra Island; D: presumably male, alive specimen, not collected, Di Timri, Socotra Island. Photos by S.V. Bogorodsky.
FIGURE 6 in A new species of Hetereleotris (Teleostei: Gobiidae) from the Socotra Archipelago (north-western Indian Ocean), a rare case of a hole-associated adaptation in gobiid fishes
FIGURE 6. Resemblance of goby Hetereleotris nasoramosa sp. nov. to syntopic blenny Alloblennius pictus; A: H. nasoramosa sp. nov., alive goby, female, SMF 39501, Di Hamri Socotra Island; B: A. pictus, male, Di Hamri Socotra Island. Photos by S.V. Bogorodsky.
FIGURE 4 in A new species of Hetereleotris (Teleostei: Gobiidae) from the Socotra Archipelago (north-western Indian Ocean), a rare case of a hole-associated adaptation in gobiid fishes
FIGURE 4. Hetereleotris nasoramosa sp. nov., holotype, SMF 39500, female, 20.9 mm SL, Di Hamri, Socotra Island: A: freshly collected specimen; B: preserved specimen. Photos by S.V. Bogorodsky (A) and M. Kovačić (B).
FIGURE 1 in A new species of Hetereleotris (Teleostei: Gobiidae) from the Socotra Archipelago (north-western Indian Ocean), a rare case of a hole-associated adaptation in gobiid fishes
FIGURE 1. Bayesian molecular phylogenetic analysis based on combined mtDNA and nuclear genes. Colored circles at nodes depict posterior probability support values. Nodes with support less than 0.50 are collapsed into polytomies. Names of lineages follow Agorreta et al. (2013).
FIGURE 3 in A new species of Hetereleotris (Teleostei: Gobiidae) from the Socotra Archipelago (north-western Indian Ocean), a rare case of a hole-associated adaptation in gobiid fishes
FIGURE 3. Hetereleotris nasoramosa sp. nov. Cephalic sensory papillae, paratype, PMR VP4890, male, 22.3 mm SL, Di Hamri, Socotra Island. The right side illustrated, as it is in better condition, terminology in text. Drawing by M. Kovačić.
FIGURES 15–16 in A new species of Erythrogonia Melichar, 1926 (Insecta: Hemiptera: Cicadellidae Cicadellini) from the Mantiqueira mountain range, southeastern Brazil, associated with olive orchards
FIGURES 15–16. Type locality of Erythrogonia sinvali sp. nov. at the area of the Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária de Minas Gerais (EPAMIG), Maria da Fé, state of Minas Gerais. 15, Forest fragment. 16, Olive orchard. Photographs kindly provided by Pedro H. A. Moura (EPAMIG).
FIGURE 14 in A new species of Erythrogonia Melichar, 1926 (Insecta: Hemiptera: Cicadellidae Cicadellini) from the Mantiqueira mountain range, southeastern Brazil, associated with olive orchards
FIGURE 14. Known distribution of Erythrogonia sinvali sp. nov., E. separata Melichar, 1926, and E. dorsalis (Signoret, 1853) in southeastern and southern Brazilian states. Erythrogonia dorsalis is also possibly distributed in the state of São Paulo (see discussion). MG: Minas Gerais; ES: Espírito Santo; RJ: Rio de Janeiro; SP: São Paulo; PR: Paraná; SC: Santa Catarina; RS: Rio Grande do Sul.
FIGURES 7–10 in A new species of Erythrogonia Melichar, 1926 (Insecta: Hemiptera: Cicadellidae Cicadellini) from the Mantiqueira mountain range, southeastern Brazil, associated with olive orchards
FIGURES 7–10. Erythrogonia sinvali sp. nov., female. 7, Sternite VII, ventral view. 8, First valvifers and "internal" sternite VIII, dorsal view; red arrows, from top to bottom, indicate the transverse bar, elongate sclerite, and posterior bilobed sclerite of sternite VIII. 9, Base of ovipositor valvulae I, anterior view; red arrow indicates transverse bar of sternite VIII. 10, Valvulae II of ovipositor, lateral view. 10a, teeth at posterior half. 10b, dorsoapical portion. 10c, ventroapical portion. Den: denticle; Duc: duct; Por: pore; Ppr: preapical prominence; Ram: ramus; Too: tooth; Vl1: valvifer I; Vv1: valvula I.
FIGURES 11–13 in A new species of Erythrogonia Melichar, 1926 (Insecta: Hemiptera: Cicadellidae Cicadellini) from the Mantiqueira mountain range, southeastern Brazil, associated with olive orchards
FIGURES 11–13. Erythrogonia sinvali sp. nov., female (total length 7.0 mm). 11 and 12, Body in dorsal and laterodorsal views, respectively. 13, Face, anterior view.
FIGURES 1–6 in A new species of Erythrogonia Melichar, 1926 (Insecta: Hemiptera: Cicadellidae Cicadellini) from the Mantiqueira mountain range, southeastern Brazil, associated with olive orchards
FIGURES 1–6. Erythrogonia sinvali sp. nov., male. 1, Crown and pronotum, dorsal view. 2, Pygofer, lateral view. 3, Valve and subgenital plate, ventral view. 4, Valve, basal portion of subgenital plates, styles, connective, and paraphyses, dorsal view. 5, Ejaculatory bulb, aedeagus, and anal tube processes, lateral view. 6, apex of aedeagus, caudal view. Con: connective; Par: reduced paraphyses; Pat: process of anal tube; Sty: style; Val: valve.
Associations among cotyledon developmental stability, canalization and phenotypic plasticity in response to shading and burial depth in five herbaceous species at early seedling stage
<p class="MsoNormal"><strong><span>Premise of research. </span></strong></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span>Cotyledons have important functions in early seedling stage and have important effects on later stages, but we know little about the relationships among developmental stability, canalization and phenotypic plasticity in cotyledons. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><strong><span>Methodology. </span></strong></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span>We conducted </span><span><span>a field</span></span><span> experiment with five herbaceous species, by subjecting them to contrasting light conditions and burial depths and measuring their cotyledon size and fluctuating asymmetry (random deviation from perfect bilateral symmetry, indicating developmental stability or instability), coefficient of variation and plasticity of cotyledon size,</span><span> </span><span>to investigate the relationships among</span><span> </span><span>cotyledon developmental stability, canalization and plasticity in response to shading and deep burial. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><strong><span>Pivotal </span><span><span>r</span></span><span>esults. </span></strong></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><em><span>Pharbitis purpurea</span></em><span>, </span><em><span>Convolvulus arvensis</span></em><span> and </span><em><span>Carpesium</span></em><span> </span><em><span>abrotanoides</span></em><span> had increased cotyledon size in response to shading at both burial depths;</span><em><span> Abutilon theophrasti</span></em><span> showed reduced cotyledon size in response to shading vs. full light at shallow depth, but greater cotyledon size </span><span>in response to </span><span>both shading and deep burial. </span><span>Shading increased cotyledon fluctuating asymmetry of</span><em><span> </span></em><em><span>P</span></em><em><span><span>.</span></span></em><em><span> purpurea</span></em><span> and </span><em><span>C</span></em><em><span><span>.</span></span></em><span> </span><em><span>abrotanoides</span></em><span>, while deep burial decreased it. Cotyledon fluctuating asymmetry had positive correlations with coefficient of variation and plasticity in response to shade in shading, with little correlation between coefficient of variation and plasticity. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><strong><span><span>C</span></span><span>onclusions. </span></strong></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span>Results suggested</span><span> </span><em><span>A</span></em><em><span><span>.</span></span></em><em><span> theophrasti</span></em><span> </span><span>may have greater tolerance for multiple stresses than the other species,</span><span> and deep burial may improve shade tolerance of cotyledons through moderate level of stress selection</span><span>. Both developmental instability</span><span> and decreased canalization may indicate </span><span><span>the</span></span><span> state of faster growth. </span><span>Developmental instability</span><span> can facilitate more-active response to shading in cotyledon, while the relationship between canalization and plasticity should be more complex. </span></p>
FIGURES 13–18. Aphidius and Lysiphlebus species. 13, A in Hieracium-associated aphid parasitoid guilds (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae) in Europe
FIGURES 13–18. Aphidius and Lysiphlebus species. 13, A. hieraciorum Starý, forewing. 14, A. hieraciorum, propodeum, dorsal aspect. 15, L. fabarum (Marshall), propodeum, dorsal aspect. 16, A. hieraciorum, petiole, dorsal aspect. 17, A. funebris Mackauer, forewing. 18, A. funebris, petiole, dorsal aspect.
FIGURES 1–6. Ephedrus species. 1, E. persicae Froggat, forewing. 2, E in Hieracium-associated aphid parasitoid guilds (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae) in Europe
FIGURES 1–6. Ephedrus species. 1, E. persicae Froggat, forewing. 2, E. persicae, petiole, dorsal aspect. 3, E. plagiator (Nees), forewing. 4, E. plagiator, petiole, dorsal aspect. 5, E. niger Gautier, Bonnamour & Gaumont, flagellomeres 1 and 2. 6, E. plagiator, flagellomeres 1 and 2.
FIGURES 19–24. Monoctonus and Harkeria species. 19, M in Hieracium-associated aphid parasitoid guilds (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae) in Europe
FIGURES 19–24. Monoctonus and Harkeria species. 19, M. crepidis (Haliday), ovipositor sheath, lateral aspect. 20, M. crepidis, propodeum, dorsal aspect. 21, M. crepidis, forewing. 22, H. angustivalva (Starý), propodeum, dorsal aspect. 23, H. angustivalva, forewing. 24, H. angustivalva, ovipositor sheath, lateral aspect.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.